Ex vivo histological analysis of the thermal effects created by a 445-nm diode laser in oral soft tissue biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate, ex vivo, the histological effects of 445-nm diode laser (Eltech K-Laser srl, Treviso, Italy), during an oral soft tissue biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty samples from pig cadaver tongues were obtained, through five laser settings, in continuous and pulsed wave (CW and PW). Samples were divided into six groups of five pieces each. A control specimen was taken by a scalpel. All samples were examined with an optical microscope by a blinded pathologist. Thermal effects on epithelium and connective tissues were measured with LAS 4.8 software. Finally, a statistical evaluation was made using GraphPadPrism 7.0 software. RESULTS: All specimens, except one, showed a damage lower than 1 mm. Readability was always optimal; there was a different thermal effect between epithelial and connective tissue and in CW and PW samples, confirmed by statistical analysis too. CONCLUSIONS: A 445-nm diode laser creates a minimum thermal effect, that has no implications in the histological evaluation of benign lesions. In suspicious lesions, a safety margin of 1 mm, compared with a scalpel, is preferable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A 445-nm diode laser has excellent surgical properties and can manage many arduous clinical cases, such as vascularized lesions. In the excision of suspected lesions, it is necessary to compare, case by case, clinical advantages to possible histological implications.

Is There a Correlation between Gingival Display and Incisal Inclination in a Gummy Smile? Study on Cephalometric Parameters.

BACKGROUND: Excessive gingival display or "gummy smile" is a clinical condition where a maxillary gum shows between the inferior line of the superior lip and the gingival line of the incisive superior during a spontaneous smile. The aim of this research was to understand the various skeletal and dentoalveolar components contributing to a gummy smile in a sample of 120 patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective case-control study had the primary objectives of analyzing the existence of a correlation between the presence of gingival exposure and the alteration of the inclination of the upper incisors with respect to the Frankfurt plane, the Palatine plane (bi-spinal) and to the NA line in a sample of orthodontic patients, and also evaluating the association with skeletal, dental, and aesthetic cephalometric parameters. RESULT AND CONCLUSIONS: In our study, it's emerged a correlation between the gingival exposure and the presence of alterations to incisal torque in the vestibular direction and the quantity of maxillary gingiva evident during the smile, which is correlated in particular to the Is-Sts distance, overjet and overbite. The major indicative data, therefore, are related to the vertical position of the upper incisors, in particular with respect to the upper lip and to the sagittal position.

Efficacy and Accuracy of Maxillary Arch Expansion with Clear Aligner Treatment.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy and accuracy of maxillary arch transverse expansion using the Invisalign® clear aligner system without auxiliaries other than Invisalign attachments. Knowing the accuracy of a movement through a clear aligner system allows the clinician to plan the treatment with greater precision and to achieve the expected result faster. The study group included 28 patients with a mean age of 17 ± 3.2 years. The treatment protocol for all the selected patients included the application of the Invisalign® clear aligner system without auxiliaries, except for the Invisalign® attachments; in no case were tooth extraction or interproximal enamel reduction (IPR) performed. Linear measurements of the expansion were assessed before treatment (T0), at the end of treatment (T1), and on final virtual models by ClinCheck® (TC). A paired t-test was used to compare T0-T1 and T1-TC differences. A paired t-test was applied, and one normality was validated with the Shapiro-Wilks test. If normality was not met, the nonparametric test (Mann-Whitney U test) was applied. The level of significance was set at 5%. Statistically significant differences were found for all measurements at T0-T1. The results showed an average accuracy of efficacy of 70.88%. The differences in predictability between the various vestibular measurements (intercanine, inter-premolar, and intermolar) were not statistically significant, while they were for gingival measurements. The overall accuracy of the expansion treatment was 70%, regardless of tooth type.

Erythema Multiforme as Early Manifestation of COVID-19: A Case Report.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a viral infection involving multi-organ manifestations. The main oral symptoms of COVID-19 associated are taste loss and xerostomia, but literature has reported other oral manifestation, such as oral blisters, ulcers, vesicles and other immunological lesions. This case report showed an Erythema Multiforme (EM) manifesting as oral mucosa lesions in a patient with a late diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Case Presentation: A 30 years-old Caucasian woman was sent to an oral medicine office, in order to manage painful and oral mucosa lesions associated with target symmetrical skin lesions. Oral examination revealed extensive ulcers in the mouth and crusts on the lips. Based on clinical examinations, a diagnosis of Erythema Multiforme major was made and a drug therapy with steroids was administered. Five days after the specialist visit, the patient discovered that she was positive for COVID-19. The complete recovery occurred in 3 weeks. Conclusion: Confirming the literature studies, EM is an early disease associated with COVID-19 infection.

