[Feasibility of clinical examination scenarios under pandemic conditions]. / Möglichkeit von Prüfungsszenarien unter Pandemiebedingungen.

BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, contact restrictions occurred worldwide, which affected medical schools as well. It was not possible to hold classroom lectures. Teaching contents had to be converted to a digital curriculum within a very short time. Conditions for assessments posed an even greater challenge. For example, solutions had to be found for objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE), which were explicitly forbidden in some German states. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of an OSCE under pandemic conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At the end of the 2020 summer semester, 170 students completed a combined otolaryngology and ophthalmology OSCE. Examinations were held in small groups over the course of 5 days and complied with strict hygiene regulations. The ophthalmology exam was conducted face to face, and the ENT OSCE virtually. Students were asked to rate the OSCE afterwards. RESULTS: Between 106 and 118 of the students answered the questions. Comparing the face-to-face OSCE with the virtual OSCE, about 49% preferred the face-to-face OSCE and 17% preferred the virtual OSCE; 34% found both variants equally good. Overall, the combination of an ENT and ophthalmology OSCE was rated as positive. CONCLUSION: It is possible to hold an OSCE even under pandemic conditions. For optimal preparation of the students, among other things, it is necessary to transform teaching contents to a digital curriculum. The combination of an ENT and ophthalmology OSCE was positively evaluated by the students, although the face-to-face OSCE was preferred. The overall high satisfaction of the students confirms the feasibility of a virtual examination with detailed and well-planned preparation.

[Virtual training of practical competences in sonography]. / Sonographie als Gegenstand virtuellen Wissenstransfers zum praktischen Kompetenzerwerb.

OBJECTIVE: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a particular challenge in the transition to digital teaching was to teach practical skills such as sonography of the head and neck online. The aim of this study was to validate the digital sonography course for medical students established at the Freiburg University Hospital ENT Department. METHODS: Participants were 178 students of human medicine. The study group simulated the sonography examination at home with a dummy transducer using the Peyton method under the guidance of a tutor via video seminar. In a subsequent learning success check, the results of the students in the online course were compared with those of the control group, who learned sonography in the classroom. RESULTS: Students of the online course achieved comparable results to the classroom group. CONCLUSION: This study shows that practical skills which require extensive equipment such as a sonography machine can be taught to a certain extent digitally or at least in a hybrid form.

[Is the use of virtual reality in otorhinolaryngology teaching automatically positively rated by students? : A questionnaire-based evaluation among students]. / Wird der Einsatz der virtuellen Realität in der HNO-Heilkunde-Lehre von Studierenden automatisch positiv bewertet? : Eine Fragebogenevaluation bei Studierenden.

BACKGROUND: Analogous to the situation in other disciplines, digital ENT teaching made significant progress during the pandemic. Most ENT clinics nationwide were able to offer a complete virtual teaching program in time. Innovative teaching methods were also used early on. This was recognized in student teaching evaluations. Due to the expansion of virtual reality (VR) in medical teaching, even greater satisfaction should be expected through improved teaching quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surveys were performed with students (n = 180) of the ENT block internship in the summer semester of 2023. The aim of the evaluation was to determine the students' satisfaction with and subjective effectiveness of the newly implemented VR digital teaching method for teaching ear anatomy and coniotomy. A survey was also carried out among resident physicians. RESULTS: The ENT teaching was perceived favorably by the students, with an average rating of 11.7 out of 15. The learning effectiveness and the value of VR in the ENT learning portfolio was evaluated varyingly by the students. The physicians' assessment was different, with a more positive perception. CONCLUSION: Virtual reality represents an innovative component in the teaching portfolio of otolaryngology. This new teaching method is viewed and accepted as a future-oriented tool. Remarkably, the physicians involved voted consistently positively, while the students gave more critical assessments and pointed out limitations in the individual and subjective areas. These findings are in contrast to the further development of innovative teaching methods demanded by student interest groups.

