A LaCl3-based lithium superionic conductor compatible with lithium metal.

Inorganic superionic conductors possess high ionic conductivity and excellent thermal stability but their poor interfacial compatibility with lithium metal electrodes precludes application in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries1,2. Here we report a LaCl3-based lithium superionic conductor possessing excellent interfacial compatibility with lithium metal electrodes. In contrast to a Li3MCl6 (M = Y, In, Sc and Ho) electrolyte lattice3-6, the UCl3-type LaCl3 lattice has large, one-dimensional channels for rapid Li+ conduction, interconnected by La vacancies via Ta doping and resulting in a three-dimensional Li+ migration network. The optimized Li0.388Ta0.238La0.475Cl3 electrolyte exhibits Li+ conductivity of 3.02 mS cm-1 at 30 °C and a low activation energy of 0.197 eV. It also generates a gradient interfacial passivation layer to stabilize the Li metal electrode for long-term cycling of a Li-Li symmetric cell (1 mAh cm-2) for more than 5,000 h. When directly coupled with an uncoated LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode and bare Li metal anode, the Li0.388Ta0.238La0.475Cl3 electrolyte enables a solid battery to run for more than 100 cycles with a cutoff voltage of 4.35 V and areal capacity of more than 1 mAh cm-2. We also demonstrate rapid Li+ conduction in lanthanide metal chlorides (LnCl3; Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Sm and Gd), suggesting that the LnCl3 solid electrolyte system could provide further developments in conductivity and utility.

FastBiCmrMLM: a fast and powerful compressed variance component mixed logistic model for big genomic case-control genome-wide association study.

Large sample datasets have been regarded as the primary basis for innovative discoveries and the solution to missing heritability in genome-wide association studies. However, their computational complexity cannot consider all comprehensive effects and all polygenic backgrounds, which reduces the effectiveness of large datasets. To address these challenges, we included all effects and polygenic backgrounds in a mixed logistic model for binary traits and compressed four variance components into two. The compressed model combined three computational algorithms to develop an innovative method, called FastBiCmrMLM, for large data analysis. These algorithms were tailored to sample size, computational speed, and reduced memory requirements. To mine additional genes, linkage disequilibrium markers were replaced by bin-based haplotypes, which are analyzed by FastBiCmrMLM, named FastBiCmrMLM-Hap. Simulation studies highlighted the superiority of FastBiCmrMLM over GMMAT, SAIGE and fastGWA-GLMM in identifying dominant, small α (allele substitution effect), and rare variants. In the UK Biobank-scale dataset, we demonstrated that FastBiCmrMLM could detect variants as small as 0.03% and with α ≈ 0. In re-analyses of seven diseases in the WTCCC datasets, 29 candidate genes, with both functional and TWAS evidence, around 36 variants identified only by the new methods, strongly validated the new methods. These methods offer a new way to decipher the genetic architecture of binary traits and address the challenges outlined above.

Artificial intelligence in the risk prediction models of cardiovascular disease and development of an independent validation screening tool: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive overview of artificial intelligence (AI) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prediction and a screening tool of AI models (AI-Ms) for independent external validation are lacking. This systematic review aims to identify, describe, and appraise AI-Ms of CVD prediction in the general and special populations and develop a new independent validation score (IVS) for AI-Ms replicability evaluation. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and IEEE library were searched up to July 2021. Data extraction and analysis were performed for the populations, distribution, predictors, algorithms, etc. The risk of bias was evaluated with the prediction risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST). Subsequently, we designed IVS for model replicability evaluation with five steps in five items, including transparency of algorithms, performance of models, feasibility of reproduction, risk of reproduction, and clinical implication, respectively. The review is registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42021271789). RESULTS: In 20,887 screened references, 79 articles (82.5% in 2017-2021) were included, which contained 114 datasets (67 in Europe and North America, but 0 in Africa). We identified 486 AI-Ms, of which the majority were in development (n = 380), but none of them had undergone independent external validation. A total of 66 idiographic algorithms were found; however, 36.4% were used only once and only 39.4% over three times. A large number of different predictors (range 5-52,000, median 21) and large-span sample size (range 80-3,660,000, median 4466) were observed. All models were at high risk of bias according to PROBAST, primarily due to the incorrect use of statistical methods. IVS analysis confirmed only 10 models as "recommended"; however, 281 and 187 were "not recommended" and "warning," respectively. CONCLUSION: AI has led the digital revolution in the field of CVD prediction, but is still in the early stage of development as the defects of research design, report, and evaluation systems. The IVS we developed may contribute to independent external validation and the development of this field.

