[Justification of the need to introduce an additional criterion to the assessment of the nutrition status of military personnel].

Currently, in accordance with the regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the main indicator for assessing nutritional status is the body mass index, which does not take into account the component composition of the body. At the same time, it is necessary to assess in more detail the composition of the body of military personnel, that is, the ratio of its muscle and fat components. The purpose of the study is the scientific and methodological substantiation of the need to introduce an additional criterion for assessing the nutritional status of military personnel, that characterize body composition - the body fat percentage. Material and methods. The study involved 1.373 male military personnel aged 18 to 53 who underwent a medical examination. The following methods were used: anthropometry, bioimpedancemetry, caliperometry. Results. Various methods for determining the fat component of the body have been studied. The analysis of the data obtained showed that all methods for determining the body fat percentage have highly significant correlations among themselves and with bioimpedancemetry data. All coefficients had high reliability p<0.001 at r>0.7. When the values of the body mass index deviate from the normative ones, it is proposed to use the indicator of the body fat percentage to clarify the assessment of the nutritional status of male military personnel. Based on the data obtained, modern algorithms for assessing the nutritional status of military personnel have been developed for use in the practice of military health care at various levels of medical support for military personnel. Conclusion. As a result of a prospective study, the need to introduce an additional criterion for assessing the nutritional status of male military personnel was substantiated and proved, and calculation methods for assessing the fat component of the body, comparable with bioimpedancemetry data, were determined. Algorithms for determining the nutritional status of servicemen for different levels of medical support have been developed. In conditions where special devices for determining the fat component of the body are not included in the supply standards of the medical service, it is recommended to calculate the body fat percentage by girth methods using a centimeter tape.

[The relationship between the combined use of various proton pump inhibitors with antiplatelet drugs and the risk of cardiovascular complications].

In the article the problem of the combined use of clopidogrel and various proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in terms of cardiovascular complications risk and stent thrombosis is considered. The results of meta - analyses and a systematic reviews affecting this issue are represented in detail. The inter - drug interactions mechanisms of various PPIs with clopidogrel based on the characteristics of the metabolism in the liver cytochromes system are discussed. The authors conducted a search, systematization and analysis of studies regarding the association between cardiovascular risk and combined use of individual medications from PPI class with clopidogrel, and these results are presented in the review. Currently available data do not allow to answer the question about the differences between individual PPIs in their impact on the risk of adverse cardiovascular events due to the small number of such studies, design heterogeneity, differences in the inclusion criteria and end points as well as in the rate of administration of individual PPIs.

[The selection of optimal methods for determining the perfect body weight for the assessment of the nutritional status].

In everyday practice, for a personalized approach to assessing nutritional status it is necessary to determine the ideal body weight of a person, but bio-impedance analysis of body composition widespread in stationary conditions in an outpatient setting is not always available. Therefore, it is necessary to use other methods for determining the ideal body weight, the results of which would be most comparable with bio-impedance analysis results. The aim of the work is a comparative analysis of various calculation methods for determining the ideal body weight and the results of bio-impedance testing. Material and methods. 830 men aged 18 to 44 years were examined. The ideal body weight was calculated by 16 common methods. The obtained results were compared with bio-impedance analysis of body composition. Results and discussion. To compare the accuracy of the coincidence of the results obtained by means of the used methods, the method of standard error of the model was used, as well as the correlation analysis was carried out, and regression models were constructed. A comparative analysis revealed the most informative methods for determining the ideal body weight, which are recommended for use in practice. Conclusion. As a result of comparing several methods for determining the ideal body weight, we can conclude that the methods closest to the determination of ideal body weight obtained by bio-impedancemetry are the methods of Borgardt, Monnerot-Dumayn and the Insurance Company "Metropolitan Life".

[Lung cancer metastases to the brain: clinical and morphological prognostic factors].

Brain metastases (BM) are the most frequent intracranial SOL and extremely heterogeneous group of tumours from morphological point of view. Nevertheless, studies devoted to BM up to now paid little attention to the histogenesis of the primary tumour. Lung carcinoma is the most common source of BM; morpologically this is a very heterogeneous group of tumors, and they demostrate different clinical pathway and outcome. The aim of present study was to evaluate clinical and morphological prognostic factors in 126 patients with lung carcinoma metastases to the brain, operated in 2004-2010 at Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute. Statistical analysis demonstrated that age, gender, amount and location of BM, primary operation and even histological tumour type were not significant prognostic factors, meanwhile absence of extracranial metastases and Karnofsky index above 70 were significant factors of the favorable prognosis.

[Influence of changes in the state of brain neurotransmitter and peptidergic systems on circadian rhythms and behavior of rats].

The influence of changes in the state of a number of neurotransmitter and peptidergic brain systems on the circadian rhythms and behaviour of rats was studied. Prolylleucine (oxytocine dipeptide fragment) eliminates disorders of circadian motility rhythm in SHR rats induced by "injection" stress, impedes dysrhythmias caused by application of cholinergic and glutamatergic modulators in SHR and WKY rats, and prevents cognitive disorders in SHR rats produced by REM sleep deprivation.

[Preclinical study of anxiolytic activity and safety of Racium phytomedicine].

Results of a preclinical study of the anxiolytic activity and safety of original Racium phytomedicine are presented. The preparation possessed high anxiolytic activity, exhibits a wide range of therapeutic effects, produces no lethality in male and female rats and mice upon single intragastric and intraperitoneal introduction in doses up to 5 g/kg (VI class of toxicity according to OECD), induces no pathologic effects upon prolonged (120 days) administration in these rodents, and has no local irritant and/or allergen action.