[Frozen section biopsy for tumors of the submandibular triangle]. / Schnellschnittdiagnostik bei Tumoren des Trigonum submandibulare.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis and treatment of submandibular lesions is challenging. Carcinomas, which frequently occur, should be surgically removed with sufficient safety margins, while simultaneously protecting functional structures. In particular, the preservation of neuronal structures with simultaneous tumor control suggests that single-stage concepts are appropriate, although they are not yet established. The aim of this study was to evaluate intraoperative frozen section biopsy as a possible basis for a one-stage surgical concept to thus prevent functional alterations by reoperation. METHODS: A total of 114 consecutive patients with neoplastic lesions in whom the type of lesion could not be determined after ENT examination and imaging were included in the study. Patients with a known history of carcinoma or evidence of an acute inflammatory or carcinogenic primary lesion in the ENT examination and/or imaging were excluded. An intraoperative frozen section biopsy was performed to determine the presence of a carcinoma. Patient-related data and the reliability of the frozen section result were recorded comparatively. RESULTS: Intraoperative frozen section biopsy was performed in a total of 114 patients. Carcinomas were diagnosed with a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 100%. There would thus not have been unnecessary radical surgery in a one-stage approach. In 26 of 30 patients with carcinoma, a second operation could have been avoided. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative frozen section biopsy is potentially an important method to histologically confirm carcinomas and avoid two-stage procedures. The absence of false-positive findings would have prevented an unnecessary radical procedure in 100% of patients.

Systematic evaluation of laryngeal impairment in Sjögren's syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) causes malfunction of the salivary and lacrimal glands. Consequently, patients suffer from xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. This can further affect the voice and swallowing function resulting in an impaired quality of life. Aim of this study is the systematic evaluation of the impact on voice and swallowing-related quality of life in patients with SjS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: SjS patients were classified according to the American-European Consensus Group (AECG) criteria; antibodies to Ro (SS-A) or La (SS-B) antigens were detected, ESSPRI was completed. We used the following quality of life questionnaires: EORTC QLQ H&N 35, Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (ADI) and Voice Handicap Index (VHI). Patients additionally received a detailed phoniatric examination (auditory perception, videostroboscopy, acoustic analysis, Dysphonia Severity Index (DSI), aerodynamics measurements). RESULTS: Almost all the 54 patients (96.3%) had a limited quality of life due to their swallowing problems and 48% due to their voice problems. Both values correlated significantly with the degree of xerostomia. In the phoniatric examination, 77.8% had an increased DSI and two-thirds had abnormalities in videostroboscopy. CONCLUSIONS: A reasonable impairment of quality of life in patients with SjS due to the limitations in voice and swallowing function was observed. As SjS does not limitate life expectancy, preservation of quality of life is important. Detection of voice and swallowing problems as potential reasons for quality of life impairment should be detected and, if diagnosed, treated accordingly.

[Functional outcomes after surgical treatment of oropharyngeal carcinomas]. / Funktionelle Ergebnisse nach chirurgischer Therapie von Oropharynxkarzinomen.

INTRODUCTION: The primary goal of surgical resection of oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPSCC) is an R0 resection. The extension of the primary tumor is decisive for selection of access route, which should be as circumscribed as possible but as radical as necessary. To date, there are no prospective comparative studies that compared functional outcome in terms of surgical access route. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A selective literature search was carried out for the period from 01/01/2000 to 12/31/2019 to assess the functional result after different surgical approaches in the treatment of OPSCC. The search strategy aimed to identify publications that investigated the functional result of transoral approaches, robot-assisted transoral resections (TORS), and surgical resection using pharyngotomies or transmandibular approaches. RESULTS: Various measures were identified which enable subjective and objective assessment of swallowing and speaking restrictions. For all surgical access routes, studies were identified that examined the functional aspects of the respective access, but there are no direct comparisons between the individual approaches. CONCLUSION: There are various surgical approaches available for resection of OPSCC, each of which has been examined in various studies with regard to its oncological and functional results.

[Deafness after COVID-19? German version]. / Ertaubung nach COVID-19?

