Modification of a dioxygen carrier, hemoCD, with PEGylated dendrons for extension of circulation time in the bloodstream.

A supramolecular diatomic receptor, hemoCD, was modified with PEGylated dendrons to extend its circulation time in the bloodstream. The core component was 4-oxo-4-[[4-(10,15,20-tris(4-sulfonatophenyl)-21H,23H-porphin-5-yl)phenyl]amino]butanoic acid (Por-COOH). The building block of the dendrons was Fmoc-4-amino-4-(2-carboxyethyl)heptanedioic acid (FmocTA), which was condensed with α-amino-ω-methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG(5000)-NH(2)) to yield an FmocG1-dendron. After deprotection, the G1-dendron was condensed with Por-COOH to yield G1-Por. A precursor (FmocNA) of an FmocG2-dendron was prepared via a condensation reaction of 4-amino-4-(2-t-butoxycarbonylethyl)heptanedioic acid di-t-butyl ester (TA-E) with FmocTA followed by hydrolysis of the resultant nona-carboxylic acid nona-t-butyl ester. Condensation of FmocNA with PEG(5000)-NH(2) yielded an FmocG2-dendron. After deprotection, the G2-dendron was condensed with Por-COOH to yield G2-Por. The ferrous complexes of G1- and G2-Pors formed stable 1:1 inclusion complexes with Py3CD, a per-O-methylated ß-cyclodextrin dimer with a pyridine linker, in aqueous solution yielding supramolecular complexes designated as G1-hemoCD and G2-hemoCD, respectively. Both G1- and G2-hemoCDs bound molecular oxygen, with the O(2) affinities (P(1/2)) of hemoCD, G1-, and G2-hemoCDs at pH 7.4 and 37 °C being 22, 20, and 20 Torr, respectively. The modification of hemoCD with the dendrons did not cause destabilization of the O(2) adducts via autoxidation, as indicated by their half-lives (t(1/2)) of 6.8, 6.1, and 5.5 h for hemoCD, G1-, and G2-hemoCDs, respectively. The blood concentration-time curves of G1- and G2-hemoCDs injected into the bloodstream of rats exhibited two phases, with the half-lives of the fast and slow decays being 0.45 and 5.3 h, respectively, for G1-hemoCD, and 0.20 and 12.8 h, respectively, for G2-hemoCD. The half-lives of hemoCD were 0.02 and 0.50 h, respectively. The circulation time of hemoCD was markedly extended by its modification with the PEGylated dendrons, which was very effective in protecting hemoCD against opsonization for uptake by the reticuloendothelial system.

Gold nanoparticles carrying diatomic molecules (O2 and CO) in aqueous solution.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) prepared by citrate reduction of aurochloric acid (HAuCl(4)) were functionalized by tris(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphinatoiron(III) (Fe(III)P2) and poly(ethylene glycol) with thiolated arms (PEG-SH). Fe(III)P2 on the AuNP surface existed as its µ-oxo dimer, which was reduced by Na(2)S(2)O(4) to yield monomeric Fe(II)P2. Fe(II)P2-bearing AuNPs were further functionalized through inclusion of two sulfonatophenyl groups of Fe(II)P2 by a per-O-methylated ß-cyclodextrin dimer with a pyridine linker (Py3CD) to obtain AuNPs capable of carrying diatomic molecules in the body. The resulting AuNPs (hemoCD-AuNPs) bound O(2) as well as CO in an aqueous solution. Although a noncolloidal 1:1 complex of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphinatoiron(II) and Py3CD injected into the femoral vein of a rat was rapidly excreted in the urine, no excretion was observed with ferric hemoCD-AuNPs, which were gradually accumulated in the spleen and liver of a rat. These results suggest that hemoCD-AuNPs can be used as a carrier of diatomic molecules such as O(2) and CO in vivo.

Preparation and function of poly(acrylic acid)s modified by supramolecular complex composed of porphinatoiron and a cyclodextrin dimer that bind diatomic molecules (O2 and CO) in aqueous solution.

Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is modified by 5-(4-ß-alanylaminophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphinatoiron(III) to yield iron porphyrin-bearing PAAs (FeP(n)s) through a condensation reaction. FeP(n)s were further functionalized by Py3CD, which is a per-O-methylated ß-cyclodextrin (CD) dimer with a pyridine linker and includes the porphyrin pendants to form ferric hemoCD-P(n)s. Ferrous hemoCD-P(3), having three porphyrin chromophores in a polymer chain, is shown to bind molecular oxygen (P(1/2)=7.9±1.4 Torr) in aqueous solution at pH 7.0 and 25 °C, affording oxy-hemoCD-P(3). Oxy-hemoCD-P(3) is biphasically autoxidized to ferric hemoCD-P(3), with 27% of the dioxygen adducts being rapidly oxidized. The rate of autoxidation of oxy-hemoCD-P(15), having 15 porphyrin chromophores in a polymer chain, was much faster than that of oxy-hemoCD-P(3), thus suggesting self-catalyzed autoxidation of oxy-hemoCD-P(n)s. Oxy-hemoCD-P(n)s are markedly stabilized by catalase, thereby indicating that hydrogen peroxide generated from oxy-hemoCD-P(n) accelerates the autoxidation. Most of the hemoCD-P(3) molecules injected into the femoral vein of a rat remained in the body, though about 16% of the hemoCD-P(3) molecules were excreted in the urine as a carbon monoxide adduct.