Pitfalls in Developing Machine Learning Models for Predicting Cardiovascular Diseases: Challenge and Solutions.

In recent years, there has been explosive development in artificial intelligence (AI), which has been widely applied in the health care field. As a typical AI technology, machine learning models have emerged with great potential in predicting cardiovascular diseases by leveraging large amounts of medical data for training and optimization, which are expected to play a crucial role in reducing the incidence and mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases. Although the field has become a research hot spot, there are still many pitfalls that researchers need to pay close attention to. These pitfalls may affect the predictive performance, credibility, reliability, and reproducibility of the studied models, ultimately reducing the value of the research and affecting the prospects for clinical application. Therefore, identifying and avoiding these pitfalls is a crucial task before implementing the research. However, there is currently a lack of a comprehensive summary on this topic. This viewpoint aims to analyze the existing problems in terms of data quality, data set characteristics, model design, and statistical methods, as well as clinical implications, and provide possible solutions to these problems, such as gathering objective data, improving training, repeating measurements, increasing sample size, preventing overfitting using statistical methods, using specific AI algorithms to address targeted issues, standardizing outcomes and evaluation criteria, and enhancing fairness and replicability, with the goal of offering reference and assistance to researchers, algorithm developers, policy makers, and clinical practitioners.

Transgenic poplar (Populus davidiana×P. bolleana Loucne) expressing dsRNA of insect chitinase gene: lines identification and resistance assay.

Poplar is a valuable tree species that is distributed all over the world. However, many insect pests infest poplar trees and have caused significant damage. To control poplar pests, we transformed a poplar species, Populus davidiana × P. bolleana Loucne, with the dsRNA of the chitinase gene of a poplar defoliator, Clostera anastomosis (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), employing an Agrobaterium-mediated approach. The transgenic plant has been identified by cloning the T-DNA flanking sequences using TAIL-PCR and quantifying the expression of the dsRNA using qPCR. The toxicity assay of the transgenic poplar lines was carried out by feeding the target insect species (C. anastomosis). The results showed that, in C. anastomosis, the activity of chitinase was significantly decreased, consistent with the expression on mRNA levels, and the larval mortality was significantly increased. These results suggested that the transgenic poplar of dsRNA could be used for pest control.

[Identification and functional analysis of jasmonic acid signaling repressor McJAZ8 gene in Mentha canadensis].

Mentha canadensis, as a plant with medicinal and culinary uses, holds significant economic value. Jasmonic acid signaling repressor JAZ protein has a crucial role in regulating plant response to adversity stresses. The M. canadensis McJAZ8 gene is cloned and analyzed for protein characterization, protein interactions, and expression patterns, so as to provide genetic resources for molecular breeding of M. canadensis for stress tolerance. This experiment will analyze the protein structural characteristics, subcellular localization, protein interactions, and gene expression of McJAZ8 using bioinformatics, yeast two-hybrid(Y2H), transient expression in tobacco leaves, qRT-PCR, and other technologies. The results show that:(1)The full length of the McJAZ8 gene is 543 bp, encoding 180 amino acids. The McJAZ8 protein contains conserved TIFY and Jas domains and exhibits high homology with Arabidopsis thaliana AtJAZ1 and AtJAZ2.(2)The McJAZ8 protein is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm.(3)The Y2H results show that McJAZ8 interacts with itself or McJAZ1/3/4/5 proteins to form homologous or heterologous dimers.(4)McJAZ8 is expressed in different tissue, with the highest expression level in young leaves. In terms of leaf sequence, McJAZ8 shows the highest expression level in the fourth leaf and the lowest expression level in the second leaf.(5) In leaves and roots, the expression of McJAZ8 is upregulated to varying degrees under methyl jasmonate(MeJA), drought, and NaCl treatments. The expression of McJAZ8 shows an initial upregulation followed by a downregulation pattern under CdCl_2 treatment. In leaves, the expression of McJAZ8 tends to gradually decrease under CuCl_2 treatment, while in roots, it initially decreases and then increases before decreasing again. In both leaves and roots, the expression of McJAZ8 is downregulated to varying degrees under AlCl_(3 )treatment. This study has enriched the research on jasmonic acid signaling repressor JAZ genes in M. canadensis and provided genetic resources for the molecular breeding of M. canadensis.

