RESUMEN
Biosimilars are regulated differently from small-molecule generic, chemically derived medicines. The complexity of biological products means that small changes in manufacturing or formulation may result in changes in efficacy and safety of the final product. In the face of this complexity, the regulatory landscape for biosimilars continues to evolve, and global harmonization regarding requirements is currently lacking. It is essential that clinicians and patients are reassured that biosimilars are equally safe and effective as their reference product, and this is particularly important when interchangeability, defined as 'changing one medicine for another one which is expected to achieve the same clinical effect in a given clinical setting in any one patient', is considered. Although the automatic substitution (i.e. substitution without input from the prescribing healthcare provider) of biosimilars for reference products is currently not permitted by the majority of countries, this may change in the future. In order to demonstrate interchangeability between reference products and a biosimilar, more stringent and specific studies of the safety and efficacy of biosimilars are likely to be needed; however, guidance on the design of and the need for any such studies is currently limited. The present article provides an overview of the current regulatory framework around the demonstration of interchangeability with biosimilars, with a specific focus on biosimilar insulin analogues, and details experiences with other biosimilar products. In addition, designs for studies to evaluate interchangeability with a biosimilar insulin analogue product are proposed and a discussion about the implications of interchangeability in clinical practice is included.
Asunto(s)
Biosimilares Farmacéuticos , Sustitución de Medicamentos , Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos , Hipoglucemiantes , Insulina/análogos & derivados , Química Farmacéutica , Medicamentos Genéricos , HumanosRESUMEN
AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of a 24-week treatment with sitagliptin, a highly selective once-daily oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes who had inadequate glycaemic control [glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) >or=7.5% and
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de la Dipeptidil-Peptidasa IV/uso terapéutico , Hipoglucemia/prevención & control , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Metformina/uso terapéutico , Pirazinas/uso terapéutico , Compuestos de Sulfonilurea/uso terapéutico , Triazoles/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Inhibidores de la Dipeptidil-Peptidasa IV/farmacología , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Masculino , Metformina/farmacología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pirazinas/farmacología , Método Simple Ciego , Fosfato de Sitagliptina , Compuestos de Sulfonilurea/farmacología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Triazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin (MK-0431) as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycaemic control (HbA(1c) > or =7% and < or =10%) on exercise and diet. METHODS: A total of 521 patients aged 27-76 years with a mean baseline HbA(1c) of 8.1% were randomised in a 1:2:2 ratio to treatment with placebo, sitagliptin 100 mg once daily, or sitagliptin 200 mg once daily, for 18 weeks. The efficacy analysis was based on an all-patients-treated population using an analysis of covariance, excluding data obtained after glycaemic rescue. RESULTS: After 18 weeks, HbA(1c) was significantly reduced with sitagliptin 100 mg and 200 mg compared with placebo (placebo-subtracted HbA(1c) reduction: -0.60% and -0.48%, respectively). Sitagliptin also significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose relative to placebo. Patients with higher baseline HbA(1c) (> or =9%) experienced greater placebo-subtracted HbA(1c) reductions with sitagliptin (-1.20% for 100 mg and -1.04% for 200 mg) than those with HbA(1c) <8% (-0.44% and -0.33%, respectively) or > or =8% to 8.9% (-0.61% and -0.39%, respectively). Homeostasis model assessment beta cell function index and fasting proinsulin:insulin ratio, markers of insulin secretion and beta cell function, were significantly improved with sitagliptin. The incidence of hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal adverse experiences was not significantly different between sitagliptin and placebo. Sitagliptin had a neutral effect on body weight. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Sitagliptin significantly improved glycaemic control and was well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had inadequate glycaemic control on exercise and diet.