[Bladder tumors in the Hérault department: Results of the Hérault tumor registry registration from1987 to 2019]. / Les tumeurs de la vessie dans le département de l'Hérault : résultats de l'enregistrement du registre des tumeurs de l'Hérault de1987 à 2019.

OBJECTIVES: The Hérault Tumor Registry (RTH) is a general registry qualified by the national committee of registries since 1987. The objective of this study is to present the evolution of the epidemiology of bladder cancer (stage≥T1) in the Hérault department based on data collected by the RTH over a period from 1987 to 2019. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed trends in bladder cancer incidence in Hérault between 1987 and 2019 by sex, age, and stage, as well as mortality trends between 1987 and 2017. For the years 2018-2019, which are the last two years validated by the registry, we described relative frequencies, sex ratio, mean and median age at diagnosis, cumulative risk, stages at diagnosis, pathology data, and primary treatments. Observed and net survival data are analyzed for those diagnosed between 01/01/2000 and 12/31/2015 with a point date of 06/30/2018. RESULTS: In 2018-2019, bladder cancer was the 7th most common cancer in Hérault (5th in men and 12th in women) with an incidence sex ratio of 3.9 men to one woman. The mean age at diagnosis was 75.3 years for men and 77.8 years for women. The probability of having bladder cancer before the age of 75 years was 1.68% for a man (1/59) and 0.34% for a woman (1/295). Urothelial carcinomas accounted for 90.7% of cancers. Between 1987 and 2019, bladder cancer incidence TSMs (worldwide standardized rates) decreased by 0.8% per year in men and remained stable in women. Mortality TSMs between 1987 and 2017 followed the same trends with a decrease of 2.2% per year in men and stability in women. For the 3304 bladder cancers diagnosed between 01/01/2000 and 12/31/2015, the observed 5-year survival was 38% (34% in women and 38% in men). CONCLUSIONS: Bladder cancer incidence and mortality rates have decreased slightly in men but remain stable in women in the Hérault. Registries collect only a limited number of variables for each patient. In 2018 the Hérault Registry Specialized in Onco-Urology (RHESOU) was created, to have comprehensive data.

[Adhesion of urologists to the recommendations of the French Urological Association Cancer Committee (CCAFU) in the imaging work-up of localized prostate cancer]. / L'adhésion des urologues aux recommandations du comité de cancérologie de l'association Française d'urologie (CCAFU) dans le bilan d'imagerie du cancer localisé de la prostate.

OBJECTIVES: The literature review shows a low adhesion of urologists to the recommendations of learned societies in the imaging work-up of localized prostate cancer (CaP), especially for low and intermediate risks of the D'Amico classification. We analyzed the adhesion of urologists in the Hérault region (France) to the CCAFU 2016/2018, 2018/2020 recommendations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From the Hérault Onco Urology Registry (RHESOU) database, we identified localized CaP diagnosed between 01/01/2017 and 31/12/2019, and then classified them into 3 distinct risk groups according to the D'Amico classification. We compared the imaging workup performed by each patient to the CCAFU 2016/2018, 2018/2020 recommendations, according to the risk group. RESULTS: Of the 2,049 localized CaPs included in our study, 591 belonged to the low-risk group, 1059 to the intermediate-risk group, and 399 to the high-risk group. In the low-risk group 45.2% of the cases did not follow the CCAFU 2016/2018, 2018/2020 recommendations in the imaging workup, 77.3% in the intermediate-risk group and 80.9% in the high-risk group. For our entire study, 1,408 patients (68.7%) had an imaging workup that did not follow the CCAFU recommendations. CONCLUSION: Our results show a low adhesion of urologists to the CCAFU recommendations in the imaging assessment of localized CaP. The causes of this non-adhesion are multifactorial and difficult to analyze.

[Cancers of the external genital organs of male in Hérault: Results from the Hérault tumor register (RTH) over a period of 30 years (1987-2016)]. / Le cancer des organes génitaux externes de l'homme dans le département de l'Hérault: résultats de 30 ans d'enregistrement du registre des tumeurs de l'Hérault (1987­2016).

