Green Tea Catechol (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Conjugated with Phenylalanine Shows Enhanced Autophagy Stimulating Activity in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells.

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the autophagy stimulators that have been reported to protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress-induced damage. In this study, we attempted potentiation of the autophagy-stimulating activity of EGCG in human aortic epithelial cells (HAECs) by using the EGCG-phenylalanine conjugate, E10. Autophagy-stimulating activity of E10 was evaluated by LC3-II measurement in the absence and presence of the lysosomal blocker chloroquine, CTYO-ID staining, and reporter assay using tandem fluorescence-tagged LC3. These experiments revealed significantly enhanced autophagic flux stimulation in HAECs by E10 compared with EGCG. Further elaboration of E10 showed that activation of AMPK through phosphorylation as the major mechanism of its autophagy stimulation. Like other autophagy stimulators, E10 protected HAECs from lipotoxicity as well as accompanying endothelial senescence. Finally, stimulation of autophagy by E10 was shown to protect HAECs from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. These findings collectively suggest potential clinical implications of E10 for various cardiovascular complications through stimulation of autophagy.

Hispidulin Inhibits the Vascular Inflammation Triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide.

Hispidulin is a natural bioactive flavonoid that has been studied for its potential therapeutic properties, including its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to explore whether hispidulin could inhibit the endothelial inflammation triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The adhesion of monocytes to the vascular endothelium was evaluated through in vitro and ex vivo monocyte adhesion assays. We analyzed the migration of monocytes across the endothelial layer using a transmigration assay. The results showed that treatment with hispidulin decreased the P. gingivalis LPS-induced adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and their migration by suppressing the P. gingivalis LPS-triggered expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) through downregulating nuclear factor-қB (NF-қB). In addition, hispidulin inhibited P. gingivalis LPS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AKT in endothelial cells. Altogether, the results indicate that hispidulin suppresses the vascular inflammation induced by P. gingivalis LPS. Mechanistically, it prevents the adhesion of monocytes to the vascular endothelium and migration and inhibits NF-қB, MAPKs, and AKT signaling in endothelial cells.

Incidence and risk factors of urinary tract infections in hospitalised patients with spinal cord injury.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence of urinary tract infection and analyse its risk factors among hospitalised patients with spinal cord injury. BACKGROUND: While the incidence of urinary tract infection varies widely according to the healthcare setting and patients' clinical characteristics, formal reports are limited in quantity. There has been no consensus regarding the risk factors for urinary tract infection. DESIGN: A retrospective descriptive study. METHODS: Electronic medical records of 964 subjects between 2010-2017 were reviewed. Urinary tract infection status was examined to identify newly occurred cases. Data included demographic and clinical characteristics, hydration status and length of hospitalisation. The reporting of the study followed the EQUATOR Network's STROBE checklist. RESULTS: Of the sample, 31.7% had urinary tract infection (95% confidence interval: 1.288 to 1.347, p < .001). Sex, completeness of injury, type of bladder emptying, detrusor function and urethral pressure were significant factors affecting urinary tract infection. Patients who were male and those with injury classifications A, B and C had higher risk of urinary tract infection. Patients with urinary or suprapubic indwelling catheters, as well as those with areflexic detrusor combined with normotonic urethral pressure or overactive detrusor combined with normotonic urethral pressure, showed higher risk. Length of hospitalisation in patients with urinary tract infection was greater than that in uninfected patients, which implies the importance of prevention of urinary tract infection. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses should carefully assess risk factors to prevent urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injury in the acute and sub-acute stages of the disease trajectory and provide individualised nursing care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study contributes evidence for up-to-date clinical nursing practice for the comprehensive management of urinary tract infection. This can lead to improvements in nursing care quality and patient outcomes, including length of hospitalisation.

A Near-infrared Turn-on Fluorescent Sensor for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Albumin from Urine Samples.