This article presents a case of sudden bilateral deafness in the context of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection and resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). After treatment in the intensive care unit for acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney failure, hearing ability had drastically changed. While hearing had been subjectively normal before the infection, deafness was now measured on the left and profound hearing loss on the right ear. The patient was treated with cochlea implants on the left and a hearing aid in the right ear. The hearing loss is most likely a complication of COVID-19.

Deafness after COVID-19?

This article presents a case of sudden bilateral deafness in the context of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection and resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). After treatment in the intensive care unit for acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney failure, hearing ability had drastically changed. While hearing had been subjectively normal before the infection, deafness was now measured on the left and profound hearing loss on the right ear. The patient was treated with cochlea implants on the left and a hearing aid in the right ear. The hearing loss is most likely a complication of COVID-19.

[Clear resection margins to avoid escalation of adjuvant therapy in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma]. / Sichere R0-Resektion zur Vermeidung der adjuvanten Therapieeskalation beim Oropharynxkarzinom.

BACKGROUND: Resection margins in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) are a predictive marker for overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free interval (RFI). Adjuvant therapy is influenced by TNM status, extracapsular extension (ECE), and resection margin status (R) of the primary tumor. The R status can be directly influenced by the head and neck surgeon. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of R status on treatment decisions, RFI, and OS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with OPSCC who underwent surgery (with/without adjuvant therapy) between 2001 and 2011 were enrolled. Clinical data, survival parameters, histologic data such as ECE, resection margin status, and tumor size were retrospectively collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 208 patients were enrolled. Survival parameters showed that patients with microscopically clear (R0) resection margins had an RFI/OS of 89/87 months. These values decreased in patients with R1 (65/65 months), R2 (38/33 months), and Rx (unclear) resections (59/45 months; p =  0.036/p = 0.001). In patients with ECE and R1 resection, but also in those with R0 resections achieved by follow-up resection and those with Rx resections, adjuvant therapy was escalated. CONCLUSION: Unclear resection status reduces OS and RFI in patients with OPSCC. Therefore, in surgical therapy, clear resection status in the first pass should be strived for to avoid escalation of adjuvant therapy due to an unclear R status.

Navigated, endoscopically controlled, transtympanic resection of an infracochlear cholesteastoma recurrence.

An infracochlear cholesteatoma of the petrous apex with direct contact to the internal carotid artery (ICA) is rare. Due to the risk of cochlear injury with consecutive deafness or injury of the ICA, precise preoperative planning of the approach and strategy is recommended, as well as thorough preoperative counseling of the patient for their informed consent. This case report presents navigated endoscopically controlled transtympanic resection of such a cholesteatoma recurrence. Hearing capacity was not impaired and the patient shows no signs of recurrence.

[Navigated endoscopically controlled transtympanic resection of an infracochlear cholesteatoma recurrence. German version]. / Navigierte endoskopisch-kontrollierte transtympanale Resektion eines infracochleären Cholesteatomrezidivs.

An infracochlear cholesteatoma of the petrous apex with direct contact to the internal carotid artery (ICA) is rare. Due to the risk of cochlear injury with consecutive deafness or injury of the ICA, precise preoperative planning of the approach and strategy is recommended, as well as thorough preoperative counseling of the patient for their informed consent. This case report presents navigated endoscopically controlled transtympanic resection of such a cholesteatoma recurrence. Hearing capacity was not impaired and the patient shows no signs of recurrence.

