Usefulness of conventional blood groups, DNA-minisatellites, and short tandem repeat polymorphisms in paternity testing: a comparison.

A total of 215 paternity cases were analysed after testing 24 marker systems. Despite technical advantages of polymerase chain reaction related polymorphisms (automatisation, employment of robots, lesser requirements concerning of quality and quantity of DNA) it could be shown that the exclusive employment of a parentage testing kit is compromised by an increased risk of erroneous conclusions. It is estimated that in about 3-4% of the cases ambiguous situations have to be expected which are caused by the occurrence of single or double exclusions. In these cases it is impossible to decide whether the exclusions indicate either true nonpaternity or a de novo mutation. The situation might become even more complicated if an involvement of a close relative of the alleged father cannot be ruled out. We cautiously advance the hypothesis that in parentage testing DNA minisatellite polymorphisms from an optimal set of tools.

[Decapitation by hanging]. / Dekapitation beim Erhängen.

This case report describes the most infrequently observed decapitation by the rope in the event of a suicidal hanging. Knowing the length of the drop, it was possible to estimate the loading of the neck of about 13 500 N. This value appears to applicable to indicate the upper limit of tolerance of the neck.

[Intra-individual changes in potassium in the cerebrospinal fluid after death]. / Intraindividuelle Kaliumverschiebungen im Liquor cerebrospinalis nach dem Tod.

In cases of sudden death with known postmortem interval multiple determinations of potassium concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid at defined intervals were done. The values of intraindividual potassium levels were compared to a regression-line obtained in a former investigation from 76 determinations of 76 different bodies. Estimation of postmortem interval by extrapolation of potassium levels to zero time of change is not reliable.

[DNA extraction from body fluids of cadavers]. / DNA-Extraktion aus Körperflüssigkeiten von Verstorbenen.

DNA of 1 ml Ascites, bile, liquor, pleural-exsudate, pericardial-fluid, synovial-fluid, urine and vitreous humor of sixteen bodies of either sex was isolated. Applying dot-blot-hybridisation black spots were obtained by using total human DNA as DNA-probe (A), if the origin is human. Our results showed, that body-fluids of dead persons contain human DNA, mainly. After rehybridisation with a sex-specific DNA-probe (Y) (pJA 1143) a determination of sex can be performed.

[Species identification in traces using molecular biology methods]. / Speziesidentifizierung an der Spur mit molekularbiologischen Methoden.

The species of a biological sample (blood, hairs) was determined by hybridization of its DNA with specific control DNA using either the former or the latter as probe. The labelling of the probes occurred with radioactive nucleotides by random priming or by the non-radioactive sulfonation of cytosine residues. Species identification by means of DNA hybridization is practicable even after denaturing the sample by heat or after treatment with H2O2. In case of a human sample, the sex of the donor can be determined, too.

[Sex determination at the DNA level. Are inter-individual differences in male sex specific quotients to be expected?]. / Geschlectsbestimmung auf DNA-Ebene. Ist mit inter-individuellen Abweichungen beim männlichen geschlechtsspezifischen Quotienten zu rechnen?

A determination of sex was performed for 23 male individuals using sex-specific DNA-probe (Y) (pJA 1143) and total human DNA as DNA-probes (A). The DNA-probes were P32 marked. Applying dot-blot-hybridisation black spots are obtained, the intensity of which may be quantified by a densimeter. The ratio (A/Y) of the intensity of the spots related to total human DNA (A) and to the sex-specific DNA-probe (Y) was calculated. DNA-dilutions of one male individual were prepared in order to determine the ratio (A/Y) for different DNA-concentrations. It was evident that the deviations for the sex-specific quotients of the DNA-dilutions amounts so large-scaled as compared to the quotients of the 23 male individuals, that the method of dot-blot-hybridisation appears not to be applicable to detect an individual component of a particular spot.

[Classification of blood stains inside a car using molecular genetic methods]. / Zuordnung von Blutspuren in einem Wageninneren mit molekulargenetischen Methoden.

Sex-determination of a 1-year old blood-stain was realited by Dot-blot-Hybridisierung. The bloodstains were inside of a car. It was not clear, if the origin is female or male. By using total human DNA-probe (A) and a sex-specific DNA-probe (Y), (pJA 1143), labeled with P32, as soon as the calculation of the sex-specific quotient (A/Y) you could show, the bloodstains must be descended from a man.

[DNA analysis of HLA class II and III genes in sudden infant death (SIDS)]. / DNA-Analyse von HLA Klasse II und III-Genen beim Plötzlichen Kindstod (SIDS).

In 39 cases of SID we studied the polymorphism of HLA-class II genes DRB and DQB and HLA-class III genes C4 (C4A and C4B, genes encoding the fourth complement component) and 21-hydroxylase (21OH-A and 21OH-B, genes encoding the enzyme 21-hydroxylase of the cortisol pathway) by DNA analysis. This study was performed in cooperation with the Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Munich. Compared to healthy controls the percentage of C4B gene deletions, C4B gene duplications (C4B "short") and 21OH-A gene deletions is increased in SIDS. The deviations are statistically not significant. The analysis of the HLA-DR alleles revealed a significant decrease of HLA-DR2 in SIDS compared to controls (p = 0.0016, pc = 0.016). The results of this study indicate a possible role of C4B/21OH-A gene defects as a risk factor in a subgroup of SID cases. This hypothesis has to be confirmed by studying further cases.