A readily synthesizable fluorescent probe DMAT-π-CAP was evaluated for sensitive and selective detection of human serum albumin (HSA). DMAT-π-CAP showed selective turn-on fluorescence at 730 nm in the presence of HSA with more than 720-fold enhancement in emission intensity ([DMAT-π-CAP] = 10 µM), and rapid detection of HSA was accomplished in 3 seconds. The fluorescence intensity of DMAT-π-CAP was shown to increase in HSA concentration-dependent manner (Kd = 15.4 ± 3.3 µM), and the limit of detection of DMAT-π-CAP was determined to be 10.9 nM (0.72 mg/L). The 1:1 stoichiometry between DMAT-π-CAP and HSA was determined, and the displacement assay revealed that DMAT-π-CAP competes with hemin for the unique binding site, which rarely accommodates drugs and endogenous compounds. Based on the HSA-selective turn-on NIR fluorescence property as well as the unique binding site, DMAT-π-CAP was anticipated to serve as a fluorescence sensor for quantitative detection of the HSA level in biological samples with minimized background interference. Thus, urine samples were directly analyzed by DMAT-π-CAP to assess albumin levels, and the results were comparable to those obtained from immunoassay. The similar sensitivity and specificity to the immunoassay along with the simple, cost-effective, and fast detection of HSA warrants practical application of the NIR fluorescent albumin sensor, DMAT-π-CAP, in the analysis of albumin levels in various biological environments.

Outcomes of in vitro fertilization cycles following fertility-sparing treatment in stage IA endometrial cancer.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to present cases involving in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles in patients with stage IA endometrial adenocarcinoma (EC) who underwent fertility-sparing conservative treatment. METHODS: Twenty-two patients who underwent IVF cycles in a single fertility center between May 2005 and February 2017 after progestin treatment for stage IA EC were chosen for this study. Outcomes of IVF cycles were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Women of a median age of 34 years (range 26-41 years) underwent a total of 49 embryo transfers within an average of 2 months after their last progestin treatment. The clinical pregnancy rate per transfer was 26.5%, implantation rate was 16.7%, and live birth rate was 14.3%. The cumulative clinical pregnancy rate was 50% (11/22), resulting in 6 live births (27.3%) within 3 cycles of embryo transfer. The median endometrial thickness on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin injection in 34 fresh cycles was 9.0 mm (range 4-10 mm) in live births, 7.5 mm (range 6-9 mm) in miscarriages, and 6.0 mm (range 4-15 mm) in no pregnancy cases. During a median post-cancer treatment follow-up period of 41 months (range 9-150 months), 6 (27.3%) women underwent definitive hysterectomy for EC relapse. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed an acceptable cumulative pregnancy rate after the IVF procedure in patients with early-stage EC who were treated conservatively. Considering the high relapse rate, it is of great importance that these patients are closely monitored after the IVF cycles.

Pentraxin-3 Modulates Osteogenic/Odontogenic Differentiation and Migration of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells.

Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is recognized as a modulator of inflammation and a mediator of tissue repair. In this study, we characterized the role of PTX3 on some biological functions of human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs). The expression level of PTX3 significantly increased during osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of HDPSCs, whereas the knockdown of PTX3 decreased this differentiation. Silencing of PTX3 in HDPSCs inhibited their migration and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression. Our present study indicates that PTX3 is involved in osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation and migration of HDPSCs, and may contribute to the therapeutic potential of HDPSCs for regeneration and repair.

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate derivatives reduce the expression of both urokinase plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 to inhibit migration, adhesion, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells.

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are established independent biomarkers for high metastasis risk in breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the regulatory activity of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and its derivatives on uPA and PAI-1 expression and thereby their anti-metastatic potential. EGCG showed only marginal effects on the uPA system and on the metastatic behavior of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). However, the EGCG derivative 3e with a methyl-substituted carbonate substituent at the 4″-position showed potent inhibition of PAI-1 (62%) and uPA (50%) expression. The Ras-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/NF-κB pathways, which regulate uPA and PAI-1 expression, were also affected by 3e (25%, 45%, and 25% reduction, respectively). In line with these findings, substantial reduction in metastatic behavior of MDA-MB-231 cells, such as adhesion (40%), invasion (56%), and migration (40%), was observed in the presence of 3e. It is also noteworthy that, in MDA-MB-231 cells, 3e did not exert any beneficial effect on the expression of matric metalloprotein (MMP) 2 and 9, which indicates that the anti-metastatic activity of 3e in MDA-MB-231 cells is not related to its regulation of the expression of MMPs. Taken together, we have shown that the EGCG derivative 3e could suppress the metastatic behavior of MDA-MB-231 cells through regulation of uPA and PAI-1.

In Vitro Synergism and Anti-biofilm Activity of Quercetin-Pivaloxymethyl Conjugate against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus Species.