Cranio-cervical posture and rapid palatal expansion therapy.

Objective: Connections between craniocervical posture (CCP) and changes in teeth position have already been demonstrated; however, the defined pathway of relationship is still not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate CCP modifications after rapid maxillary expansion therapy using rapid palatal expansion therapy (REP)/McNamara appliances. Materials and Methods: A consecutive series of 35 subjects, aged between 6 and 14 years, with no prior history of orthodontic treatment, and requiring skeletal expansion of the upper arch, were selected and analyzed. All patients were treated with REP or Mcnamara appliance: the active phase of 15 days and retaining phase of 6 months. Cephalometric analysis was carried out before (T0) and after (T1) orthodontic therapy evaluating changes in the craniofacial area and those related to CCP. The obtained data were statistically analyzed for the pre-post changes. Results: No statistically significant difference emerged indicating a modification in the CCP measured at T0 and T1 (P > 0.05). Patients treated with the McNamara appliance, compared to those treated with REP, showed a higher value of the angle OPT ^ Ver (P = 0.021), and a lower measure of the angles CVT^EVT (P = 0.035) and EVT^Ver (P = 0.023). Furthermore, patients treated with REP showed a higher hyoid angle value than those treated with McNamara (P = 0.047). Conclusion: This study did not reveal any relationship between the application of palatal expansion therapy and changes in CCP.

Auriculotherapy used to manage orthodontic pain: a randomized controlled pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Several methods are commonly used to decrease orthodontic pain, but versatile tools and standardized protocols are still lacking. OBJECTIVE: In response to the need for alternatives to conventional analgesic methods, this study evaluates the analgesic effects of auriculotherapy (AT) during the first three months of fixed orthodontic treatment. METHODS: A sample of 36 subjects was selected, with patients randomly allocated into two homogeneous groups, Study Group (SG) and Control Group (CG), depending on the application/non-application of AT. Patients rated their pain scores monthly from 0 to 10, on visual analogue scales (VAS) at the time of bonding (T0) and again at two appliance adjustments (T1 and T2). At each of these treatment phases, VAS was applied in six different time moments (TM): immediately before, immediately after, after 4 hours, after 8 hours, after 24 hours, and after 72h hours. Descriptive statistical analysis, a Student's t-test, and a Chi-square test were applied to the collected data (statistical significance for p< 0.05). RESULTS: SG patients reported lower pain levels than CG patients, both at T0, T1 and T2. Moreover, average pain intensity values were lower in the SG for all TM analyzed, with the t-test significant (p< 0.05) for most TMs. CONCLUSION: AT was effective in the pain treatment of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Further studies are needed with a sham control group to confirm the validity of these results.

Uncovering and Autonomous Eruption of Palatally Impacted Canines-A Case Report.

The impaction of permanent maxillary canine is a common clinical occurrence, and it is observed in 2% of patients who require orthodontic treatment. This case report describes a new orthodontic-surgical approach through the use of CO2 laser, for the exposure of the palatally impacted canines. A 13-year-old female referred to our observation to make an orthodontic examination because of the maxillary primary canines' persistence in upper arch. Orthopanoramic X-ray showed impaction of both permanent maxillary canines. The family history revealed that the patient's mother had the same orthodontic problem. Cone Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT) was requested to plan the surgical-orthodontic treatment. Surgical exposure of the impacted canines was performed using a CO2 laser and subsequent periodontal pack application. No orthodontic devices were applied for impacted teeth traction on dental arch. Canines' movement was monitored at 1, 8 and 16 weeks post-surgery with photo and intraoral scanner CS3500 (CS3500®, Carestream Health, Atlanta, GA, USA). When canine crowns were completely erupted on palatal side, the alignment in the arch with indirect bonding technique was performed. Complete disimpaction of canine crowns was obtained in only four months. As reported in the literature, this case confirms that impacted canines' exposure to CO2 laser has advantages if compared with traditional surgery: no bleeding during and after the procedure, decontaminant effect on the surgical area, no suture, and a fast spontaneous eruption. Conclusions: The pre-orthodontic uncovering and autonomous eruption of palatally impacted maxillary canines provides simplified, predictable, and more aesthetic outcomes. Furthermore, a significant positive factor is that there is no need to carry out the orthodontic traction of the impacted element, undoubtedly better compliance by the patient during the next alignment phase with the fix orthodontic appliance.

