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BACKGROUND: The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies like OpenAI's Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT), particularly ChatGPT, has shown promising applications in various fields, including medicine. This study evaluates ChatGPT's performance on the Polish Final Medical Examination (LEK), comparing its efficacy to that of human test-takers. METHODS: The study analyzed ChatGPT's ability to answer 196 multiple-choice questions from the spring 2021 LEK. Questions were categorized into "clinical cases" and "other" general medical knowledge, and then divided according to medical fields. Two versions of ChatGPT (3.5 and 4.0) were tested. Statistical analyses, including Pearson's χ2 test, and Mann-Whitney U test, were conducted to compare the AI's performance and confidence levels. RESULTS: ChatGPT 3.5 correctly answered 50.51% of the questions, while ChatGPT 4.0 answered 77.55% correctly, surpassing the 56% passing threshold. Version 3.5 showed significantly higher confidence in correct answers, whereas version 4.0 maintained consistent confidence regardless of answer accuracy. No significant differences in performance were observed across different medical fields. CONCLUSIONS: ChatGPT 4.0 demonstrated the ability to pass the LEK, indicating substantial potential for AI in medical education and assessment. Future improvements in AI models, such as the anticipated ChatGPT 5.0, may enhance further performance, potentially equaling or surpassing human test-takers.
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Introduction: It is generally accepted that colon cancer is the most commonly diagnosed gastrointestinal cancer and a major public health problem. As revealed by studies, the clinical outcomes of patients, especially those with lymph node-positive status, are still unsatisfactory. Aim: The current study investigated the expression of vimentin protein in colon adenocarcinoma samples from proximal and distal parts of the colon to assess its prognostic significance by correlating its immunohistochemical expression with the clinicopathological variables and survival of Caucasian patients. Material and methods: To investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic roles of vimentin expression, the immunohistochemical analysis was performed in colon cancer tumour samples and adjacent non- pathological mucosa. As revealed, the level of vimentin immunohistochemical reactivity correlated with the grade of the histological differentiation (H [2.97] = 37.949; p < 0.001). Results: The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the overall survival rate in the group of patients with low vimentin immunoreactivity was significantly greater than that for patients with a moderate or strong level of vimentin protein expression. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the grade of tumour differentiation (HR = 2.150; 95% CI: 1.380-3.349, p = 0.001) and vimentin expression (HR = 3.901; 95% CI: 2.436-6.247, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for worse survival.
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Introduction: Colorectal cancer is most common in developed countries. Each year, more than one million people develop colon cancer, and nearly 70,000 people die from the disease. Although medicine has made great strides in the treatment of colorectal cancer, the prognosis of patients is still poor. It is difficult to find the main cause of colon cancer, so it is necessary to introduce new methods that will accurately diagnose the cause of this malignancy. Material and methods: Paraffin-embedded colon adenocarcinoma samples (n = 97) were assessed immunohistochemically for TACC3 protein. Connections between TACC3 immunoexpression and clinicopathological factors, including the 5-year overall survival (OS), were evaluated. Results: Immunohistochemical expression of TACC3 protein in colon adenocarcinoma samples and non-pathological samples of colon tissue was described as weak, moderate, or strong. As demonstrated, the level of the TACC3 immunohistochemical reactivity was not correlated with demographic factors including gender and age, and clinicopathological factors. The average survival time for all the patients was 36.8 months (95% CI: 33.134-40.536). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the grade of tumour differentiation (HR = 2.740; 95% CI: 1.864-4.027, p < 0.001) and TACC3 immunoexpression in healthy tissues (HR = 1.700; 95% CI: 1.073-2.694) were independent risk factors for worse survival of patients. Conclusions: The high level of TACC3 immunoexpression in cancerous tissue was not associated with malignancy-related clinicopathological factors and 5-year overall survival of patients.
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INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is traditionally regarded as the most commonly diagnosed gastrointestinal malignant disease. Nevertheless, despite advances in diagnosis and novel therapeutic options, the clinical outcomes of patients are still not satisfactory. AIM: To investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic roles of Notch1 expression, the immunohistochemical investigation was performed in samples of CRC tumour tissues, adjacent non-pathological mucosa, and metastatic foci in regional lymph nodes in Caucasian patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Paraffin-embedded adenocarcinoma samples were assessed immunohistochemically for Notch1 protein and scored according to the percentage of cells with a positive reaction combined with staining intensity. Connections between Notch1 immunoexpression and clinicopathological factors including the 5-year overall survival (OS) were evaluated. RESULTS: The level of the Notch1 immunohistochemical reactivity was correlated with the grade of the histological differentiation, size of the primary tumour, regional lymph node involvement, and perineural invasion (all p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the survival time for patients with a low expression of Notch1 was significantly longer than that for patients with moderate or strong level of Notch1 immunoreactivity (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced level of Notch1 immunoexpression was significantly associated with malignancy-related clinicopathological factors and reduced the 5-year overall survival in CRC patients.
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INTRODUCTION: It is generally accepted that the gastrointestinal tract, and especially the colon, is constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may be responsible for the appearance of genetic mutations. To keep a steady-state control over ROS production-detoxification, organisms have evolved a defensive system. Nevertheless, many reports have described decreased level of antioxidant enzymes, especially catalase (CAT), in cancer tissues. AIM: In this work we try to assess the immunohistochemical expression of CAT protein in colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was performed on resected specimens obtained from 122 patients who had undergone surgical resection for colorectal cancer, and from 120 patients who had undergone colonoscopy. Paraffin- embedded, 4 µm-thick tissue sections were stained for rabbit polyclonal anti CAT antibody obtained from GeneTex (cat. no. GTX110704). RESULTS: In adenoma strong immunoexpression was detected mainly in infiltrating mononuclear cells within lamina propria. High expression of CAT was significantly associated with grade of dysplasia (high grade vs. low grade, p = 0.037). In adenocarcinoma samples, the high level of CAT immunoexpression was significantly correlated with histological grade of tumour (G1 vs. G2 vs. G3, p = 0.001) and depth of invasion (T1 vs. T2 vs. T3 vs. T4, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Development of colorectal cancer is associated with increased expression of CAT in the stage of adenoma and decreased expression in the stage of adenocarcinoma.