Upon single treatment against Staphylococus aureus, quercetin-pivaloxymethyl conjugate (Q-POM) had antibacterial activities with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16-32 mg/L. Q-POM showed MIC of 32 mg/L against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faceium (VRE), which is remarkably lower than other antibiotics investigated (≥256 mg/L). Under sub-MIC concentrations, Q-POM potentiated the activity of ampicillin, cefepime, and vancomycin against S. aureus and Enterococcus (including highly resistant strains such as hetero-resistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA), vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), and VRE), by decreasing the MICs of these antibiotics by 4-128 folds. Q-POM was found to be partially synergistic with ampicillin and cefepime against S. aureus and Enterococcus, while it was strongly synergistic with vancomycin. Q-POM at 5 mg/L inhibited the formation of biofilms of S. aureus by 24-83% and VRE by 70%. Additionally, Q-POM inhibited the hemolytic activity of S. aureus in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated in human liver epithelial cells (HepG2), and the 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) value of Q-POM was higher than 50 mg/L. These results indicate the potential use of Q-POM in treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and VRE infections.

Involvement of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor in the Regulation of Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells.

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a member of bombesin-like peptides, and its receptor (GRP-R) play an important role in various physiological and pathological conditions. In this work, we investigated the role of GRP-R on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The expression of GRP-R was significantly increased during the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. The inhibition of GRP-R by the antagonist RC-3095 affected adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, which reduced lipid accumulation and regulated the expression of adipogenic genes. Moreover, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) directly bound to the GRP-R promoter upon exposure to adipogenic stimuli. The down-regulation of GRP-R by the knockdown of CREB inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Together these results suggest that the regulation of GRP-R activity or expression has an influence on adipogenesis through regulating adipogenic related genes.

The effects of shoulder stabilization exercises and pectoralis minor stretching on balance and maximal shoulder muscle strength of healthy young adults with round shoulder posture.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of pectoralis minor stretching and shoulder strengthening with an elastic band on balance and maximal shoulder muscle strength in young adults with rounded shoulder posture. [Subjects and Methods] Nineteen subjects with rounded shoulder posture were randomly divided into 2 groups: a shoulder stabilization exercise group and a stretching exercise group. The groups performed each exercise for 40 minutes, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Static balance (eyes open and closed), dynamic balance (the limits of stability in 4 directions) and shoulder muscle strength in 5 directions were measure before and after the exercises. [Results] The stretching exercise demonstrated a significant difference between the pre- and post-exercise in the static balance with eyes closed and extension and horizontal abduction strength while the stabilization exercise demonstrated significant difference in the left and right directions between the pre- and post-exercise of the dynamic balance and flexion strength. The stabilization exercise demonstrated significant differences shown in the flexion between the pre- and post-test. [Conclusion] The shoulder stabilization and stretching exercises improved the static balance, dynamic balance, and muscle strength.

Gastrin-releasing peptide induces monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium by upregulating endothelial adhesion molecules.

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a neuropeptide that plays roles in various pathophysiological conditions including inflammatory diseases in peripheral tissues; however, little is known about whether GRP can directly regulate endothelial inflammatory processes. In this study, we showed that GRP promotes the adhesion of leukocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the aortic endothelium. GRP increased the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in endothelial cells. In addition, GRP activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38MAPK, and AKT, and the inhibition of these signaling pathways significantly reduced GRP-induced monocyte adhesion to the endothelium. Overall, our results suggested that GRP may cause endothelial dysfunction, which could be of particular relevance in the development of vascular inflammatory disorders.

Quercetin-glutamic acid conjugate with a non-hydrolysable linker; a novel scaffold for multidrug resistance reversal agents through inhibition of P-glycoprotein.

Previously, we have reported remarkable effect of a quercetin-glutamic acid conjugate to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells to a broad spectrum of anticancer agents through inhibition of P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated drug efflux. Due to the hydrolysable nature, MDR-reversal activity of the quercetin conjugate was attributed to its hydrolysis product, quercetin. However, several lines of evidence demonstrated that the intact quercetin-glutamic acid conjugate has stronger MDR-reversal activity than quercetin. In order to evaluate this hypothesis and to identify a novel scaffold for MDR-reversal agents, we prepared quercetin conjugates with a glutamic acid attached at the 7-O position via a non-hydrolysable linker. Pgp inhibition assay, Pgp ATPase assay, and MDR-reversal activity assay were performed, and the non-hydrolysable quercetin conjugates showed significantly higher activities compared with those of quercetin. Unfortunately, the quercetin conjugates were not as effective as verapamil in Pgp-inhibition and thereby reversing MDR, but it is worth to note that the structurally modified quercetin conjugates with a non-cleavable linker showed significantly improved MDR-reversal activity compared with quercetin. Taken together, the quercetin conjugates with appropriate structural modifications were shown to have a potential to serve as a scaffold for the design of novel MDR-reversal agents.