Molecular cloning, sequence, and expression patterns of DNA damage induced transcript 3 (DDIT3) gene in female yaks (Bos grunniens).

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays an important role in regulating the reproductive process of female mammals, mainly involved in follicular atresia and corpus luteum regression. DNA damage induced transcript 3 (DDIT3) is a marker gene of ERS. The objectives of the present study were to clone and analyze the sequence and tissue expression characteristics of DDIT3 gene in female yaks. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) strategy, we obtained full-length 507-bp DDIT3-cDNA, encoding for 168-aa protein. Yak DDIT3 exhibited highest and least identity with that of bison and horse, respectively. Real-time PCR analyses revealed that the expression level of DDIT3 gene in ovary was higher than that in heart, liver, kidney, spleen, lung, uterus and oviduct (p < 0.05). DDIT3 expression level in ovary and uterus during pregnancy was higher than that in follicular phase, luteal phase and fetus stage. DDIT3 was highly expressed in metaphase II oocytes and granulosa cells than that in germinal vesicle and metaphase I oocytes (p < 0.05), respectively. This is the first molecular characterization and expression patterns of DDIT3 gene in female yaks. These results indicated that the DDIT3 gene possibly plays an important role in regulating ovary function and pregnancy maintenance in yaks.

Stable All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Machine Learning Simulation Designed Halide Electrolytes.

Solid electrolytes (SEs) with superionic conductivity and interfacial stability are highly desirable for stable all-solid-state Li-metal batteries (ASSLMBs). Here, we employ neural network potential to simulate materials composed of Li, Zr/Hf, and Cl using stochastic surface walking method and identify two potential unique layered halide SEs, named Li2ZrCl6 and Li2HfCl6, for stable ASSLMBs. The predicted halide SEs possess high Li+ conductivity and outstanding compatibility with Li metal anodes. We synthesize these SEs and demonstrate their superior stability against Li metal anodes with a record performance of 4000 h of steady lithium plating/stripping. We further fabricate the prototype stable ASSLMBs using these halide SEs without any interfacial modifications, showing small internal cathode/SE resistance (19.48 Ω cm2), high average Coulombic efficiency (∼99.48%), good rate capability (63 mAh g-1 at 1.5 C), and unprecedented cycling stability (87% capacity retention for 70 cycles at 0.5 C).

The Assessment of Acute Chorioretinal Changes Due to Intensive Physical Exercise in Senior Elite Athletes.

Regular physical exercise is known to lower the incidence of age-related eye diseases. We aimed to assess the acute chorioretinal alterations in older adults following intense physical strain. Seventeen senior elite athletes were recruited who underwent an aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer and macular scanning by optical coherence tomography. A significant thinning of the entire retina was observed 1 min after exercise, followed by a thickening at 5 min, after which the thickness returned to baseline. This trend was similar in almost every single retinal layer, although a significant change was observed only in the inner retina. Choroidal thickness changes were neither significant nor did they correlate with the thickness changes of intraretinal layers. The mechanism of how these immediate retinal changes chronically impact age-related sight-threatening pathologies that, in turn, result in a substantially reduced quality of life warrants further investigation on nontrained older adults as well.

Bacterial and Fungal Biocontrol Agents for Plant Disease Protection: Journey from Lab to Field, Current Status, Challenges, and Global Perspectives.

