[A method for obtaining histological sections from tissue previously studied by scanning electron microscopy]. / Sposob polucheniia gistologicheskikh srezov iz tkani, issledovannoi metodom rastrovoi élektronnoi mikroskopii.

An accelerated method of paraffin embedding of tissue specimens previously examined with scanning electron microscopy is proposed aimed to obtain sections for routine histological examination. The tissue is passed through acetone, absolute alcohol, alcoholic-oil celloidin solution, chloroform to be eventually mounted into paraffin. The method allows obtaining good quality sections within 24 hours.

[Colonic and rectal adenomas and carcinomas]. / Adenomy i rak tolstoi i priamoi kishok.

Adenomas of the colon and rectum from 606 patients were examined among which 62.5% were tubular, 28.3% tubularvillous, 9.2% villous forms (according to the WHO classification). In 7 patients carcinoma in situ was found in the area of adenomas, in 10 patients "focal carcinoma" and in 55 patients adenocarcinoma with invasion into the submucous layer of the intestine wall. Three patients had primary multiple carcinoma in adenomatosis of the colon and rectum. The development of cancer was observed predominantly in adenomas with signs of epithelial dysplasia of the II--III degree. Carcinoma in situ and "focal carcinoma" are stages in the establishment of the tumor growth.

[Localization of plasma proteins and beta-lipoproteins in the walls of arteriosclerotic coronary arteries]. / O lokalizatsii belkov plazmy i beta-lipoproteidov v stenke venechnykh arterii pri koronarnom ateroskleroze

Immunofluorescent analysis was used to study the topography of plasma proteins and beta-lipoproteins in the wall of human coronary arteries in cases of atherosclerosis. The dynamics of protein fractions deposits is not uniform in the process of the formation of the disease. Along with the progress of atherosclerosis, the infiltration of proteins, lipoproteins and lipids is increasing. A regular combination of beta-lipoproteins and gamma-globulin localizations was established. The role of the examined components in the wall of the coronary arteries and their participation in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques is discussed.

[The epithelial junctional zones of the anal canal and cervix uterus: the ultrastructure of tumors of these zones]. / Epitel'ial'nye stykovye zony anal'nogo kanala i sheiki matki: ul'trastruktura nekotorykh opukholei étikh zon.

Relationships between squamous and columnar epithelia in the anal canal and cervix uteri of postnatal period and fetus were studied. The transitional stratified epithelial lining, which is called junctional epithelium, is interposed between the mentioned epithelia. The junctional epithelium has variable numbers of layers of epidermoid cells, which differ from cells of atypical squamous epithelium by some ultrastructural features of the cytoskeleton and cell surface and by a low content of glycogen. The hypothesis on the physiological significance of this epithelium is proposed. Ultrastructural features of the cytoskeleton and cell surface suggest that anal basaloid carcinomas and some cervical squamous carcinomas may develop from so-called junctional epithelium.

[Structural aspects of the development and formation of growth cones in the sensorimotor cortex and caudate nucleus in ontogeny]. / Nekotorye strukturnye aspekty razvitiia i formirovaniia konusov rosta v sensomotornoi kore i khvostatom iadre v ontogeneze.

The structural organization and formation of the growth cones were studied on the basis of differentiating neurons and processes of the sensorimotor cortex and the caudate nucleus of rats in ontogenesis. Vesicles have been shown to be the major structural unit of the pericarial growth cones and the growth cones of the processes in the cerebral formations studied. The growth cones of the caudate nucleus show more frequently both vesicles and some cytoplasmic organelles as compared with those of the sensorimotor cortex. The growth cones are maximally pronounced at the end of the first postnatal week when the intensive growth and development of the dendrite tree and the ramification of axon terminals are observed. Simultaneously with the formation of the growth cones, their degeneration occurs as well; the latter being noted in animals of all the age groups studied. The questions concerning the formation of the growth cones and the genesis of the vesicular components of these formations are discussed.

[Effect of tissue hypoxia on the structure of cerebral cortex neurons (light--electron microscopic study)]. / Vliianie tkenevoi gipoksii na strukturu neironov kory mozga (sveto-élektronno-mikroskopicheskoe issledovanie).

