Ureteral stricture rate after endoscopic treatments for urolithiasis and related risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: We aimed to accurately determine ureteral stricture (US) rates following urolithiasis treatments and their related risk factors. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines using databases from inception to November 2023. Studies were deemed eligible for analysis if they included ≥ 18 years old patients with urinary lithiasis (Patients) who were subjected to endoscopic treatment (Intervention) with ureteroscopy (URS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), or shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) (Comparator) to assess the incidence of US (Outcome) in prospective and retrospective studies (Study design). RESULTS: A total of 43 studies were included. The pooled US rate was 1.3% post-SWL and 2.1% post-PCNL. The pooled rate of US post-URS was 1.9% but raised to 2.7% considering the last five years' studies and 4.9% if the stone was impacted. Moreover, the pooled US rate differed if follow-ups were under or over six months. Patients with proximal ureteral stone, preoperative hydronephrosis, intraoperative ureteral perforation, and impacted stones showed higher US risk post-endoscopic intervention with odds ratio of 1.6 (P = 0.05), 2.6 (P = 0.009), 7.1 (P < 0.001), and 7.47 (P = 0.003), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The overall US rate ranges from 0.3 to 4.9%, with an increasing trend in the last few years. It is influenced by type of treatment, stone location and impaction, preoperative hydronephrosis and intraoperative perforation. Future standardized reporting and prospective and more extended follow-up studies might contribute to a better understanding of US risks related to calculi treatment.

Efficacy and safety of the EMS Swiss LithoClast® Trilogy for PCNL: results of the European multicentre prospective study on behalf of European Section of UroTechnology.

PURPOSE: PCNL requires a lithotrite to efficiently break stones, and some devices include active suction to remove the fragments. We set out to determine the efficacy and safety of the Swiss LithoClast® Trilogy, in a prospective European multicentre evaluation and compared it to published stone clearance rates for Trilogy based on surface area (68.9 mm2/min) and using the 3D calculated stone volume (526.7 mm3/min). METHODS: Ten European centres participated in this prospective non-randomized study of Trilogy for PCNL. Objective measures of stone clearance rate, device malfunction, complications and stone-free rates were assessed. Each surgeon subjectively evaluated ergonomic and device effectiveness, on a 1-10 scale (10 = extremely ergonomic/effective) and compared to their usual lithotrite on a 1-10 scale (10 = extremely effective). RESULTS: One hundred and fifty seven PCNLs using Trilogy were included (53% male, 47% female; mean age 55 years, range 13-84 years). Mean stone clearance rate was 65.55 mm2/min or 945 mm3/min based on calculated 3D volume. Stone-free rate on fluoroscopy screening at the end of the procedure was 83%. Feedback for suction effectiveness was 9.0 with 9.1 for combination and 9.0 for overall effectiveness compared to lithotrite used previously. Ergonomic score was 8.1, the least satisfactory element. Complications included 13 (8.2%) Clavien-Dindo Grade II and 2 (1.3%) Grade III. Probe breakage was seen in 9 (5.7%), none required using a different lithotrite. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that Trilogy is highly effective at stone removal. From a user perspective, the device was perceived by surgeons to be highly effective overall and compared to the most commonly used previous lithotrite, with an excellent safety profile.

The use of mannitol in partial and live donor nephrectomy: an international survey.

PURPOSE: Animal studies have shown the potential benefits of mannitol as renoprotective during warm ischemia; it may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is sometimes used during partial nephrectomy (PN) and live donor nephrectomy (LDN). Despite this, a prospective study on mannitol has never been performed. The aim of this study is to document patterns of mannitol use during PN and LDN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey on the use of mannitol during PN and LDN was sent to 92 high surgical volume urological centers. Questions included use of mannitol, indications for use, physician responsible for administration, dosage, timing and other renoprotective measures. RESULTS: Mannitol was used in 78 and 64 % of centers performing PN and LDN, respectively. The indication for use was as antioxidant (21 %), as diuretic (5 %) and as a combination of the two (74 %). For PN, the most common dosages were 12.5 g (30 %) and 25 g (49 %). For LDN, the most common doses were 12.5 g (36.3 %) and 25 g (63.7 %). Overall, 83 % of centers utilized mannitol, and two (percent or centers??) utilized furosemide for renoprotection. CONCLUSIONS: A large majority of high-volume centers performing PN and LDN use mannitol for renoprotection. Since there are no data proving its value nor standardized indication and usage, this survey may provide information for a randomized prospective study.