Comparative Evaluation of Esthetic and Structural Aspects in Class II Functional Therapy. A Case-Control Retrospective Study.

Background: To compare the skeletal, dental, and esthetic changes produced by three functional devices, Fränkel-2 appliance (FR-2), Twin Block (TB), and Occlus-o-Guide® (O-o-G®), for the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Methods: Sixty-five patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion were divided into three groups and were analyzed through cephalometric analysis of skeletal, dental, and esthetic variables before and after treatment. The first group of 23 patients (F: 9; M: 14; mean age: 10.3 ± 1.08 years) was treated with FR-2, the second group of 18 patients (F: 8; M: 10; mean age 10.7 ± 1.05 years) was treated with TB, the third group (F: 11; M: 13; mean age: 9.05 ± 0.39 years) of 24 patients was treated with O-o-G®. The structural effects of the three devices were compared with a control group generated by the growth variations reported in the cephalometric atlas of Bhatia and Leighton. Esthetic analysis was performed comparing the results of the patients treated with a control group of 20 subjects with mandibular retrognathia and Class II Division 1 malocclusion, not subjected to therapy. Results: The three devices resulted in a significant increase in mandibular length, with higher results obtained for FR-2 and TB. A statistically significant increase in the IMPA angle was found for the O-o-G® group, and a notable reduction of both overjet and overbite was detected in all three groups of treated patients. The esthetic evaluation showed overall more significant results in the TB group, especially with regard to the reduction of facial convexity. The retrusion of the upper lip was on average more significant in the O-o-G® group, followed by that in the TB. Conclusions: All three devices have proven to be effective overall in resolving skeletal changes and improving facial esthetics.

Perceived Pain during Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME): Trends, Anatomical Distinctions, and Age and Gender Correlations.

Objectives: To investigate pain trends and characteristics of different facial districts in patients undergoing rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and its possible correlations with age and gender. Materials and Methods: 85 subjects (45 males and 40 females) undergoing RME were selected and analyzed during first two weeks of treatment. Patients rated daily two types of pain perception: the general perceived pain (GPP), i.e., the pain overall perceived in the face, and the local perceived pain (LPP), i.e., the pain perceived locally in the following anatomical areas: anterior palate (APA), posterior palate (PPA), nasal (NA), joint (JA), and zygomatic (ZA). Patients were provided the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (FPS) to correctly assess their GPP and LPP. Pearson correlation coefficient and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were, respectively, used to define the linear relationship between all the variables considered and to verify whether the response variables (gender and age) were significantly different (α < 0.05). Results: Sample's mean age was 10.11 years. Average pain values of GPP and LPP progressively rise from day 1 to days 2-3 (pain peak) and tended to decrease until day 14, with a linear decrease for GPP and a not linear decrease for LPP. PPA and APA resulted the most painful areas, followed, respectively, by JA, ZA, and NA. Statistically significant differences resulted in average pain values according to patients' age and gender, both in GPP and LPP. Conclusion: RME causes perception of pain in several maxillofacial areas. Pain reported during RME resulted positively correlated with age and gender of patients.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Three Different Acupuncture Methods for TMD-Related Pain: A Randomized Clinical Study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three acupuncture methods for temporomandibular disorders- (TMDs-) related pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different locations of pain, according to DC/TMD clinical assessment, were considered: temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, head, and neck. Sixty patients were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups (20 patients in each): group BA received body acupuncture, group EA received electroacupuncture, and group CA received acupuncture + cupping. The groups were compared in terms of pain (verbal numeric scale), pain-related disability (Brief Inventory Pain, BPI), and impression of the treatment's effectiveness (Patients' Global Impression of Improvement Scale, PGI-I). These were recorded before sessions of acupuncture treatment (T0), after 8 sessions of acupuncture treatment (T1), and after 4 weeks of follow-up after treatment (T2). The between-group and within-group differences in the data were analyzed statistically. The baseline characteristics were similar in all groups (p > 0.05). RESULTS: Significant improvements were noted in all types of pain compared to baseline values in all groups (all p < 0.05). No significant differences were noted in the improvement of TMDs-related pain according to the different acupuncture techniques (all p > 0.05). All acupuncture methods used resulted to be significantly effective in improving the pain-related interference in the patient's common activities and quality of life. EA resulted to be significantly more effective than BA and CA in improving the interference of pain with patients' mood (p=0.015) and quality of sleep (p=0.014). CONCLUSION: BA, EA, and CA are all effective acupuncture methods in reducing pain and pain interference with common activities and quality of life in patients affected by TMD.