AIM: The objective of this study is to present the history of cancers of the external genital organs of male in Hérault using data from the Hérault tumor register (RTH) over a period of 30 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using the RTH database, we studied the development of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) and penile cancer (PC) over 30 years, from 1987 to 2016. We analyzed the incidence and mortality data for these tumors. We compared these results to French, European and global data. RESULTS: In 30 years of registration we have recorded 725 cases of TGCT and 175 cases of PC. The age standardized incidence rate (ASR) of TGCT has doubled between 1987 and 2016 (4.2 per 100,000 in 1987 and 9.3 per 100,000 in 2016). It was multiplied by 2.63 in the population of patients aged 30 to 44. There is a decrease of the mortality rate with a ASR of 0.8 deaths per 100,000 in 1987, and 0.4/100 000 in 2016. The PC incidence ASR was stable between 1987 and 2016 (0.4-0.9/100,000). Mortality is stable with a ASR between 0.1 and 0.3 deaths per 100,000 between 1987 and 2016. CONCLUSION: The incidence of TGCT has increased sharply in the Hérault over the past 30 years, while a decrease in mortality has been observed. The proportion of seminomas is increasing; it has gone from 53 % to 60 % in 30 years in the Hérault. The incidence and mortality of PC shows a stability in the Hérault over the past 30 years.

[Renal cell carcinoma in the department of Hérault: Results over a 30 year period]. / Le cancer du rein dans le département de L'Hérault : résultats de 30 ans d'enregistrement.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the specificities of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the department of Herault using the Herault Tumor Registry over 30 years. METHODS: Data of this study were obtained from the Herault cancer database. We analysed the evolution of RCC from 1987 to 2016, including the incidence, mortality, cancer pathology and staging at the moment of diagnosis. We compared our results with national and international data. RESULTS: We identified 3769 newly diagnosed RCC: 2628 in men (69,7%) and 1141 in women (30,3%). In 2016, RCC was the 8th most frequent cancer, both genders combined, the 7th most frequent cancer in men and the 11th in women. New cases of RCC increased by 4.2 in men and 3.3 in women over the study period. The number of localised forms increased by 9% over 20 years. In 2016, the probability of having a RCC before the age of 75 was of 2.11% for a man and of 0.62% for a woman. CONCLUSION: Over 30 years, the incidence rate of RCC increased in the department of Herault; however, mortality decreased over the same period. This analytical data should be improved by the development of the Registry of Herault Specialised in Onco-Urology (RHESOU). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Malignancy after Augmentation Enterocystoplasty: A Nationwide Study of Natural History, Prognosis and Oncogene Panel Analysis.

PURPOSE: We report the natural history and prognosis of tumors after augmentation enterocystoplasty, with a molecular analysis using an oncogene panel to search for potential targeted therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multicenter, nationwide, retrospective study included 16 patients. A panel of 21 clinically relevant oncogenes was tested on archival tumor specimens using next-generation sequencing. Survival rate was the main clinical outcome and sequences were compared to the reference genome for the genetic outcome. RESULTS: Augmentation enterocystoplasties were performed mainly for congenital neurogenic bladder and bladder exstrophy at a median patient age of 17 years (range 4 months to 45 years). Most of the malignancies were diagnosed because of clinical manifestations, with a median latency period of 20 years. Adenocarcinomas were mainly found after gastrocystoplasty, whereas urothelial cell carcinomas were typically found after colocystoplasty. Of the 16 patients 13 were diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease (positive lymph nodes in 7, distant metastases in 6). The overall 1-year survival rate was 56%. Only 3 patients remained disease-free at a median followup of 70 months. Of the 9 tumors with analyzable DNA 4 were wild-type and 5 harbored missense mutations (KIT-p.Pro573Ser, PDGFRA-p.Glu587Lys, KRAS-p.Gly12Asp, ERBB4p.Arg484Lys, CTNNB1-p.Ser37Phe and p.Ser47Asn). CONCLUSIONS: Malignancy after augmentation enterocystoplasty is diagnosed late with frequent metastases and a very low 1-year survival rate. More than half the tested samples harbored missense mutations in oncogenes accessible to targeted therapies. An international collaboration to enlarge the genetic panel analysis of these tumors may offer new therapeutic hope to patients.