[COVID-19 in european urology : Which lessons have we learned?] / COVID-19 in der europäischen Urologie : Was haben wir bisher gelernt?

The coronavirus has challenged all medical systems worldwide. Herein both waves of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) in spring and autumn 2020 differ principally. Whereas Europe was hit by the first wave more or less unprepared, which was aggravated by the high virulence of COVID-19, the second wave is characterized by a much higher contagiosity of the virus with very high incidences. On the other hand the virus has attenuated, which is reflected by the significantly lower incidence-related mortality rate. However, the overall increasing number of infected patients represents again a great challenge for the medical management of the disease. France and Spain are doing better in comparison to Germany and Italy this time. The absolute number of deaths per week is higher than during the peak of the first wave. However, urologists in these countries have also experienced greater restrictions in their activities in the second shutdown than in Germany, where there is only a reduction of beds to between 75 and 90%. Mostly all levels are operated. Of importance for Germany, however, is the plateau on a high level for several weeks probably due to the reduced efficacy of a light lock-down. This finally resulted in a total lock-down in mid-December 2020. Subsequently in Germany some hospitals are also reaching their limits with similar consequences for the departments of urology facing a 50% reduction of beds and operating only level III and IV indications. Nevertheless, the management of urologic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic is carried out in Europa on a high standard. Therefor the risk of secondary harm to our patients is expected to be rather minimal in the long run.

Evaluation of urolithiasis: a link between stone formation and diabetes mellitus?

INTRODUCTION: The pathogenesis of calcium oxalate stone formation is not completely understood. Recently, an influence of vascular phenomena like arteriosclerosis on the crystallization process was hypothesized. Thus, stone formation should be more common in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) who are at risk of developing angiopathy. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of urolithiasis (UL) in patients with DM and to identify specific risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 350 patients with DM were evaluated with respect to DM-related history, and a total of 179 patients was included (83 female, 96 male; age 23-84 years). All patients were interviewed to assess the history of stone formation. These data were compared to epidemiological data in Germany. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of UL in the diabetic group was 7.82% (vs. 4.73% in Germany, p = 0.0485; binominal test). The prevalence was significantly higher in patients with coronary heart disease (25%; p < 0.0001; Fisher's exact test). We could not demonstrate an increased prevalence of UL for patients with occlusive arterial disease or arterial hypertension as diabetic nephropathy was not a risk factor for developing urinary lithiasis (p = 0.7184, p = 1.000, p = 0.6266, respectively; Fisher's exact test). Thiazide medication lowered the prevalence of stone formation (p = 0.0399; Fisher's test). Calcium or magnesium supplementation did not influence stone formation significantly (p = 0.5279; p = 1.000; respectively; Fisher's test). CONCLUSIONS: In Germany, patients with DM are at higher risk of UL compared with patients without diabetes. We demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of urinary stones in patients with coronary heart disease. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that urinary stone formation has a vascular pathogenesis in part.

Transurethral resection of the prostate: defending its leading position in the management of benign prostatic enlargement.

UNLABELLED: Although challenged by medical therapy and numerous minimal-invasive treatment modalities, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is still considered as the gold standard of interventional treatment of benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). It is characterized by an immediate improvement in symptoms and voiding parameters and achieves long lasting RESULTS: While its efficacy is out of question, the associated peri- and postoperative morbidity remains a major point of criticism and has let to the introduction of numerous less invasive treatment options. On the other hand, this also brought various improvements in the technique of TURP aiming to improve treatment results and reduce perioperative morbidity. This review article gives an overview over the historical development, treatment results, associated complications and recent technical developments in TURP, highlighting especially the role of bipolar TURP.

[Update of the 2Sk guidelines on the diagnostics, treatment and metaphylaxis of urolithiasis (AWMF register number 043-025) : What is new?] / Aktualisierung der S2k-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik, Therapie und Metaphylaxe der Urolithiasis (AWMF Registernummer 043-025) : Was ist neu?

The increase of medical knowledge and technical innovations together with the demographic change represent a challenge for the new conception of guidelines and clinical studies. The present S2k guidelines, which are exclusively concerned with kidney and ureteral stones, should support the treatment of urolithiasis in hospitals and private practices and provide information on urolithiasis for patients. Increasing interdisciplinary collaboration in stone treatment is also demonstrated in the number of professional and working groups participating in the update of the new guidelines. The present S2k guidelines emerged from a consensus process and demonstrate the current recommendations in step with actual practice. They provide decision-making guidance for diagnostics, treatment and metaphylactic measures based on expert opinions and available published fundamental evidence from the literature.