An examination of the cerebral cortex of rats exposed to sublethal doses of potassium cyanide has revealed changes in the neurons characteristic of the developing histotoxic hypoxia. The neurons of the large hemisphere cortex showed a pronounced hydropic reaction in their cytoplasm with prevalent involvement of the mitochondria. This form of the pathology was observed irrespectively of the duration of the animals live after the poisoning. In rats which survived for a longer time there appeared hyperchromic neurons the number of which gradually increased. This fact was interpreted as addition of the hypoxic state of the neurons to the cyanide intoxication: this was confirmed by development of signs characteristic of hypoxic hypoxia at this stage. The degree of the changes in the mitochondria was found to correlate with the depth of the impairment of vitally important neuron structures. The data obtained show that the primary morphological changes in the neurons develop in their cytomembranes. The degree of the impairment of the mitochondrial membranes can serve as a criterion of reversibility or irreversibility of the pathological process in the nerve cells.

[Neurofibrillary changes in the nerve tissue of humans and animals]. / Neirofibrilliarnye izmeneniia v nervnoi tkani cheloveka i zhivotnykh.

Electron microscopy was employed to study neurofibrillary++ alterations in some parts of the brain of man aged 73 and 83 years (physiological ageing) and 36 to 80 years (vascular pathology) as well as in the spinal ganglion of dogs at different times after ischemia. Neurofibrillary++ alterations consisting in hyperplasia of microfilaments and formation of fibrillar bundles were recorded in both cases in nerve and glial cells and in their processes whereas in the human brain, they could be also detected in the intercellular space. Experimentally, filamentous hyperplasia in neurons was the most prevalent form whose intensity was related to the time elapsed after ischemia, attaining maximum in neurons with destructive processes. In human brain, filamentous alterations were not a permanent characteristic of neurons even on ageing. The greatest pleomorphism of fibrillar alterations could be observed in the soma of glial cells, in the processes of neurons and glia. Special emphasis should be laid on fibrillar bundles demonstrable in the intercellular space of human brain. Ultrastructure of the bundles was noted to be pleomorphic, which may be determined by their inconclusive genesis. It should be noted that fibrillar alterations in human brain are variable not only from case to case but also within the range of the same age. However, they are most remarkable in elderly and senile persons.

[Changes in neurons of the cerebral cortex in senile dementia]. / Izmeneniia neironov kory polusharii mozga pri senil'noi dementsii.

Using light and electron microscopy, the frontal, temporal and parietal cortical neurons were studied in 10 cases of senile dementia. It was found that along with general age-specific disorders of the ultrastructure of neurons and glial cells (varying degrees of chromatolysis, accumulation of lipofuscin, mitochondrial changes) the examination revealed ultrastructural shifts which might be characteristic of senile dementia. They include rearrangement of nuclear chromatin, destruction of nuclear membrane with the subsequent vacuolization of the nucleus and karyolysis, the appearance of polymorphic fibrillar inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons and gliocytes, as well as the disappearance of subsuperficial cysterns. Destructive processes were also attended by signs of compensatory changes, i.e. displacement of the nucleolus to the nuclear periphery, the development of desmosomophide contacts at the site of the neuron and glial satellite cell contact, the grouping of cells, and frequent fusion of the adjacent cellular elements.

[Effect of cytotoxic hypoxia on the metabolism and ultrastructure of cortical synaptosomes and mitochondria]. / Vliianie tsitotoksicheskoi gipoksii na obmen i ul'trastrukturu sinaptosom i mitokhondrii kory mozga.

The study is concerned with morphochemical changes in the metabolism and ultrastructure of the mitochondria and synaptical endings from the cortex of the hemispheres in rats under the influence of cyanide (7mg/kg) following 30 min, 2 hours and 24 hours after its administration. Subfractions of the light and heavy synaptosomes, as well as in the mitochondria of the cell bodies showed changes in the activity of the enzyme systems (cytochromoxidase, K+, Na+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase) and disturbances of the ultrastructure of the eliminated organella. After 24 hours the metabolism normalized, which may be explained by a biochemical brain plasticity at the subcellular level under conditions of histotoxic hypoxia.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of tubular and tubulovillous adenomas of the large intestine]. / Osobennosti ul'trastruktury tubuliarnykh i tubuliarno-vorsinchatykh adenom tolstoi kishki.

Electron microscopic study of adenomas showed absorptive cells (with or without a brush-board), goblet cells, and, less frequently, endocrine cells, and thus organ- and tissue-specific features of normal tissue. There was no relationship between the occurrence of the above cells and the degree of cell dysplasia. However, adenomas showed undifferentiated and moderately-differentiated enterocytes, their level depending on the degree of cell dysplasia. Pronounced dysplasia was often associated with a high level of undifferentiated cells.

[Prognostic factors in rectal cancer]. / Prognosticheskie faktory pri rake priamoi kishki.