Plants are constantly exposed to various phytopathogens such as fungi, Oomycetes, nematodes, bacteria, and viruses. These pathogens can significantly reduce the productivity of important crops worldwide, with annual crop yield losses ranging from 20% to 40% caused by various pathogenic diseases. While the use of chemical pesticides has been effective at controlling multiple diseases in major crops, excessive use of synthetic chemicals has detrimental effects on the environment and human health, which discourages pesticide application in the agriculture sector. As a result, researchers worldwide have shifted their focus towards alternative eco-friendly strategies to prevent plant diseases. Biocontrol of phytopathogens is a less toxic and safer method that reduces the severity of various crop diseases. A variety of biological control agents (BCAs) are available for use, but further research is needed to identify potential microbes and their natural products with a broad-spectrum antagonistic activity to control crop diseases. This review aims to highlight the importance of biocontrol strategies for managing crop diseases. Furthermore, the role of beneficial microbes in controlling plant diseases and the current status of their biocontrol mechanisms will be summarized. The review will also cover the challenges and the need for the future development of biocontrol methods to ensure efficient crop disease management for sustainable agriculture.

CYP4G100 contributes to desiccation resistance by mediating cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis in Bactrocera dorsalis.

The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is expanding its distribution to higher latitudes. Our goal in this study was to understand how B. dorsalis adapts to higher latitude environments that are more arid than tropical regions. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) on the surface of the epicuticle in insects act as a hydrophobic barrier against water loss. The essential decarbonylation reaction in CHC synthesis is catalysed by CYP4G, a cytochrome P450 subfamily protein. Hence, in B. dorsalis it is necessary to clarify the function of the CYP4G gene and its role in desiccation resistance. CYP4G100 was identified in the B. dorsalis genome. The complete open reading frame (ORF) encodes a CYP4 family protein (552 amino acid residues) that has the CYP4G-specific insertion. This CYP4G gene was highly expressed in adults, especially in the oenocyte-rich peripheral fat body. The gene can be induced by desiccation treatment, suggesting its role in CHC synthesis and waterproofing. Silencing of CYP4G100 resulted in a decrease of CHC levels and the accumulation of triglycerides. It also increased water loss and resulted in higher desiccation susceptibility. CYP4G100 is involved in hydrocarbon synthesis and contributes to cuticle waterproofing to help B. dorsalis resist desiccation in arid environments.

First report of root rot of Polygonatum odoratum caused by Fusarium acuminatum in China.

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce is used in traditional Chinese medicine and also consumed as a vegetable. In July of 2020, a root rot was observed on P. odoratum in a commercial field located in Benxi city (41º23'32" N, 124º04'27" E), Liaoning province of China. About 35% diseased plants in the field exhibited poor vigor, were stunted, and had yellow or brown leaves. Affected plants wilted and died. Roots of the plants were poorly developed, had brown lesions, and later rotted. To determine the causal agent, symptomatic roots with typical lesions were cut into small pieces, surface sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 3 min, rinsed three times in sterile water, and plated onto PDA medium. After 5 days of incubation at 26°C, whitish-pink to red colonies growing from the root samples were observed and transferred to carnation leaf agar (CLA). Ten single conidia isolates obtained from the colonies on CLA were incubated at 26°C for 10 days. Abundant macroconidia were formed in sporodochia on CLA. Macroconidia were falcate, slender, distinctively curved in the bottom half of the apical cell, had 3 to 5 septa, and 33.1 - 46.3 × 5.0 - 7.2 µm (n=50). Chlamydospores formed in chains or single, measuring 13.8 to 14.5 µm in diameter. Microconidia were not observed on CLA. Morphologically, the isolates were identified as Fusarium acuminatum (Leslie and Summerell, 2006). To confirm the species identity, the partial translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1-α) gene and rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of isolate YZ5-2 were amplified and sequenced (O'Donnell et al. 2015; White et al.1990). BLASTn analysis of both TEF sequence (MW423623) and ITS sequence (MW423626), revealed 100% (696/692 bp) and 99.64% (563/602 bp) sequence identity with F. acuminatum LC546967 and MF509746, respectively. Pathogenicity tests were carried out in the greenhouse. A conidial suspension (2 × 106 conidia per ml) of the isolate YZ5-2 was prepared from 7-day-old cultures grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) o n a shaker (140 rpm) at 26±1°C. Five 12-liter pots were filled with sterilized field soil and each pot was drenched with 300ml of conidial suspension. Five control pots with sterilized field soil and 300 ml PDB were also included. Roots of 20 healthy P. odoratum plants were surface disinfected in 2% NaOCl for 3 min, and rinsed with sterilized water. Prior to planting, 2-3 pinholes (1.5× 1.0 mm) were made using a toothpick on the root surface of each plant, and they were then planted in each pot (2 plants per pot). All ten pots were maintained in a greenhouse at 22-26°C for 40 days. Plants grown in the pots inoculated with the conidial suspension were stunted, had yellowed leaves and were wilted. The roots of the affected plants were rotted. Disease symptoms were similar to those observed in field. Non-inoculated control plants had no symptoms. F. acuminatum was reisolated from inoculated plants and was identical to the original isolate. The experiment was repeated twice with similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of root rot of P. odoratum caused by F. acuminatum in China. The disease has since been observed on P. odoratum in fields in Liaoyang and Qingyuan city in Liaoning Province of China, and it has become an important threat to P. odoratum production in China.