[New guidelines for urinary stone treatment. Controversy or development?]. / Neue Leitlinien zur Harnsteintherapie. Widerspruch oder Weiterentwicklung?

The new guidelines of the European (EAU), American (AUA), German, and Austrian associations of urology are based on thorough and consistent research and analysis of the published literature. However, the methodology is very diverse. In the case of the EAU-AUA guidelines on ureteral stones, the evidence was generated by a laborious meta-analysis of the entire available published literature on the subject. These guidelines represent the 1A level of evidence. The traditional European guidelines evaluate each statement separately and assign a level of evidence to each. The following aspects are new: the even greater effort to formulate guidelines accompanied by the initiation of international cooperative projects, clarity of presentation and evaluation of the individual statements (including levels of evidence), information on medication-based treatment to facilitate spontaneous passage of ureteral stones as well as stone fragments after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), a shift in the value of ESWL and ureterorenoscopy for ureteral stones, retrograde intrarenal surgery for small kidney stones refractory to ESWL or in settings unsuitable for ESWL, the use of laparoscopy in those rare cases that represent an indication for open surgery, and the additional value given to metaphylaxis in diagnosis and therapy. All of the new guidelines take these developments into account, although they differ slightly in the importance they assign to the individual items. The modifications represent the developments secondary to electronic data processing and preparation on the one hand and the rapid development of medical instruments on the other. Although ESWL is still the most important procedure for treating urinary stones, advances in flexible endoscopes, intracorporeal lithotripsy, and extraction instruments have led to a shift in the range of indications. These developments are fully accommodated in the new guidelines.

[Calcium oxalate stone formation. New pathogenetic aspects of an old disease]. / Kalziumoxalatsteinbildung. Neue pathogenetische Aspekte einer alten Erkrankung.

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis is a very common disorder. Surprisingly, the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to CaOx stone formation have been largely unknown so far. The long-accepted simple explanation by an exceeding of the solubility product of lithogenic substances in the urine cannot sufficiently describe the complex processes. Deviating from the hypothesis that proclaims that the initial crystal deposition takes place in the lumens of renal tubules, new insights suggest a primary plaque formation in the interstitial space of the renal papilla. Initially, calcium phosphate (CaPh) crystals and organic matrix are deposited along the basement membranes of the thin loops of Henle and extend further in the interstitial space to the urothelium, constituting the so-called Randall's plaques that can be regularly found during endoscopy of CaOx-stone-forming patients. These CaPh crystals seem to be the origin for the development of future CaOx stones, which form by the attachment of further matrix molecules and CaOx from the urine to the plaque. The driving forces, the exact pathogenetic mechanisms, and the involved matrix molecules remain largely unknown. Possibly, completely different pathomechanisms lead to the common clinical diagnosis of"CaOx stone former."

[Lower pole calyceal stones]. / Der untere Kelchstein.

Due to its particular anatomical position below the ureteropelvic junction, the lower pole group of calices plays a special role in the treatment of nephrolithiasis. The extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) often attains dissatisfactory stone-free rates, even after optimal disintegration of lower pole stones, and thus necessitates secondary therapeutic procedures. Due to the favorable stone-free rates, retrograde intrarenal surgery with its low complication rate has taken up an important role in the treatment of lower pole stones since the development of modern flexible ureterorenoscopes. The long treatment times in the case of a large stone burden and considerable costs for materials constitute limiting factors. In line with the advancement of percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy (PCNL), a promising method also for the treatment of larger lower pole stones is available today with minimally invasive PCNL (MIP).

[Retroperitoneoscopy to extract an amorphous matrix calculus of the right kidney]. / Retroperitoneoskopische Pyelotomie zur Extraktion eines amorphen Matrixausgusssteins der rechten Niere.

The female patient underwent multiple extracorporal shockwave treatments and an ureterorenoscopy during which an amorphous renal mass was found. A retroperitoneoscopy was performed with extraction of a large amorphous matrix calculus. Today, the prevalence of matrix calculi is very low. They are associated with and caused by urinal-infections. Delayed diagnosis in radiological-imaging procedures is typical for these stones. The minimal-invasive approach via retroperitoneoscopy seems to be an intriguing alternative to the established procedures like percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy.