[RHESOU (Registry in HErault Specialized in Onco-Urology) : the first French Registry specialized in Onco-Urology. One-year experience]. / RHESOU (Registre de l'Hérault spécialisé en onco-urologie) : le premier registre français spécialisé en onco-urologie. Un outil méthodologique de recueil de données en onco-urologie. Bilan de faisabilité sur un an d'expérience.

PURPOSE: In 2016, the Herault tumor registry collected 1961cancers in urology (21.4 % from all Herault cancers this year). RHESOU was created to complete RTH' data with specific parameters in onco-urology. The aim of this study is to describe RHESOU and to give some examples with our first results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In November 2018, RHESOU (Registry HErault Specialised in Onco-Urology) was founded with the same registry recommendations. It collects specific oncologic parameters and also complete RTH's data. For each urological cancer, a specific survey with different choices was performed to collect a maximum of data which could be present in patients' file. These surveys were used for urological cancers cases that live in Herault in 2017. RESULTS: In 2017, we collected 970 prostate cancers, 581 bladder cancers, 212 kidney cancers, 51 upper excretory tract cancers, 28 testicle cancers and 9 penil cancers. Our urological data collection gives many possibilities to create many requests for detailed analysis in urological cancers. In this article, we reported data from kidney, bladder and prostate cancers. CONCLUSIONS: RHESOU is a new tool opened to the different urologic corporations (urologists, pathologists, oncologists, radiotherapists, radiologists) that permits an overview in urological cancers in Herault. Finally, one important aim is that this tool will be adapted when new treatments or new important parameters appear in the years ahead. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Contamination in control group led to no effect of PSA-based screening on prostate cancer mortality at 9 years follow-up: Results of the French section of European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC).

INTRODUCTION: European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) mortality results were reported for 7 European countries (excluding France) and showed a significant reduction in Prostate cancer (PCa) mortality. As those results have not been part of the global ERSPC results, it is of interest to report PCa mortality at a median follow-up of 9 years for French section of ERSPC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two administrative departments were involved in the study. Only men after randomization in the screening group were invited by mail to be screened by PSA testing with two rounds at 4-6 year intervals. Biopsy was recommended if PSA>=3.0 ng/mL. No information other that the French Association of Urology recommandations on the use of PSA was offered to the control group (own decision of physicians and patients). Follow up was based on cancer registry database. Contamination defined as the receipt of PSA testing in control arm was measured. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the Rate Ratio (RR) of PCa mortality and incidence in the screening vs. control arm. RESULTS: Starting from 2003, 80,696 men aged 55-69 years were included. The percentage of men in the screening arm with at least one PSA test (compliance) was 31%. Compared to the control arm, PCa incidence increased by 10% in the screening arm (RR=1.10; 95% CI=[1.04-1.16], P=0.001), but PCa mortality did not differ (0.222 and 0.215 deaths/1000 person-years; RR=1.03[0.75-1.42], P=0.9). DISCUSSION: Limitations include low participation rate. PSA testing in the control arm was observed in 32% of men (contamination). CONCLUSIONS: Contamination in control group led to no effect of PSA-based screening on prostate cancer mortality at 9 years follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

[Results of surgical revisions for ureteral complications after renal transplantation]. / Résultats des reprises chirurgicales pour complications urétérales après transplantation rénale.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of surgical revision for ureteral complication (ureteric stenosis or urinary leakage) after renal transplantation over a period of 10 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study on 1313 consecutive kidney transplantations carried out in a University Hospital Center between 2005 and 2014. The data of the patients who developed a ureteral stenosis or a urinary leakage secondary to a renal transplantation were analyzed. Combined organ transplantations (kidney-liver and kidney-pancreas), as well as pediatric transplantations were excluded. RESULTS: Seventy-six patients (5.8%) had ureteric stenosis or urinary leakage after renal transplantation. Forty-six patients (3.5%) underwent surgical revision: 27 for ureteral stenosis, 19 for urinary leakage. Early success was achieved in 26 patients (56.5%), including 14 ureteric stenosis (51.9%) and 12 urinary leakage (63.2%) (P=0.45). After a complementary endoscopic or surgical treatment, the final success rate was increased to 73.1% (34 patients): 20 ureteric stenosis (74.1%) and 14 urinary leakage (73.7%) (P=0.98). There were 2 graft losses (4.3%) and one death (2.2%). The mean glomerular filtration rate estimated by the MDRD was 44.58mL/min/1.73m2 (±14.7) before surgery and 45.37mL/min/1.73m2 (±16.5) 6 months after surgery (P=0.92). CONCLUSION: Although frequently challenging, surgical revisions for ureteral complications after renal transplantation give good results, with a low rate of graft loss and mortality. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Sex differences in muscle-invasive bladder cancers: a study of a French regional population.