Psychological and Physical Distress in Italian People during COVID-19 Pandemic: One Year Later.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the major life changes that Italian people experienced after one year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed the psychological and physical impact of COVID-19 within one year of the pandemic situation, and its possible correlation with the positive COVID-19 trend in the Italian region. We invited Italian people to complete a cross-sectional, online survey within a three-week period from 14 March to 4 April 2021. The survey collected data on the participants' stress and physical levels, attitude, perceived control, norms, personal and professional backgrounds, and place of stay in the last year. We used Student's t-test and the software package GRETL for Windows to assess the association between the study outcome variables and the explanatory variables (stress, attitude, perceived control, and norms). All participants who declared a level of physical stress in their answer suffered from psychological stress, but not vice versa. The result to be highlighted is that this level of stress was found more in women and in the age range of 21-45 years.

The VISTA Approach in Canine Disimpaction.

Canine disimpaction is always a challenging orthodontic treatment overall, even when the impacted permanent canine is in a high position, especially when in tight relation with the upper incisors' roots. Conventional treatment methods are usually not capable of performing the correct force direction, consisting of the contemporary movement in the distal and vestibular directions of the canine crown, often provoking, as side effects, the presence of decubitus on the mucous of the lips and cheeks or a poor final appearance of the periodontal support of the disimpacted canine. Among the different approaches, the vertical incision subperiosteal tunnel access (VISTA) technique shows good performance with regard to the direction of the forces and the canine's periodontal conditions when erupted; it is usually realized through an elastic chain connected to a temporary anchorage device (TAD) in the posterior area. In this paper, a different protocol for the VISTA method is also presented, to be resorted to in cases of difficult miniscrew positioning due to the anatomic conditions or stage of dentitions. The new protocol also considers the use of nickel-titanium coil springs in order to avoid the need of frequent reactivation of the device and consequent patient discomfort, highlighting its advantages and indications with respect to the traditional approach.

Familiar occurrence of facial asymmetry: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The point at which "normal" asymmetry becomes "abnormal" can be defined by an aesthetic limit and a functional limit. The underlying causes are still not fully discovered; the etiology includes congenital disorders, acquired diseases, and traumatic and developmental deformities. Our purpose was to investigate the possible genetic liability in the transmissibility of the asymmetric traits, through an analysis developed by twofold approach: 1) exploring and recording the family history through the use of a specific questionnaire; and 2) examining differences in laterality between the patients and their corresponding parent by a facial analysis. METHODS: A total of 52 Italian subjects (57% females, 43% males; mean age: 11.7 years), showing a clinically detectable asymmetry, were selected. Individuals in the sample were selected according to the diagnosis of facial asymmetry, non-syndromic patients, participation by informed consent, and negative medical history of the maxillo-facial complex. A specifically designed questionnaire was used to investigate the presence of the asymmetric trait in the family. Differences in length between distance from the anthropometric points to the facial midline and to horizontal reference were measured on a frontal facial photograph. For all the subjects recruited the same analysis was performed on the frontal facial photographs of both the parents. A descriptive and interferential statistical analysis was performed on the data. RESULTS: Concerning the linear measurement, in a high percentage of parent-child pairs there is a correspondence of laterality of asymmetry traits, with a more common relation with the maternal trait. Sixty-five percent of parents with correspondence of laterality reported a positive family history of asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the obtained data shows that the mother is the parent most involved in the correspondence of laterality. Further analysis would be appropriate to investigate this result.

CBCT and Intra-Oral Scanner: The Advantages of 3D Technologies in Orthodontic Treatment.

BACKGROUND: The aim is to demonstrate the validity of the monitoring through intraoral scanner of the dental movements and the real impact, advantages, and convenience, in terms of treatment time and efficiency gain, to frequently monitor a patient with the scanner application. METHODS: A movement control of palatally impacted canines was performed, surgically treated with laser opercolectomy. Three-dimensional models of the patient's dental arch were obtained with intraoral scanner during a monitoring time of 4 months. The STL (Standard Triangle Language) files were superimposed with the 3D models extrapolated from the pre-operative CT (Computerized Tomography). The measurements of eruption, exposed palatal and vestibular areas, and distances between the canines and the incisors were performed, using digital technologies and with a digital caliber. RESULTS: Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of the data obtained from both conventional and digital monitoring has been realized and performing the T Student Test for paired data. CONCLUSION: The advantages of digital monitoring are numerous, like the possibility to reduce the error of method caused by manual measurement on plaster casts and the possibility to compare the pattern and amount of eruption of the canine in the same patient overtime.