Management of Leimyosarcoma: A Survey Among Members of the Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate current clinical management of leiomyosarcoma (LMS) in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a Web-based survey among members of the Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group regarding their treatment of LMS. RESULTS: In total, 77 (27.8%) of 277 members responded to the survey. For surgical treatment of stage I LMS, 26.8% indicated total hysterectomy only and 16.9% indicated total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Also, lymph node dissection was indicated by 54.9% of respondents, whereas 46.5% stated that bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy could be omitted in young patients. More than half (57.7%) of the respondents recommended against adjuvant treatment. For stage I LMS diagnosed after morcellation, 79.2% of the respondents recommended lymph node dissection and 56.4% recommended adjuvant therapy. As for advanced-stage LMS, in cases of complete resection, adjuvant chemotherapy was preferred by 63.1%. For incomplete resection, combined radiotherapy/chemotherapy was the most preferred adjuvant therapy (63.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Among Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group members, there are many discrepancies in the clinical management of LMS. A large-scale prospective study to establish treatment guidelines is needed.

Combined Oral Medroxyprogesterone/Levonorgestrel-Intrauterine System Treatment for Women With Grade 2 Stage IA Endometrial Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the oncologic and pregnancy outcomes of combined oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)/levonorgestrel-intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) treatment in young women with grade 2-differentiated stage IA endometrial adenocarcinoma who wish to preserve fertility. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with grade 2 stage IA endometrial adenocarcinoma who had received fertility-sparing treatment at CHA Gangnam Medical Center between 2011 and 2015. All of the patients were treated with combined oral MPA (500 mg/d)/LNG-IUS, and follow-up dilatation and curettage were performed every 3 months. RESULTS: A total of 5 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 30.4 ± 5.3 years (range, 25-39 years). After a mean treatment duration of 11.0 ± 6.2 months (range, 6-18 months), complete response (CR) was shown in 3 of the 5 patients, with partial response (PR) in the other 2 patients. One case of recurrence was reported 14 months after achieving CR. This patient was treated again with combined oral MPA/LNG-IUS and achieved CR by 6 months. The average follow-up period was 44.4 ± 26.2 months (range, 12-71 months). There were no cases of progressive disease. No treatment-related complications arose. CONCLUSIONS: Combined oral MPA/LNG-IUS treatment is considered to be a reasonably effective fertility-sparing treatment of grade 2 stage IA endometrial cancer. Although our results are encouraging, it is preliminary and should be considered with experienced oncologists in well-defined protocol and with close follow-up.

Kefir prevented excess fat accumulation in diet-induced obese mice.

Excessive body fat accumulation can result in obesity, which is a serious health concern. Kefir, a probiotic, has recently shown possible health benefits in fighting obesity. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of 0.1 and 0.2% kefir powder on fat accumulation in adipose and liver tissues of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Kefir reduced body weight and epididymal fat pad weight and decreased adipocyte diameters in HFD-induced obese mice. This was supported by decreased expression of genes related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis as well as reduced proinflammatory marker levels in epididymal fat. Along with reduced hepatic triacylglycerol concentrations and serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities, genes related to lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, in liver tissue. Kefir also decreased serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. Overall, kefir has the potential to prevent obesity.

A Novel Probe with a Chlorinated α-Cyanoacetophenone Acceptor Moiety Shows Near-Infrared Fluorescence Specific for Tau Fibrils.

Development of a novel, tau-selective near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probe was attempted by combining the 3,5-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylaniline-4-yl moiety with an α-cyanoacetophenone via hexatrienyl π-linker. In particular, for structure-activity relationship study of the α-cyanoacetophenones, a chlorine substituent was introduced to the aromatic ring to give a series of compounds (2a-2d). Among those, compound 2c with meta-chloro aryl substituent was identified as a tau-selective NIRF probe: selectivity for tau over amyloid ß (Aß) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was estimated to be 10.3 and 19.5 fold, respectively. The mechanism for tau-selectivity of 2c was found to be based on the specific recognition of the microenviroment of tau fibrils, which was endowed by its molecular rotor-like properties. The tau-selective NIRF probe 2c was also able to stain tau fibrils in tau-green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y cells).

