Synthesis of xanthone derivatives based on α-mangostin and their biological evaluation for anti-cancer agents.

A xanthone-derived natural product, α-mangostin is isolated from various parts of the mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae), a well-known tropical fruit. Novel xanthone derivatives based on α-mangostin were synthesized and evaluated as anti-cancer agents by cytotoxicity activity screening using 5 human cancer cell lines. Some of these analogs had potent to moderate inhibitory activities. The structure-activity relationship studies revealed that phenol groups on C3 and C6 are critical to anti-proliferative activity and C4 modification is capable to improve both anti-cancer activity and drug-like properties. Our findings provide new possibilities for further explorations to improve potency.

ß-Arrestin 2 mediates G protein-coupled receptor 43 signals to nuclear factor-κB.

G-protein coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) serves as a receptor for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), implicated in neutrophil migration and inflammatory cytokine production. However, the intracellular signaling pathway mediating GPR43 signaling remains unclear. Here, we show that ß-arrestin 2 mediates the internalization of GPR43 by agonist. Agonism of GPR43 reduced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which was relieved by short interfering RNA (siRNA) of ß-arrestin 2. Subsequently, mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1ß, was downregulated by activation of GPR43 and knockdown of ß-arrestin 2 recovered the expression of the cytokines. Taken together, these results suggest that GPR43 may be a plausible target for a variety of inflammatory diseases.

Rapid Access to the Structural Core of Aflavinines via Stereoselective Tandem Intramolecular Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Controlled by the Allylic 1,3-Strain.

An expedient route to access the functionalized structural core of aflavinines has been developed starting from three readily available fragments over 12 steps in 29.1% overall yield without using any transition metal catalysis. The key feature of this approach is a tandem intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition to complete the hexacyclic framework with the correct stereochemistry and all the requisite structural elements in place to achieve the total synthesis of aflavinine and its congeners.

An efficient synthetic protocol for amide derivatives of Boc-2-aminoisobutyrate.

Aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) is an important building block widely incorporated by medicinal chemists in molecular design. Owing to the steric challenge, elaborating AIB's carboxylic acid using conventional amidation protocols is often problematic. We discovered that an amidation protocol utilizing methyl Boc-aminoisobutyrate and magnesium amidates of various reactivities produces the corresponding amide derivatives in good to excellent yields.

Facile ring opening reaction of oxazolone enables efficient amidation for aminoisobutyric acid.

4,4-Dimethyloxazolones derived from N-protected aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) are particularly known as poor electrophiles due to the steric hindrance around the carbonyl and not employed as useful intermediates for amidation whereas numerous examples have been reported to support the utility of other oxazolones in amidation. AIB is an important and strategical synthon in medicinal chemistry but the peptide bond formation of the N-protected urethane derivatives of AIB is known to be often unproductive due to the rapid formation of the stable 4,4-dimethyloxazolone via an intramolecular cyclization. We discovered that the 4,4-dimethyloxazolone of an AIB urethane is in fact an excellent electrophile that enables efficient amidation even with weakly reactive nucleophiles. The 4,4-dimethyloxazolone can be stored in a pure form and used as a reagent offering an efficient and convenient synthetic tool for generating AIB-peptide analogs.