Feasibility of balloon sinuplasty in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: the Graz experience.

BACKGROUND: Balloon sinuplasty (BSP) is a catheter-based technique to dilate sinus ostia and drainage pathways to create ventilation and drainage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of BSP in routine treatment of patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODOLOGY: Patients with CRS refractory to medical therapy who had been scheduled for endoscopic sinus surgery between 2009 and 2011 were included in this study. RESULTS: Forty-five consecutive patients were included in this study, in whom 112 sinuses were approached by BSP. Of the 112 sinuses, 68 (60%) were planned as a "Balloon-Only" procedure and 44 (40%) were planned as a "Hybrid" procedure. Of the 68 sinuses in the "Balloon-Only" group, in 44 sinuses BSP failed, equating to a failure rate of 65%. Forty-four sinuses were planned for "Hybrid" procedures. In 29 of these sinuses BSP failed, giving a failure rate of 66%. CONCLUSION: According to literature, BSP can be a useful adjunct technique to standard FESS. In our experience, however, a failure rate of 65% for "Balloon-Only" and of 66% for "Hybrid" procedures occurred, which was regarded as unacceptable by the study group. Therefore, the study initially scheduled for 200 consecutive patients, was abandoned.

Long-term survival with an intracerebral progressive nerve sheath tumour.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs) are rare neoplasias, often having progressive growth and an unfavourable outcome. Patients relapse regularly and the tumour metastasizes frequently. Early diagnosis and intense therapy, including radical resection and adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy, are necessary to achieve cure or prolonged survival. CASE REPORT: A woman aged 60 years, survived 137 months from an initial diagnosis of fibroma of the sinus, which later proved to be intracerebral progressive malignant metastasized nerve sheath tumour. DISCUSSION: A literature review and various case reports showed that MPNSTs are generally highly malignant, and often cannot be cured. Patients can be cured if the tumour is completely removed following adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy, depending on the tumour location.

Cholesterol granulomas of the petrous apex; endonasal endoscopic approach.

OBJECTIVE: Cholesterol granulomas are benign lesions that sometimes occur on the petrous apex (PA). We report our experience using an endoscopic endonasal approach to remove PA cholesterol granulomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective patient chart analysis was conducted at a tertiary care university hospital. RESULTS: Four patients (3 females, 1 male) were included in this study. Patients' ages ranged from 27 to 78 years. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis and computer-assisted navigation were performed. The most common symptom was abducens nerve palsy. The largest granuloma measured 5 x 2 cm and was located on the left side. An endoscopic endonasal approach was chosen and navigation was applied (3/4 patients) to identify the optimal area for opening the granuloma. No complications occurred, and patients were free from recurrence during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic endonasal approach to PA cholesterol granulomas is feasible and safe. Intra-operative navigation is recommended to identify the position of the internal carotid artery and determine the safest area for opening the granuloma without damaging the artery. Another advantage of this approach is an easier follow-up through diagnostic nasal endoscopy.

Syphilis is back: presentation of three cases at the ENT department.

PROBLEM: Syphilis is a sexually-transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, and is transmitted either through sexual contact or vertically across the placenta. Rates of infection were at a low point in the early 1990s. Since then, increasing numbers of new cases of infections have been observed in all Western countries. AIM: Presentation of three patients with syphilis who presented within a short period of time in an ENT outpatient clinic. CONCLUSIONS: One must be aware of the increasing incidence of syphilis, even in head and neck disciplines. Typical symptoms of an early infection are an ulcerous lesion in the mouth, with or without cervical lymphadenopathy. The main therapy is high doses of penicillin G administered intramuscularly. Other simultaneous sexually-transmitted diseases, especially HIV infection, must be excluded. Unnoticed and untreated patients may develop late and life-threatening complications.

Ethmoid roof CSF-leak following frontal sinus balloon sinuplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Though clear indications for its clinical application are not established yet, balloon sinuplasty technology per se is considered safe and very few severe complications have been mentioned in literature as of today. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 36-year-old female patient who presented with right sided rhinorrhea from a CSF-leak in the ethmoidal roof after balloon sinuplasty, aimed at her right frontal sinus. Apparently, the surgeon was unaware of having penetrated the skull base through the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate intraoperatively. CSF rhinorrhea became evident 3 weeks postoperatively only when fever, headaches and moderate nausea developed. Upon revision, diameter, size and shape of the bony defect exactly matched with the tip of a standard sinus balloon catheter device, as could be demonstrated and documented. A small posttraumatic encephalocele had intermittently blocked the leak. Endoscopic surgery and duraplasty were performed under intrathecal fluorescein control, applying CT image-guided navigation. Since two-layer fascia lata closure of the defect, the patient has remained free of symptoms without any evidence of CSF leakage. CONCLUSION: Balloon sinuplasty per se is considered a safe technique, though in inexperienced hands or wrongly applied, complications may occur, as with any surgical tool rigid enough to breach through skull base.

Magnetic resonance imaging patterns of the development of the sphenoid sinus: a review of 800 patients.

Accurate knowledge of age-related development and pneumatisation of the paranasal sinuses has become an important issue in diagnosing paranasal sinus diseases in infants and young adults. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to assess bone marrow conversion and pneumatisation of the paranasal sinuses. We retrospectively reviewed 800 children aged 0-14 years undergoing brain MRI for various indications. T1-weighted sagittal and T2-weighted axial scans were evaluated for bone marrow conversion and development of pneumatisation of the sphenoid sinus. The sphenoid sinus had a uniformly low signal intensity on T1-weighted images in all children less than four months old. Signal intensity began to change to hyperintense marrow at the age of four months. Onset of pneumatisation was observed in 19% at the age of 12-15 months. Pneumatisation was complete in all patients older than 10 years. In conclusion, these data can be used as baseline standards of normal age-related development of the sphenoid sinus and can be of great value for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of pathologic conditions of the child's sphenoid sinus and its surrounds.

Bilateral orbital pseudotumour due to Ormond's disease: MR imaging and CT findings.

We present the MRI and CT findings in a 43-year old patient with bilateral orbital pseudotumour due to Ormond's disease.

Endoscopic removal of an intraorbital "tumor": a vital surprise.

We present the first case report of an endoscopic removal of a living worm, species Dirofilaria repens, from the orbital cavity. As of today, over 410 cases of Dirofilaria repens infections in man are recorded in world literature, six of which were localized in the orbital cavity. In Austria we know of four cases of an infection with this parasite, but none in the orbit. Dirofilaria repens is widespread only in the Old World, particularly in Southern and Eastern Europe, in Asia Minor, and in Central and Southern Asia. The highest prevalence of the disease is recorded in Italy (181 cases). In clinical practice, the infections have mostly been misdiagnosed as a neoplasia, usually benign but sometimes malignant. Under the assumption of an intraorbital tumor, the endoscopic transnasal revision of the orbital cavity was performed, as this approach promised to be least traumatic and best suited for the lesion, resulting in complete removal of the live worm. In unclear lesions in the head and neck, and infection with Dirofilaria repens should be considered as a differential diagnosis.