Development of simulation-based learning programme for improving adherence to time-out protocol on high-risk invasive procedures outside of operating room.

The aim of this study was to develop a simulation-based time-out learning programme targeted to nurses participating in high-risk invasive procedures and to figure out the effects of application of the new programme on acceptance of nurses. This study was performed using a simulation-based learning predesign and postdesign to figure out the effects of implementation of this programme. It was targeted to 48 registered nurses working in the general ward and the emergency department in a tertiary teaching hospital. Difference between acceptance and performance rates has been figured out by using mean, standard deviation, and Wilcoxon-signed rank test. The perception survey and score sheet have been validated through content validation index, and the reliability of evaluator has been verified by using intraclass correlation coefficient. Results showed high level of acceptance of high-risk invasive procedure (P<.01). Further, improvement was consistent regardless of clinical experience, workplace, or experience in simulation-based learning. The face validity of the programme showed over 4.0 out of 5.0. This simulation-based learning programme was effective in improving the recognition of time-out protocol and has given the participants the opportunity to become proactive in cases of high-risk invasive procedures performed outside of operating room.

Effect of menstrual phase on the surgical treatment of ovarian cysts.

This study aimed to determine whether the menstrual cycle affects operative bleeding and postoperative ovarian reserve in patients undergoing laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy. A total of 155 patients who had undergone laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy were classified into the follicular phase (n = 84) and luteal phase (n = 71) of the menstrual cycle. The primary outcome measures were operative blood loss and the rate of decline in ovarian reserve, as calculated by measuring serial serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. No significant difference in the baseline demographics, operative blood loss (p = .984), the rate of decline in ovarian reserve (p = .945), and other surgical outcomes were observed between both the groups. These results demonstrate that the menstrual cycle had no influence on the operative blood loss and ovarian reserve during laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy. Therefore, the menstrual cycle is not an important factor to determine the optimal timing of ovarian cystectomy. Impact statement What is already known on this subject?: The menstrual cycle results in periodic changes in haemostasis and blood flow in the reproductive organs. What do the results of this study add?: These results demonstrate that the menstrual cycle had no influence on the operative blood loss and ovarian reserve during laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research?: The menstrual cycle is not an important factor to determine the optimal timing of ovarian cystectomy.

The effects of open and closed kinetic chain exercises on the static and dynamic balance of the ankle joints in young healthy women.

[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effects of open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercises on the static and dynamic balance of ankle joints in young healthy women. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty women in their 20s were randomly assigned to two groups of ten women each: an open kinetic chain exercise group and a closed kinetic chain exercise group. Each group performed five sets of exercises three times per week for four weeks. Exercise intensity was increased once after two weeks. The subjects' Romberg's test results and their limits of stability were measured to evaluate their static and dynamic balance. The data were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance test. [Results] In the results of Romberg's test, the main effect of the time showed a significant difference in the trace length with eyes closed (Effect size: d=0.97). In the result of limits of stability, the interaction effect showed a significant difference in the backward, and the main effect of the group showed a significant difference in the forward. [Conclusion] The open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercises both improved the balance of the subjects. The closed kinetic chain exercise was more effective at improving the dynamic balance of young healthy women than the open kinetic chain exercise.

The effect of shoe type on static and dynamic balance during treadmill walking in young healthy women.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of various shoes on the static and dynamic balance of young women in their 20s. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects of the study were 15 healthy young women and repeated measured design. The subjects walked on the treadmill at a speed of 4 km/h for 30 minutes wearing three types of shoes: sneaker, rain boots, and combat boots. Balance was measured by a Romberg test and a limits of stability test. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. [Results] As the results of the Romberg test, the main effect of time was shown in the EO-COG area, EO-COG length, and EO-COG velocity. As the results of the limits of stability test, the main effects of time in LT, RT, FW, and total. There were significant differences in the LT in the sneaker group, the rain boots group, and the LT and RT in the combat boots group between the pre- and post-test. [Conclusion] The characteristics of shoes such as the materials, hardness, and thickness of the soles, the coefficient of friction of the outsoles, and the collar height affected the static and dynamic balance.