Morphologic type of growth of rectal adenocarcinoma was studied in 292 radically operated cases. Diffuse pattern of growth was established in 86.7% of patients. Mean five-year survival rate was 49.1 +/- 3.9%. Five-year survival rate was 88.2 +/- 9.1% in cases of tumor invading less than one-third of circumference of the intestinal wall, 45.1 +/- 4.0% in those with invasion of the total wall circumference, 83.3 +/- 6.1%--infiltration of all mucosa and submucosa, 39.4 +/- 4.8%--invasion of the entire wall thickness, 31.5 +/- 6.3%--in patients with histologically proven regional metastases, 58.1 +/- 4.8%--in metastasis-free cases, 70.9 +/- 8.1%--in patients with intermediate type of tumor growth with tissue stratification predominating and 43.8 +/- 4.4%--in those with diffusely growing tumors. In a correlation analysis, regional metastases (correlation coefficient K = 0.25), depth of invasion of the intestinal wall (K = 0.24), morphologic pattern of growth (K = 0.22) and length of the intestinal wall invaded (K = 0.20) were shown to influence prognosis most apparently (P < 0.01). Morphologic pattern of growth should, therefore, be considered a prognostic factor.

[Genital prolapse in women and articular hypermobility syndrome in connective tissue dysplasia]. / Vzaimosviaz' vypadeniia polovykh organov u zhenshchin s sindromom gipermobil'nosti sustavov pri displazii soedinitel'noi tkani.

AIM: To examine relationships between genital prolapse and joint hypermobility (JHM), between GP severity and degree of JHM, to reveal causes of GP in JHM patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 208 females with GP (mean age 38.9 years) entered the trial. They were divided into three groups by severity of connective tissue dysplasia (CTD): with mild CTD--16.3%, moderate CTD--35.6% and severe CTD--48.1%. The following methods of investigation were used: podometric Freedland's technique, ultrasonic investigation of the gall bladder, kidneys, echocardiography, morphological study of platelets, morphological and immunohistochemical study of the ligaments. RESULTS: In GP patients JHM occurred in 41.8% patients. Hypermobility of large joints reaches 38.9%, large--20.7%. Such associated manifestations of CTD as flatfoot, JHM, deformation of the spine, varicosity, predisposition to vegetovascular dysfunctions, mitral prolapse, arrhythmia, impaired conduction, refraction, gastroptosis, nephroptosis, hernias were observed in 69.2, 46.1, 38, 53.8, 49, 43.3, 38, 19.2, 12, 6.7, 14.4%, respectively. The morphological changes are explained by 40 +/- 15% type 1-3 collagen loss in the interstitial substance. Severe forms of GP in patients with JHM were observed in 84%. 52.4% females with JHM developed severe GP within 3 years after delivery of a child. Most of the examinees carried undifferentiated congenital dysplasias. CONCLUSION: JHM is a criterion of CTD diagnosis.

[State of intestinal microbiocenosis and its correction in pregnancy women living under conditions of increased radiation pollution]. / Sostoianie kishechnogo mikrobiotsenoza i ego korrektsiia u beremennykh, prozhivaiushchikh v usloviiakh povyshennogo radiatsionnogo zagriazneniia.

The contents of the large intestine were investigated bacteriologically in 44 pregnant women at the pregnancy term of 27-28 weeks living in the areas contaminated with radionuclides at a concentration of 15-40 C/km2. It was found that in 9.6 per cent of the women the intestinal microbiocenosis was within the normal and in 19.1 per cent there was detected marked dysbacteriosis. In the other women compensated or subcompensated intestinal dysbacteriosis was recorded. The state of the large intestine microbiocenosis in the pregnant women did not depend on urogynecological or infectious diseases in the case histories. The prophylactic treatment with eubiotics (bifidumbacterin per rectum and lactobacterin intravaginally) aimed at the correction of the impaired microbiocenosis had a favourable effect which did not depend on urogynecological or infectious diseases in the case histories. After the completion of the prophylaxis course with the eubiotics some indices improved but the percentage of the pregnant women isolating colibacilli with the properties of virulence increased.

[Perinatal care for the fetus in women exposed to ionizing radiation after the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident]. / Perinatalnaia okhrana ploda u zhenshchin, prozhivaiushchikh v usloviiakh ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia v rezultate avarii na ChAES.

Thorough examination covered 114 pregnant women living in the second zone of radioactive pollution (Novozybkov town in Briansk region). Occurrence of miscarriage, late gestosis, intrauterine hypoxia and hypotrophia of fetus was higher vs. control. Laboratory studies helped to reveal underlying mechanisms of the stated conditions which are caused by compromised immunity and changes in fetoplacental system.