[Individualized evidence-based interventional stone treatment : One stone, many question marks?] / Individualisierte evidenzbasierte interventionelle Steintherapie : Ein Stein, viele Fragezeichen?

The treatment of urolithiasis is still one of the most frequent tasks in the daily urological practice. Driven by the technological developments, patient demands and also personal experiences of urologists, many interventional treatment options have been established. To identify the most suitable treatment option, it is of utmost importance to consider not only stone size and localization but also the individual situation of the patient and the published evidence, which despite all efforts often lags behind the technical and clinical reality.

Contemporary ureteroscopic management of renal stones.

The advancements in the endourological armamentarium and the evolution of ureteroscopes with the advent of fiberoptic first and then digital technology, the introduction of holmium laser lithotripters, together with the increasing number of requests for minimally invasive procedures has ameliorated outcomes, patients' safety and comfort, making the use of flexible ureteroscopy for urinary calculi increasingly attractive and widespread among urological community. Due to its high stone-free rates and low morbidity, flexible ureteroscopy has become a viable option for the treatment of renal stones. This review describes the contemporary ureteroscopic management of kidney stones.

[S2k guidelines on diagnostics, therapy and metaphylaxis of urolithiasis (AWMF 043/025) : Compendium]. / S2k-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik, Therapie und Metaphylaxe der Urolithiasis (AWMF 043/025) : Kurzfassung.

Every tenth German citizen will suffer from at least one urinary calculus during the lifetime. The diagnostics, treatment and follow-up treatment of urolithiasis are, therefore, part of the daily routine practice for all urologists in hospitals and private practices as well as in many other disciplines, such as general practitioners, internists, nephrologists and pediatricians. Although the diagnostics and therapy have experienced substantial alterations over the last 10 years, the possibilities of metabolic diagnostics and secondary prevention for patients at risk are, unfortunately and unjustly, in many places very poorly represented. The present S2k guidelines, which for the first time were established in an interdisciplinary consensus process, represent the current practical recommendations and, whenever possible, use tables and algorithms in order to facilitate easy reference in the routine daily work. Last but not least, this greatly simplifies the measures for metaphylaxis.

[Urolithiasis 2016 : Reliable, effective and low radiation exposure]. / Steindiagnostik 2016 : Zuverlässig, effektiv und strahlungsarm.

BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis is a widespread disease. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in the evaluation and management of patients with suspected urolithiasis. Furthermore, modern imaging methods may provide information on stone location, size, fragility and composition aiding the urologist to determine the appropriate treatment modality. PURPOSE: Based on the current literature and guidelines, this review reports on the various new and established diagnostic imaging modalities. RESULTS: Ultrasound should always be the initial imaging modality. Following ultrasound, noncontrast CT-principally using a low-dose protocol-is the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of patients with acute flank pain and suspected urolithiasis. New imaging modalities like dual energy CT, Uro Dyna CT and digital tomosynthesis are currently under investigation but not yet part of daily clinical practice. Magnetic resonance imaging can be used to detect obstruction caused by urinary stones but is not a first-line imaging modality.

[Clinical value of percutaneous nephrolithotomy]. / Perkutane Nephrolithotomie Indikationen, Durchführung und heutiger Stellenwert.

The introduction of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) marked a turning point in the interventional treatment of nephrolithiasis. For the first time, the minimally invasive removal of larger kidney stones, which had previously required open surgery, became possible. With the increasing use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) during the 1980s, PNL lost clinical importance. However, since SWL has revealed its limitations, and both the patients' wishes and economic demand require a fast stone removal, the importance of PNL has risen again. Given the correct indications and performance, PNL is an efficient treatment modality reaching stone free rates of up to 100%. When PNL is performed by an experienced urologist, complications are low and can be managed conservatively in most cases. The most important step in the performance of a PNL is the anatomically correct puncture of the kidney gaining optimal access to the stone. To reach this, a lower calyx is punctured whenever possible, under combined sonographic and fluoroscopic guidance.

[Current aspects of stone therapy]. / Aktuelle Aspekte der Steintherapie.