OBJECTIVES: Although men have a higher risk of developing a bladder cancer, women appear to have a poorer prognosis and a more advanced stage at diagnosis. We performed a retrospective population-based study on muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) using data from a cancer registry in a French department to compare overall and specific survival data according to sex. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included all patients living in the department of Hérault and diagnosed with MIBC between January 1, 2017 and December 12, 2019. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed on all variables of interest. RESULTS: We included 124 women and 432 men. There was no significant difference in age or stage at diagnosis according to sex. Squamous cell carcinomas were more common in women (p<0.001). Cystectomy was more frequent in men than in women (50.7% vs 35.4%) (p=0.0039). By multivariable analysis, the independent factors for being treated by cystectomy were sex (p=0.004), age (p<0.001) and stage (p<0.001). Forty-seven percent of women received no treatment or palliative treatment. Overall mortality was 79% in women and 63.2% in men (p<0.001). The median specific survival was 10.8 months in women and 32.7 months in men (p<0.0001). By multivariable analysis, the independent risk factors for mortality were female sex (p=0.047), cT4 stage (p=0.005) and absence of cystectomy (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that women are less often treated with cystectomy and have worse prognosis than men. The reasons for this gender difference are multifactorial.

[CCAFU Recommendations 2013: Penile cancer]. / Recommandations en onco-urologie 2013 du CCAFU : Tumeurs malignes du pénis.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant tumours of the penis are rare tumours. The objective of this article is to propose guidelines for the management of these tumours. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the literature was performed by selecting articles on penile cancer published in PUBMED. RESULTS: The most common histological type is squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical examination of the penis is usually sufficient to assess local extension of the primary tumour, but it can be completed by MRI to assess deeper extension. Inguinal lymph nodes must be systematically palpated on both sides to assess regional extension. In the presence of palpable lymph nodes, aspiration cytology is recommended in combination with abdomen and pelvis computed tomography and (18)F-FDG PET-CT. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is recommended in the case of penile cancer at high risk of lymph node extension with no palpable lymph nodes. Treatment of the primary tumour is usually surgical. It must be as conservative as possible while ensuring negative surgical margins. Brachytherapy or local treatment (laser, cytotoxic cream, etc.) can be proposed in some cases. Bilateral lymph node chains must be systematically treated at the time of diagnosis of the disease. Inguinal lymphadenectomy alone has a curative role in patients with metastatic invasion of a single lymph node (stage pN1). In the case of more extensive lymph node involvement, multimodal management combining chemotherapy, surgery and possibly radiotherapy, must be considered. CONCLUSION: The treatment of penile cancer is usually surgical possibly in combination with chemotherapy in the presence of lymph node extension. The main prognostic factor is lymph node involvement, requiring appropriate management right from the time of diagnosis.

[CCAFU Recommendations 2013: Testicular germ cell cancer]. / Recommandations en onco-urologie 2013 du CCAFU : Tumeurs germinales du testicule.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this article is to establish guidelines proposed by the external genital organ group of the CCAFU for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of the germ cell tumours of the testis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The multidisciplinary working party studied previous guidelines, exhaustively reviewed the literature, and evaluated references and their level of proof in order to attribute grades of recommendation. RESULTS: The initial work-up of testicular cancer is based on clinical, laboratory (AFP, total hCG, LDH) and imaging assessment (scrotal ultrasound and chest, abdomen and pelvis computed tomography). Inguinal orchidectomy is the first-line treatment allowing characterization of the histological type, local staging and identification of risk factors for micrometastases. The management of stage I tumours must be adapted to the risk by explaining to the patient the benefits/disadvantages of active treatment or watchful waiting as a function of the risk of relapse. Treatment options for stage 1 seminomas comprise : watchful waiting, chemotherapy (1 cycle of carboplatin) or para-aortic radiotherapy. Treatment options for stage 1 nonseminomatous germ cell tumours comprise : watchful waiting, chemotherapy (2 cycles of BEP) or staging retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. The management of metastatic tumours essentially comprises chemotherapy with 3 or 4 cycles of BEP according to the prognostic group. Radiotherapy may be indicated in seminomas with lymph node metastasis < 3 cm. Review 3 to 4 weeks post-chemotherapy is essentially based on tumour marker assays and chest, abdomen and pelvis computed tomography. Surgical retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is indicated for all residual NSGCT masses > 1 cm and for persistent residual seminoma masses > 3 cm with (18)F-FDG PET-CT uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Germ cell tumours have an excellent survival rate based on precise initial staging, adapted and strictly defined treatment and close surveillance.