Rhizobium terrae sp. nov., Isolated from an Oil-Contaminated Soil in China.

A Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain NAU-18T was isolated from an oil-contaminated soil in China. Strain NAU-18T could grow at 10-42 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum, 7.0) and in the presence of 0-2.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5% NaCl in R2A). The predominant fatty acids were C18:1ω7c (71.2%) and Summed feature 2 (5.1%), representing 76.3% of the total fatty acids. The major respiratory quinones were Q9 and Q10. The DNA G + C content of strain NAU-18T was 61.4 mol% based on its draft genome sequence. Genome annotation of strain NAU-18T predicted the presence of 6668 genes, of which 6588 are coding proteins and 80 are RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain NAU-18T was a member of the genus Rhizobium and showed 96.93% (with 93.2% coverage) and 96.81% (with 100% coverage) identities with those of Neorhizobium alkalisoli CCBAU 01393T and Rhizobium oryzicola ZYY136T, respectively. In the phylogenetic analysis, strain NAU-18T and R. oryzicola ZYY136T are consistently placed in the same branch. Strain NAU-18T represents a novel species within the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium terrae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain NAU-18T (=KCTC 62418T = CCTCC AB 2018075T).

[A dosage regimen of M-receptor blocker after TURP for severe BPH with predominant urine storage symptoms].

OBJECTIVE: To study the dosage regimen of oral M-receptor blocker following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for severe benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) with predominant urine storage period symptoms (USPSs) and its clinical effect. METHODS: Severe BPH patients with predominant USPSs received oral tolterodine (2 mg q12d or 4 mg qd) 6 hours after TURP for 4 weeks. The medication continued for another 2 weeks in case of recurrence of USPSs or until the 12th week in case of repeated recurrence. Before and at 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after TURP, we analyzed the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL) score, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), and postvoid residual volume (PVR) of the patients. RESULTS: Complete clinical data were collected from 106 cases, of which 33 achieved successful drug withdrawal with no aggravation of USPSs at 4 weeks after TURP, 51 at 6－8 weeks, 13 at 10－12 weeks, and 9 needed medication after 12 weeks. Before and at 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after TURP, the total IPSSs were 25.33 ± 3.45, 19.33 ± 3.62, 11.56 ± 2.45, 8.38 ± 2.0 and 7.74 ± 1.87, those in the urine storage period were 11.97 ± 1.53, 10.76 ± 1.82, 6.16 ± 1.22, 4.08 ± 1.19 and 3.91 ± 1.15, those at urine voiding were 9.80 ± 1.60, 5.59 ± 1.45, 3.40 ± 0.92, 2.85 ± 0.71, and 2.61 ± 0.67, and the QoL scores were 4.70 ± 0.78, 3.92 ± 0.75, 2.55 ± 0.74, 1.83 ± 0.72 and 1.66 ± 0.75, respectively, with statistically significant differences between the baseline and the scores at 1 and 4 weeks (P <0.01) but not at 8 or 12 weeks (P >0.05). Qmax and PVR were improved progressively and significantly at 1 and 4 weeks (P <0.01) but not at 8 or 12 weeks (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Four to eight weeks of oral administration of M-receptor blocker may be an effective dosage regimen for severe BPH with predominant USPSs after TURP.