More than 30 % of all admissions to an urologic clinic are for the treatment of urinary stones. In almost all cases, the treatment is minimally invasive employing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureterorenoscopy (URS) or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Technical advances in endourology and a growing expertise in ESWL led to a decline in ESWL and an increase in endoscopic techniques. In comparison with ESWL, the endoscopic techniques are more invasive but in most cases achieve a stone free state faster. With the introduction of diagnosis related groups (DRG), the economic aspect of stone therapy is gaining in importance. Stone prevention leads to a cost reduction in the health care system, justifying the use of an appropriate stone metaphylaxis. This review article presents the current recommendations for interventional urinary stone therapy and lists the options of conducting both medical and economically rational therapy.

[Thulium vapoenucleation of prostates larger than 80 ml using a 1.9-µm and a 2-µm thulium laser. Early perioperative results from two centres]. / Thuliumvapoenukleation der Prostata bei Prostatavolumina > 80 ml mit einem 1,9-µm- oder 2-µm-Thuliumlaser. Frühfunktionelle Ergebnisse aus 2 Zentren.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have shown that thulium vapoenucleation of the prostate (ThuVEP) is a size-independent minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of benign prostatic enlargement. All ThuVEP series have been performed with a 2-µm thulium laser device so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the complications and early postoperative results of two thulium-devices with different wavelengths for ThuVEP in prostates larger than 80 ml. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective bi-centric matched-paired analysis with 296 patients was performed. Based on prostate size, 148 were matched at each centre and laser device, respectively. A 2-µm (RevoLix, LISA Laser products, Katlenburg, Germany n=148) and a 1.9-µm (vela XL, starmedtec, Starnberg, Germany, n=148) thulium laser with a power output of 90 and 80 W was used. Patients' data were assessed and compared. RESULTS: The median prostate volume (interquartile) was 100 ml (range 86.25-120 ml). At discharge, Qmax (preoperative 7.9 and 9 ml/s vs. postoperative 19.35 and 16.2 ml/s) and postvoiding-residual urine (preoperative 130 and 45 ml vs. postoperative 20 and 25 ml) were significantly improved after 2-µm and 1.9-µm ThuVEP (p<0.001). The median catheterization time and hospitalization times were 2 and 4 days in both groups. Perioperative complications occurred in 89 patients (30.1%): Clavien 1 (12.2%), Clavien 2 (9.1%), Clavien 3a (0.7%), Clavien 3b (7.1%), and Clavien 4a (1%). Regarding the occurrence of complications, there were no differences between the two thulium devices. CONCLUSION: ThuVEP represents a safe and effective treatment for prostates larger than 80 ml. Both thulium laser devices give satisfactory immediate micturition improvement with low perioperative morbidity.

[Asymptomatic kidney stones: active surveillance vs. treatment]. / Asymptomatische Nierensteine: Wann Active Surveillance, wann Therapie?

The prevalence of kidney stones is increasing worldwide. Asymptomatic non-obstructing kidney stones are increasingly detected as an incidental finding on radiologic imaging, which has been performed more frequently over the last decades. Beside the current interventional treatment modalities such as extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureterorenoscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), active surveillance of asymptomatic kidney stones has been a focus of discussion lately, not only for attending physicians, but even more so for patients. The current German and European guidelines recommend active surveillance for patients with asymptomatic kidney stones if no interventional therapy is mandatory because of pain or medical factors. Herein we review the current literature on risks and benefits of active surveillance of asymptomatic non-obstructing kidney stones.

[Shock wave lithotripsy in Germany: Results of a nationwide survey]. / Stoßwellenlithotripsie in Deutschland: Ergebnisse einer deutschlandweiten Umfrage.

BACKGROUND: Following its introduction in the 1980s extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) became the gold standard for therapy of ureteral and renal calculi. The research data published during the last decade suggest a paradigm shift to endourological techniques. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare whether the suggested loss of status for SWL corresponds with actual real-life treatment in Germany. A further aim was to assess the quality of SWL therapy in German hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The board of the German Society for Shock Wave Lithotripsy (DGSWL) sent a questionnaire to 306 urological departments in Germany, which encompassed medical, technical and organizational topics in the therapy of ureteral and renal calculi. A total of 99 (33%) questionnaires were returned. CONCLUSION: With the exception of a few departments, non-invasive SWL still plays a major role in the treatment of urolithiasis and a loss of the gold standard status is not in sight. The performance of SWL in German hospitals is carried out at a high level of quality. To maintain and optimize this status a structured SWL training and adherence to clinical practice guidelines are needed.