[Assessing lenalidomide for treating multiple myeloma, myelofibrosis and myelodysplastic syndrome]. / Evaluación de lenalidomida en el tratamiento del mieloma múltiple, la mielofibrosis y el síndrome mielodisplásico.

OBJECTIVE: Lenalidomide (LDM) is an immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic drug which has been shown to be effective in several haematological disorders (multiple myeloma [MM], myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis [MF] and myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS]). The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of LDM in our patients. METHOD: Retrospective observational study which included patients at our hospital who were monitored by the haematology unit, diagnosed with MM, MF and MDS and candidates for LDM treatment. Treatment effectiveness was assessed after approximately 4 cycles of treatment. RESULTS: Between February 2007 and March 2008, 16 patients were listed as candidates for receiving treatment with LDM (50% female/50% male, with a mean age of 69.6 years); of these candidates, 3 never initiated treatment. Five of the six patients with MM treated at our hospital obtained some sort of response (83.3%). Of the 4 patients with MF, 2 (66.6%) experienced some sort of response to treatment. Of the 6 patients diagnosed with MDS, treatment was initiated in 3, and it had to be suspended in 2 cases due to different reasons. Treatment only had to be suspended in two of the 13 patients who began it (15.4%) due to adverse effects (AE). CONCLUSION: LDM is well-tolerated and produces sustained clinical benefits, especially in MM and MF. More studies are needed for in-depth examination of treatment duration, new indications and the use of treatments combined with other drugs.

Coupled transcription and translation within nuclei of mammalian cells.

It is widely assumed that the vital processes of transcription and translation are spatially separated in eukaryotes and that no translation occurs in nuclei. We localized translation sites by incubating permeabilized mammalian cells with [3H]lysine or lysyl-transfer RNA tagged with biotin or BODIPY; although most nascent polypeptides were cytoplasmic, some were found in discrete nuclear sites known as transcription "factories." Some of this nuclear translation also depends on concurrent transcription by RNA polymerase II. This coupling is simply explained if nuclear ribosomes translate nascent transcripts as those transcripts emerge from still-engaged RNA polymerases, much as they do in bacteria.

[Treatment of primary urethral carcinoma. Guidelines from the French Urological Association. Cancer committee]. / Prise en charge thérapeutique des tumeurs de l'urètre. Recommandations du comité de cancérologie de l'Association française d'urologie.

The litterature dealing with the treatment of primary uretral carcinoma is very limited. Most of it is based on small series, case report or expert opinions. These guidelines are level IV. The treatment modality is mainly based on the lesion topography and not on the histology. For anterior T1 or 2 lesions, surgery is the most often used modality. In women, radiotherapy might be an attractive option. For more advanced lesions, the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the standard of care. The optimal protocol remains to be defined. Intradiverticular lesions in women are mainly adenocarcimoma. Surgery only is often inadequate.

[Results and participation factors to the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) with Prostate Specific Antigen: French departments of Tarn and Hérault]. / Etat des lieux et facteurs de participation à l'étude européenne ERSPC de dépistage randomisé du cancer de la prostate par dosage sérique de l'antigène prostatique spécifique: départements français du Tarn et de l'Hérault.