[Expert consensus on the design and implementation of clinical safety centralized monitoring study of Chinese medical injection].

Along with the increase of clinical application, the safety of traditional Chinese medicine gained more and more attentions. In particular, the safety evaluation of Chinese medical injections has become a mandatory task should be completed by pharmaceutical companies under the supervision of China Food and Drug Administration(CFDA). Due to the weak foundation of previous studies, the safety issues of Chinese medical injections have not been fully understood, and lack of scientific and rational risk management programs. Clinical safety centralized monitoring(CSCM) is an important method for post-market safety evaluation of Chinese medicine. Due to the lack of appropriate norms and procedures, the quality of similar research is uneven, and the results vary. Combined with practical experience with experts' suggestions, we developed this expert consensus on the design and implementation of CSCM from three stages (design, implementation and report) with 20 technical points, which will provide technical support for future CSCM studies.

Inhibitor Response to HER2 G776(YVMA) In-frame Insertion in HER2-positive Breast Cancer.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu or HER2) has long been recognized as an attractive therapeutic target for breast cancer. The YVMA in-frame insertion at the residue G776 (G776(YVMA)) of HER2 kinase domain is a frequently observed mutation that can largely shift drug sensitivity in targeted therapy of HER2-positive breast cancer. Here, the molecular mechanism and biological significance of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) response to HER2 G776(YVMA) insertion were investigated in detail. An established protocol that integrated bioinformatics modeling and kinase inhibition assay was employed to examine the structural basis, energetic property, and biological implication underlying the intermolecular interaction between HER2 kinase domain and three representative TKIs, i.e. two FDA-approved drugs lapatinib and gefitinib as well as a pan-kinase inhibitor staurosporine. It was found that the insertion mutation can moderately sensitize lapatinib, but cannot influence the inhibitory capability of staurosporine essentially, suggesting that the two inhibitors exhibit differentiated selectivity between the wild-type HER2 (HER2(WT)) and HER2 G776(YVMA) (HER2(YVMA)) variant. In addition, the gefitinib, which was originally developed as EGFR inhibitor, only possesses modest potency against its noncogate target HER2(WT), and the insertion can further impair the potency, causing a strong resistance for the agent to HER2(YVMA) variant.

What factors influence the reactivity of C-H hydroxylation and C=C epoxidation by [Fe(IV)(L(ax))(1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)(O)](n+).

Density functional theory is used to investigate geometric structures and mechanisms for hydroxylation and epoxidation from propene for four non-heme iron complexes, [Fe(IV)(L(ax))(TMC)(O)](n+), which are the inverted isomers of [Fe(IV)(O)(TMC)(Lax)](n+) (Lax = acetonitrile (AN), monoanionic trifluoroacetate (TF), azide (N3), thiolate (SR)). The Fe(IV)O unit is found to be sterically less hindered in [Fe(IV)(L(ax))(TMC)(O)](n+) than that in [Fe(IV)(O)(TMC)(L(ax))](n+). Becke, three-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) calculations show that hydroxylation and epoxidation proceed via a two-state-reactivity on competing triplet and quintet spin surfaces; and the reactions have been invariably mediated by the S = 2 state. The reaction pathways computed reveal that 2-AN is the most reactive in the four [Fe(IV)(L(ax))(TMC)(O)](n+) complexes; along the reaction pathway, the axial ligand moves away from the iron center, and thus, the energy of the LUMO decreases. The anionic axial ligand, which is more electron releasing than neutral AN, shows a strong overlap of iron orbitals. Thus, the anionic ligand does not move away from the iron center. The H-abstraction is affected by the tunneling contribution, the more electron donation power of the axial ligand, the more effect of the tunneling contribution. Adding the tunneling correction, the relative reactivity of the hydroxylation follows the trend: 2-AN > 2-SR ≈ 2-N3 > 2-TF. However, for the epoxidation, the reactivity is in the following order of 2-AN > 2-TF > 2-N3 > 2-SR. Except for 2-AN, 2-X (L(ax) = TF, N3, SR) complexes chemoselectively hydroxylate even in the presence of a C=C double bond.