Photobiomodulation Therapy on Orthodontic Movement: Analysis of Preliminary Studies with a New Protocol.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the acceleration of orthodontic movements, deriving from its biostimulating and regenerative capacity on soft tissues, consequent to the increase in differentiation, proliferation, and activity of cells that are involved with alveolar bone remodeling. The present randomized controlled trial was conducted on six patients who required extractive orthodontic therapy because their ectopic canines had erupted. A total of eight canines were analyzed, four of which received laser irradiation (i.e., experimental group). Two weeks after the extractions, all canines of the experimental and placebo groups were distalized simultaneously and symmetrically with the laceback retraction technique. The PBMT protocol consisted of four cycles of laser applications, one each on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 of the study, with session treatment durations of 2-4 min. The results of the descriptive analysis on the distal displacement speed of the canines after 1 month of follow-up indicate an average displacement of 1.35 mm for the non-irradiated group and 1.98 mm for the irradiated group. Through inferential analysis, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was found between the average speed of the irradiated canines and the control canines. The low energy density laser used in this study, with the parameters set, was found to be a tool capable of statistically significantly accelerating the distal displacement of canines.

Unilateral condylar hyperplasia: a thee-dimensional CBCT morphometric and volumetric evaluation of mandibular condyle by open-source softwares / Hiperplasia condilar unilateral: evaluación morfométrica y volumétrica en TCHC tridimensional del cóndilo mandibular mediante softwares de código abierto

SUMMARY: Unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) is an alteration of the mandibular condyle growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate condyle volume, surface area, and Morphological Index (MI) differences between the affected condyle and an unaffected one in patients with UCH, evaluated through 3D reconstructions cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images by two open-source softwares. A retrospective cross-sectional study of 16 patients with a certain UCH, 9 females and 7 males with mean age 25.13 ± 6.8 years was made. The image obtained from the CBCT of each condyle were reconstructed using the open-source software 3D SLICER 4.6 ®. The volumetric and area measurements of the 3D reconstruction of the mandibular condyle were made using the open-source soft- ware NETFABB basic 5.0 ®. The mean condylar volume of the hyperplastic condyles was 2.07 ± 1.51 cm3 and the non-hyperplastic condyles was 1.16 ± 0.82 cm3 (p<0.05). The mean area surface of the hyperplastic condyle was 11.77 ± 3.71 cm2 and the non-hyperplasic condyle mean was 8.05 ± 2.17 cm2 (p < 0.05). The mean area surface difference was 3.72 ± 3.57 cm2 (28.0 %). The MI of the hyperplastic condyle was 1.8 ± 0.3 mm and the non-affected condyle was 1.3 ± 0.6 mm (p < 0.05). The use of open-source software for 3D reconstruction with manual segmentation for evaluation of the volume and the condylar surface is a valid tool available to the clinic in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with condylar hyperplasia.

RESUMEN: La hiperplasia condilar unilateral (HU) es una alteración del crecimiento del cóndilo mandibular. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar en pacientes el volumen del cóndilo, el área de superficie y las diferencias del índice morfológico (IM) entre el cóndilo afectado y el no afectado en pacientes, mediante tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (TCHC), por medio de dos softwares. Se realizó un estudio transversal retrospectivo de 16 pacientes con determinada HU, 9 mujeres y 7 hombres con edad media 25,13 ± 6,8 años. La imagen obtenida del TCHC de cada cóndilo se reconstruyó utilizando el software de código abierto 3D SLICER 4.6 ®. Las medidas volumétricas y de área de la reconstrucción 3D del cóndilo mandibular se realizaron utilizando el software de código abierto NETFABB basic 5.0 ®. El volumen condilar medio de los cóndilos hiperplásicos fue de 2,07 ± 1,51 cm3 y el de los cóndilos no hiperplásicos fue de 1,16 ± 0,82 cm3 (p <0,05). La superficie media del cóndilo hiperplásico fue de 11,77 ± 3,71 cm2 y la media del cóndilo no hiperplásico fue 8,05 ± 2,17 cm2 (p <0,05). La diferencia de superficie de área media fue 3,72 ± 3,57 cm2 (28,0 %). El IM del cóndilo hiperplásico fue de 1,8 ± 0,3 mm y el cóndilo no afectado fue de 1,3 ± 0,6 mm (p <0,05). Para el clínico, el uso de software de código abierto en la reconstrucción 3D con segmentación manual, para la evaluación del volumen y la superficie condilar, es una herramienta efectiva en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con hiperplasia condilar.