[Functional outcome after transmandibular resection and primary chemoradiation in advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma]. / Funktionelle Ergebnisse nach transmandibulärer Resektion und primärer Radiochemotherapie bei fortgeschrittenen Kopf-Hals-Plattenepithelkarzinomen.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the functional outcome after transmandibular resection and reconstruction via a radial forearm flap (TMR+RFF) compared to primary chemoradiotherapy (pCRT) in advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). METHODS: The study compared 50 OPSCC patients treated with TMR+RFF to 50 OPSCC patients receiving pCRT. The time taken to swallow water served as the primary endpoint. The Saxon test, maxillomandibular distance, Mallampati score, ratio of height to weight, nasal penetration, tracheostomy/gastral tube requirement, and four validated questionnaires (visual analog scale for xerostomia, Sicca VAS; MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, MDADI; Voice Handicap Index, VHI; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, Head and Neck Cancer, 35 items, QLQ-H&N35) were applied to access functionality and quality of life. RESULTS: Patients after TMR+RFF showed an increased rate of nasal penetration (p < 0.0001), which was associated with a longer water swallowing time (p < 0.05). A modified reconstruction of the soft palate significantly decreased the rate of nasal penetration in comparison to classical reconstruction (p = 0.0001). Patients with pCRT suffered significantly more xerostomia (Saxon test) than patients with TMR+RFF and adjuvant therapy. None of the subjective questionnaires revealed significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION: TMR+RFF with modified reconstruction and adjuvant treatment and pCRT showed comparable functional outcomes.

[The 8th edition of the TNM staging system-a curse or a blessing for oropharyngeal carcinoma?] / Die 8. Version der TNM-Klassifikation ­ Fluch oder Segen für das Oropharynxkarzinom?

At the beginning of 2017, the 8th edition of the TNM classification was presented. For oropharyngeal carcinoma, this was accompanied by a paradigm shift, as a separation of the classification depending on the association with human papillomavirus (HPV) status has been established. By considering the literature, this paper provides an overview of the characteristics of HPV-associated carcinomas, the new features of the TNM classification, and the existing points of discussion. The revision has improved the prognostic significance of the TNM classification; however, there are still tumor- and patient-dependent influencing factors that must be considered for future versions.

[Quality in the appraisal of head and neck sonography results in university hospitals-a random sample]. / Qualität in der Befundung von Kopf- und Halssonographien an Universitätskliniken ­ eine Stichprobe.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound diagnostics are widely used and are standard for radiologists, otolaryngologists, and oral and maxillofacial surgeons in the diagnostic work-up of various pathologies. There is agreement that digital documentation is urgently needed at present to improve and standardize the quality of sonographic documentation. There are more and more publications on the implementation of standardized documentation of findings in imaging diagnostics, including head and neck sonography. OBJECTIVE: The present work aims to determine the quality of routine head and neck sonography findings on a random basis, according to the criteria of the Bavarian Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians (KVB) at a selection of German university otolaryngology departments (ENT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 70 randomly selected anonymized written findings including image documentation from seven ENT departments were retrospectively analyzed by an experienced KVB examiner concerning fulfilment of KVB criteria. The data were evaluated descriptively. RESULTS: Of the 70 reports, 69 were eligible for evaluation. The average documentation completeness was 80.6%. A total of 9 findings were correctly documented in full (13%). The documentation completeness of the individual departments was sorted in ascending order from 68.1% to 93%. With 88.5% vs. 75%, the hospitals with a structured report showed a higher level of completeness. In 75% of the cases the hospitals with structured reports also had digital solutions for reporting and image archiving. CONCLUSION: In general, there is potential for optimization regarding the completeness and quality of routinely prepared head and neck sonography findings at the selected university ENT departments. The implementation of structured reporting masks and the conversion of analogue documentation into digital solutions as well as digital networking with the hospital information systems, picture archiving and communication systems should be promoted. Supervision by senior doctors is required to ensure the quality of findings of inexperienced colleagues and to help to achieve standards in reporting.

["Online from tomorrow on please": comparison of digital framework conditions of curricular teaching at national university ENT clinics in times of COVID-19 : Digital teaching at national university ENT clinics]. / "Ab morgen bitte online": Vergleich digitaler Rahmenbedingungen der curricularen Lehre an nationalen Universitäts-HNO-Kliniken in Zeiten von COVID-19 : Digitale Lehre an nationalen Universitäts-HNO-Kliniken.