INTRODUCTION: Mass screening modalities remained controversial and made necessary large studies. The European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate cancer (ERSPC) was initiated in 1994. Eight countries including France are participating. METHODS: ERSPC is a multicentric randomised study and started with the aim to determine whether a 20% reduction in prostate cancer mortality can be achieved with PSA-based screening. Men aged 50-74 and living in the Tarn or Hérault were included. After randomization and exclusion of men who died or had a prostate cancer were invited to participate by giving their consent and had a PSA test. In case of PSA greater than or equal to 3 ng/ml, biopsy was recommended. Included men in both screening and control group were followed through cancer registries. Objective was to present first round results of French participation to ERSPC, to determine factors of participation and to compare detected cancers cases between both groups. RESULTS: Population of men included was 84,781 and were randomized in screening (n=42,590) or control (n=42,191) group. Participation rate was 36.9% in Tarn and 24.3% in Hérault. PSA was greater than or equal to 3 ng/ml in 15,4% of cases (n=1812) and 45.9% of men (n=832) who were biopsied. Age, previous PSA performed within two years prior to invitation, health insurance and department of residence were significantly associated to participation rate. Cumulated incidence with a four years follow-up was 2.48% (n=1053) in screening and 1.99% (n=840) in control group, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.242. Corresponding RR for Tarn and Hérault were 1.37 and 1.20 respectively. Clinical parameters and treatments modalities were similar between both screening and control groups (radical prostatectomy 68% and radiation therapy 20%). CONCLUSION: Participation rate at first round was modest. Profile of men who participated compared to men who did not were different. The control group was probably contaminated by PSA testing outside study protocol. Consequences at ERSPC level of this low participation rate on final analysis remain to be determined.

[Study of apoptosis and mitosis mechanisms in the eye. Experimental model of gestational toxic syndrome]. / Estudio de los mecanismos de apoptosis y mitosis en el globo ocular. Modelo experimental del síndrome tóxico gestacional.

OBJECTIVE: To improve knowledge of the mechanisms of cellular differentiation and proliferation during retinal development, by studying cellular and molecular damage in a rat model of prenatal ethanol exposure. METHODS: Female, juvenile Wistar rats (200g body weight) and their offspring were divided into two groups, which were fed a liquid diet: 1) ethanol-exposed group (5% ethanol weight/vol as 35% of daily total calories) and 2) isocaloric control group (maltose/dextrin as 35% of daily total calories). Eyeballs were obtained at 21 days of gestation, embedded in paraffin, and immunodetection procedures performed on apoptotic (TUNEL) and mitotic profiles, which were observed and photographed using a confocal microscope. RESULTS: Analysis of the microphotographs revealed a statistically significant increase of apoptotic profiles and a decrease in mitotic profiles in the ethanol exposed group compared to controls (p<0.05). Ganglion cells and photoreceptors showed more changes than other retinal cell phenotypes. These findings suggest that abnormalities in the differentiation and proliferation processes of the retina were caused by the alcohol exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol abuse during pregnancy alters development of the visual system by inducing developmental changes in the mitotic and apoptotic processes of the retina. These latter changes may be the result of changes in the expression of regulatory genes as well as the result of alteration in signalling pathways for both differentiation-proliferation and apoptotic events.

[Metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the penis]. / Métastases des cancers du pénis.

Penile cancer is a rare carcinoma and visceral metastases are uncommon. Metastasis diagnosis is carried out with TDM and MRI but markers can sometimes be helpful (ie SSCAg). There is no referent chemotherapy, a trial has been started (CAVER).

Author Correction: Osmotic modulation of chromatin impacts on efficiency and kinetics of cell fate modulation.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

Osmotic modulation of chromatin impacts on efficiency and kinetics of cell fate modulation.

Chromatin structure is a major regulator of transcription and gene expression. Herein we explore the use of osmotic modulation to modify the chromatin structure and reprogram gene expression. In this study we use the extracellular osmotic pressure as a chromatin structure and transcriptional modulator. Hyposmotic modulation promotes chromatin loosening and induces changes in RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activity. The chromatin decondensation opens space for higher amounts of DNA engaged RNA Pol II. Hyposmotic modulation constitutes an alternative route to manipulate cell fate decisions. This technology was tested in model protocols of induced pluripotency and transdifferentiation in cells growing in suspension and adherent to substrates, CD34+ umbilical-cord-blood (UCB), fibroblasts and B-cells. The efficiency and kinetics of these cell fate modulation processes were improved by transient hyposmotic modulation of the cell environment.