Vasodilatory Effect of Wogonin on the Rat Aorta and Its Mechanism Study.

Wogonin, a natural flavonoid, is one of the bioactive compounds of the medicinal herb Eucommia ulmoides OLIV. widely used in southeastern Asia for treating hypertension. However, the molecular mechanisms for the therapeutic benefits remain largely unclear. The present study investigated the vasodilatory effect of wogonin and its possible mechanisms. The flavonoid (0.1-100 µM) caused concentration-dependent relaxations in endothelium-intact aortic rings precontracted with norepinephrine (NE, 1 µM) or potassium chloride (KCl, 60 mM). Preincubation with wogonin (10, 100 µM) for 20 min significantly inhibited the contractile responses to NE (0.1, 1, 10 µM) or KCl (7.5, 15, 30, 60 mM). Relaxant responses to wogonin were not inhibited by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (100 µM) or endothelial denudation. In a Ca(2+)-free Krebs' solution, wogonin not only blocked Ca(2+) influx-dependent vasoconstriction by either NE (1 µM) or KCl (100 mM), but also inhibited NE (1 µM)-induced tonic contraction, which is dependent on intracellular Ca(2+) release. Wogonin also suppressed the elevation of [Ca(2+)]i induced by KCl (60 mM) after exhausting the calcium store in sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticula with thapsigargin (1 µM) or by ATP (100 µM) in primary vascular smooth muscle cells. These findings suggest that wogonin-induced responses are mainly due to the inhibition of both intracellular Ca(2+) release and extracellular Ca(2+) influx.

Luciferase expression is driven by the promoter of fibroblast activation protein-α in murine pulmonary fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: We used optical imaging of live animals and transgenic technology to develop a pulmonary fibrosis model in mice that can non-invasively and in real-time trace the pulmonary fibrosis process. RESULTS: Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAPα) is selectively expressed in fibrotic foci of human pulmonary fibrosis. It is not expressed in normal tissue. We confirmed that FAPα is upregulated in fibroblasts of murine pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, TGF-ß1, a central pathological mediator of fibrotic diseases, could promote FAPα expression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Luciferase reporter assays showed that 5.4 kb FAPα promoter response activities to TGF-ß1 was stronger than of the 2.1 kb promoter. We generated a transgenic mouse line expressing firefly luciferase under the control of the 5.4 kb FAPα gene promoter (FAPα-p-luc). After experimentally inducing murine pulmonary fibrosis, there luminescence appeared in the chests and excised lungs of FAPα-p-luc mice. The intensity of luminescence became stronger with the exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Fluorescence intensity reflects the degree of pulmonary fibrosis in FAPα-p-luc mice. and this mouse model may be used to investigate molecular mechanisms and drug screening of pulmonary fibrosis.

[Safety and risk factor analysis on Polygoni Multiflori Radix base on ancient traditional Chinese medicine literatures].

Traditional Chinese medicine Polygoni Multiflori Radix is dried roots of Polygonaceae Polygortum multiflorum Thunb. Its clinical application records were first discovered in literatures of the Tang dynasty. The origins, efficacy, toxicity, processing and taboos of Polygoni Multiflori Radix have been discussed in many ancient herb literatures. In recent years, with the increase in the public awareness in health, Polygoni Multiflori Radix admits preparations have been more widely applied in the treatment and prevention of diseases. However, there have been more and more reports about Polygoni Multiflori Radix induced liver injury, the safety of Polygoni Multiflori Radix has increasingly attracted attention of the society. In this paper, the authors summarized and analyzed the toxicity and medication risk factors of Polygoni Multiflori Radix recorded in ancient herb literatures, and proposed that more attention shall be given to the effect of the planting and processing methods on the components and toxicity of Polygoni Multiflori Radix in safety studies, which provides clues for the further studies.