Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and substance-related disorders in parents of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review.

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of mental illness in parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD: This is a systematic review that follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols in the search for observational studies determining the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and substance abuse in parents of individuals with CP. The information sources used for this study were: PubMed, SciELO, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials, and Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. RESULTS: Fourteen articles were selected and included, investigating 1264 mothers and 105 fathers of children with CP. Data extracted for analysis were divided into three categories: study data, data about participants with CP, and data about parents. All studies included volunteer parents, of whom 95 per cent were female. INTERPRETATION: CP is related to a higher prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in parents. Factors such as a child's degree of functionality and socioeconomic level may influence the frequency of mental disorders in parents. However, these studies have heterogeneous samples and applied different criteria to characterize their populations. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Depression and anxiety are more prevalent for parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP) than parents of typically developing children. The child's illness severity is a risk factor for mental illness in parents of children with CP. The more time spent on child care, the higher the risk of mental illness among mothers of children with CP. There is a lack of reliable data in the literature on substance abuse in parents of children with CP.

PREVALENCIA DE DEPRESIÓN, ANSIEDAD Y TRASTORNOS RELACIONADOS AL USO DE SUSTANCIAS EN PADRES DE NIÑOS CON PARÁLISIS CEREBRAL: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA: OBJETIVO: Calcular la prevalencia de enfermedad mental en padres de niños con parálisis cerebral (PC). METODO: Esta es una revisión sistemática que sigue la metodología para Protocolos de Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis en la búsqueda de estudios observacionales que determinan la prevalencia de depresión, ansiedad y abuso de sustancias en padres de individuos con PC. Las fuentes de información utilizadas para este estudio fueron: PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Biblioteca Cochrane, Clinical Trials, y Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionaron e incluyeron 14 artículos, investigando 1.264 madres y 105 padres de niños con PC. Los datos extraídos para análisis fueron divididos en tres categorías: datos de estudio, datos sobre participantes con PC y datos sobre padres. Todos los estudios incluyeron padres voluntarios, de quienes el 95% fueron del sexo femenino. INTERPRETACIÓN: La PC está relacionada a una mayor prevalencia de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad en los padres. Factores como el grado de funcionalidad del niño y el nivel socioeconómico pueden influir en la frecuencia de trastornos cognitivos en los padres. Sin embargo, estos estudios tienen muestras heterogéneas y utilizaron diferentes criterios para caracterizar a las poblaciones.

PREVALÊNCIA DE DEPRESSÃO, ANSIEDADE, E DESORDENS RELACIONADAS AO USO DE SUBSTÂNCIAS EM PAIS DE CRIANÇAS COM PARALISIA CEREBRAL: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA: OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de doença mental em pais de crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC). MÉTODO: Esta é uma revisão sistemática que segue o protocol Itens preferenciais para reportar em revisões sistemáticas e metanálises na busca por estudos observacionais que determinassem a prevalência de depressão, ansiedade, e abuso de substâncias nos pais de indivíduos com PC. As fontes de informação usadas para este estudo foram: PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials, e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde RESULTADOS: Quatorze artigos foram selecionados e incluídos, investigando 1264 mães e 105 pais de crianças com PC. Os dados extraídos para análise foram divididos em três categorias: dados dos estudos, dados sobre os participantes com PC, e dados sobre os pais. Todos os estudos incluíram pais voluntários, dos quais 95 por cento eram mulheres. INTERPRETAÇÃO: A PC se relaciona com maior prevalência de sintomas de depressão e ansiedade em pais. Fatores como grau de funcionalidade da criança e nível socioeconomico podem infuenciar a frequência de desordens cognitivas nos pais. No entanto, estes estudos têm amostras heterogêneas e aplicaram diferentes critérios para caracterizar suas populações.

Transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of cerebellar ataxia: A two-phase, double-blind, auto-matched, pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of tDCS on posture, gait and coordination of movements in subjects with cerebellar ataxia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a two-phase, double blind, auto matched, pilot study. Seven people were selected to participate in the study aged from 14 to 57. tDCS and sham-tDCS were applied at different times to all participants for 40 min over five consecutive days so that they were blind to which of the two techniques was applied at any one time. The area stimulated was the bilateral motor cortex. Subjects were evaluated before and after the interventions using the Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) and specific tests to measure posture and balance were carried out using the Wii Fit platform and CvMob software. RESULTS: The study indicates a statistically significant improvement in respect of gait parameters and the total score of the SARA scale and Wii Fit platform after tDCS when compared with data obtained from sham-tDCS trials (p: 0,03). The adverse events relating to tDCS were all self-limiting and from mild to moderate intensity. CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample size, tDCS showed positive results in some motor parameters and could be considered a valuable new option for the treatment of cerebellar ataxias.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Pilot Study.

Studies investigating the possible benefits of transcranial direct current stimulation on left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have not been performed. This study assesses the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with ADHD on neuropsychological tests of visual attention, visual and verbal working memory, and inhibitory control. An auto-matched clinical trial was performed involving transcranial direct current stimulation in children and adolescents with ADHD, using SNAP-IV and subtests Vocabulary and Cubes of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III (WISC-III). Subjects were assessed before and after transcranial direct current stimulation sessions with the Digit Span subtest of the WISC-III, inhibitory control subtest of the NEPSY-II, Corsi cubes, and the Visual Attention Test (TAVIS-3). There were 9 individuals with ADHD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) criteria. There was statistically significant difference in some aspects of TAVIS-3 tests and the inhibitory control subtest of NEPSY-II. Transcranial direct current stimulation can be related to a more efficient processing speed, improved detection of stimuli, and improved ability to switch between an ongoing activity and a new one.