BACKGROUND: The corona crisis not only affects professional activities but also teaching and learning at universities. Buzzwords, such as e­learning and digitalization suggest the possibility of innovative teaching approaches that are readily available to solve the problems of teaching in the current COVID-19 pandemic. The current conversion to digital teaching is not primarily driven by didactic rationale or institutional strategy but by external circumstances. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the teaching situation at national university ENT clinics and academic teaching hospitals at the start of the virtual corona summer semester in 2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A specifically self-designed questionnaire regarding the local situation and conditions as well as nationwide scenarios was sent to all 39 national university ENT clinics and 20 ENT departments at academic teaching hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 31 university hospitals and 10 academic teaching hospitals took part in the survey. There were obvious discrepancies between available resources and effectively available digital teaching and learning contents. Further criticism was expressed regarding the communication with the medical faculty, the digital infrastructure and particularly the frequent lack of collaboration with central support facilities, such as media, didactics and datacenters. CONCLUSION: There are positive examples of successful transformation of classroom teaching to an exclusively virtual summer semester 2020 within the university ENT clinics; however, critical ratings of assistant professors and medical directors regarding the current teaching situation predominated. A time-critical strategic advancement is urgently needed.

[Effects of the SARS-CoV­2 pandemic on the otolaryngology university hospitals in the field of research, student teaching and specialist training]. / Auswirkungen der SARS-CoV­2-Pandemie auf die universitäre Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde im Bereich der Forschung, Lehre und Weiterbildung.

BACKGROUND: From spring 2020, SARS-CoV­2 began to spread worldwide, with what is now known as the first wave of the pandemic, starting in March 2020. This resulted in restructuring and shift of resources at many hospitals. The aim of our work was to detect the effects of the pandemic on the german Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (ORL) university hospitals in terms of research, student teaching and further specialist training. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The chairmen of the 39 ORL university hospitals in Germany were asked about the effects of the pandemic on research, student teaching and ORL specialist training (residency) in the period from March to April 2020 using a structured online survey. RESULTS: All 39 chairmen took part in the survey. Of these, 74.4% (29/39) stated that their research activities had deteriorated as a result of the pandemic. In 61.5% (24/39) pandemic-related research issues were addressed. All hospitals reported a restriction for in-house teaching and 97.5% (38/39) introduced new digital teaching methods. During the observation period, 74.4% of the chairmen did not see ORL specialist training (residency)at risk. CONCLUSION: Our results provide an insight into the heterogeneous effects of the pandemic. The fast processing of pandemic-related research topics and the introduction of innovative digital concepts for student teaching impressively demonstrates the great innovative potential and the ability of the ORL university hospitals to react quickly in order to maintain their tasks in research, student teaching and ORL specialist training in the best possible way even during the pandemic.

Surgical nodal management in hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare pre-therapeutic staging of the loco-regional lymphatic basin and subsequent surgical management in cN0 versus cN+ hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancer patients. METHODS: We analyzed all hypopharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma patients treated surgically at a single quaternary medical care and cancer center between 2004 and 2014. We established two groups for patients who underwent neck dissection comparing patients with a low LNR (lymph node ratio) to one with a high LNR. Regarding the cN0 cohort, elective neck dissection was evaluated as a secondary predictor variable. Comorbidities, such as anemia and renal insufficiency, were analyzed as potentially influencing disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: A total of 310 patients (185 glottic and 125 supraglottic/hypopharyngeal carcinoma) were included. Pre-therapeutic neck MRI-/CT-scan and concomitant neck ultrasound revealed cN+ status in 144 patients resulting in a significant over-staging in 63 patients (44%) who were rated as being pN0 after histological examination. 166 patients were staged cN0 and 21 underwent elective neck dissection (11 local advanced glottic and 10 supraglottic/hypopharyngeal carcinoma). Two cN0 patients showed occult cervical lymph node metastases (10%). Furthermore, we could detect a significant negative impact of the LNR divided by the number of dissected lymph nodes and OS. CONCLUSION: The pre-therapeutic clinical evaluation of lymphatic outgrowth is over-staged. OS decreases with increasing LNR divided by the number of dissected lymph nodes. Renal insufficiency and anemia are significant negative factors, decreasing both OS and DFS.

[Effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the otorhinolaryngology university hospitals in the field of medical care]. / Auswirkungen der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie auf die universitäre Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde im Bereich der Krankenversorgung.

INTRODUCTION: Since December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been rapidly spreading worldwide. In Germany, an exponential increase in the number of infections was registered at the beginning of March 2020 and led to a call of the Ministry of Health to create more capacity for intensive medical treatment in hospitals. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (ORL) university hospitals regarding patient care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online survey was sent out to all chairmen of the 39 ORL university hospitals in Germany. The answers to the questions referred to the defined period from March 15th to April 15th 2020 and were carried out using the online survey tool "SurveyMonkey". 87 questions focused on general information, health care, and structural effects in the respective institution. RESULTS: All chairmen of the 39 university hospitals in Germany participated in the survey. The collected data prove the considerable impact on organizational, structural and medical aspects of patient care. For example, the surveyed clinics reported a decrease in outpatient cases by 73.8 % to 26.2 ±â€Š14.2 % and in surgical treatments by 65.9 % to 34.1 ±â€Š13.9 %. In contrast, emergency treatment remained unchanged or even increased in 80 % of the facilities and surgical treatment of emergency patients remained unchanged or even increased in more than 90 %. Emergency outpatient and surgical treatment of patients was provided throughout the pandemic in all facilities. In total, about 35 000 outpatients and about 12 000 surgical cases were postponed. As a result of the acute structural changes, the potential danger of falling below current treatment standards was seen in individual areas of patient care. DISCUSSION: The assessment of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is heterogeneous. The majority of the chairmen are critically aware of the risk of falling below current medical treatment standards or guidelines. In the phase of an exponential increase in the number of infections, significant changes in treatment processes had to be accepted for understandable reasons. However, with the currently significantly reduced number of infections, falling below treatment standards and guidelines should not be allowed to remain constant and tolerated. SUMMARY: This study shows a differentiated picture with regard to the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on outpatient, inpatient and operative patient care at the ORL university hospitals in Germany and illustrates the importance of these institutions for ensuring patient care during this critical phase.

[The terminal hypoglossal nerve and its anatomical variability]. / Der terminale N. hypoglossus und seine anatomische Vielfalt.

Upper airway stimulation plays an increasingly important role in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The target of stimulation is the hypoglossal nerve (N. XII), which-as a pure motor nerve-innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles. By selectively stimulating individual nerve fibers, the upper airway can be opened by protruding the tongue. The N. XII has a number of anatomical variants, which are decisive during surgical implantation of these pacemaker systems. Intraoperative neuromonitoring is very helpful in this regard. Accurate placement of the stimulation electrode for selective upper airway stimulation requires knowledge of N. XII anatomy, intraoperative neuromonitoring, and accurate assessment of muscle contractions and tongue movements.

[Sonographic evaluation of anatomic landmarks in patients with obstructive sleep apnea]. / Sonographische Evaluation anatomischer Landmarken bei Patienten mit obstruktiver Schlafapnoe.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, new key factors in the genesis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have been described. This has led to investigation of individualized therapeutic approaches in sleep medicine. The aim of the current study is assessment of the upper respiratory tract by sonographic measurement of various anatomic landmarks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with rhonchopathy as well as OSA of different severity were included and compared to healthy volunteers. All patients underwent polygraphy for assessment of nocturnal respiratory disorders. Different landmarks were defined (extension of the tongue, thickness of the pharynx, hyoid bone-thyroid cartilage distance, extension of the geniohyoid muscle) which should be measured sonographically. RESULTS: A total of 155 patients were enrolled and assigned to one of five groups (control; rhonchopathy; mild, moderate, and severe OSA). There were significant differences in the parameters for measuring tongue size, the distance between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage, and the thickness of the pharynx between the groups. CONCLUSION: As part of this sonographic assessment of the upper respiratory tract, landmarks could be identified in patients with OSA that correlated with the severity of the disease.