[Effect of zoosocial stress on circadian rhythm of motor activity and the probability of desynchronosis].

Circadian rhythms of horizontal and vertical motor activity and characteristic features of stress dysrhythmia caused by territorial conflict were assessed in ICR outbred mice with polar zoosocial status. The rhythms of diurnal motility of non-stressed dominant and submissive mice do not differ considerably. The territorial conflict causes desynchronosis in both high- and low-ranking animals, manifesting itself through the shift of the acrophase of motor activity and change in spectral parameters of a chronogram.

[The original nootropic and neuroprotective drug noopept potentiates the anticonvulsant activity of valproate in mice].

The influence of the original dipeptide drug noopept, known to possess nootrope, neuroprotector, and anxiolytic properties, on the anticonvulsant activity of the antiepileptic drug valproate has been studied on the model of corazole-induced convulsions in mice. Neither a single administration of noopept (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) nor its repeated introduction in 10 or 35 days enhanced the convulsant effect of corazole, which is evidence that noopept alone does not possess anticonvulsant properties. Prolonged (five weeks) preliminary administration of noopept enhanced the anticonvulsant activity of valproate. This result justifies the joint chronic administration of noopept in combination with valproate in order to potentiate the anticonvulsant effect of the latter drug. In addition, the administration of noopept favorably influences the cognitive functions and suppresses the development of neurodegenerative processes.

[Postmortem service in the Russian Federation (state-of-the-art and trends)].

According to the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, Professor O. D. Mishnev is appointed principal pathologist of the Ministry. The principle pathologists of federal districts are Professor I. A. Kazantseva (Central Federal District); Prof. N. M. Anichkov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (North-Western Federal District); Prof. I. S. Derizhanova (Southern Federal District), Prof. T. A. Fedorina (Volga Federal District), Prof. V. L. Kovalenko, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (Urals Federal District); Prof. L. M. Nepomnyashchikh (Siberian Federal District), and Prof. Yu. V. Kaminsky (Far-Eastern Federal District). The above specialists and the principal pathologists of the Health Departments of Moscow and St. Petersburg Prof. O. V. Zairatyants and Prof. M. G. Rybakova make up a working group whose objective is to develop standards of postmortem studies, to coordinate, and to analyze the activities of postmortem services of the country. The role of principal pathologists of the bodies (ministries, departments, committees) of health care of federal districts, republics, territories, and regions is essential. It is necessary to set up a federal organizational-and-methodical center for postmortem studies under the Ministry of Health and Social Development. The chief results of the activities of postmortem services of Russia and federal districts over 6 years (2000-2005) are presented. The shortcomings and trends of postmortem services of the country are outlined.

[Is "scopolamine-induced amnesia" in rats the result of state-dependent learning?]. / Iavliaetsia li "skopolaminovaia amneziia" u krys rezul'tatom oblucheniia, zavisiiashchego ot sostoianiia?

The effects of a single and repetitive administration of m-cholinoblocker scopolamine (Sc) to male rats on retention of step-through passive avoidance (PA) or active avoidance (AA) in a shuttle-box were compared. In case of PA Sc (1 mg/kg) was injected i.p. only 30 min before training, only 30 min before testing, or both before training and before testing. In case of AA Sc (0.5 mg/kg/day) was injected i.p. only 15 min before each training session or both before training and before testing (44 days after achievement of learning criterion). The PA and AA retention were impaired only in the experiments, where the drug was administered before training, but did not differ from control, when Sc was injected twice. The Sc-induced amnesia (like many other cases of memory deficits) is suggested to be a manifestation of state-dependent learning. Similarity between the brain state during memory consolidation and during the retention test is necessary for recollection.

[Sodium oxybutyrate normalizes the central nervous system functions in the progeny of rats subjected to hypobaric hypoxia during pregnancy]. / Natriia oksibutirat mormalizuet funktsii tsentral'noi nervnoi sistemy u potomstva krys, podvergshikhsia gipobaricheskoi gipoksii vo vremia beremennosti.

Two-hour hypobaric hypoxia of rats on day 15 of their pregnancy led to a reduction in weight gain of pups within 20 days after birth, disturbed memory in active and passive paradigms, changed adaptive behavior in the extrapolatory water avoidance test, and impaired sleep in adult animals. Postnatal treatment with sodium hydroxybutyrate given in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day on days 8 to 20 of life normalized mnestic functions of the brain, the process of falling asleep, and physical development which had been impaired by intrauterine hypoxia.

[Effects of low-intensity infrared laser irradiation on the eye (an experimental study)]. / Vozdeistvie nizkointensivnogo infrakrasnogo lazernogo izlucheniia na organ zreniia (éksperimental'noe issledovanie).

Safe doses of low-intensive infrared laser (LIIL) exposure for the structures of the eye were searched for in rabbit experiments, and the potentials of such lasers in ophthalmology were assessed. Uzor, a therapeutic laser device with gamma = 0.89 mm, was employed. The doses varied from 0.0001 to 1.0 J/cm2, this corresponding to exposure duration of 0.3 to 45 min. Experiments were carried out on 20 animals. The right eyes were exposed, and the left ones were control. An increase of intraocular pressure was recorded at a dose of 0.1 J/cm2 (4.5 min) and higher; morphological study showed dilated, well-filled and newly formed vessels in the ciliary body and iris, as well as edema and destruction of the external layers of the retina. Exposure to a dose of 0.05 J/cm2 and lower did not lead to destruction of ocular structures and increase of intraocular pressure. The maximal LIIL dose causing no side effects for the organ of vision was established at 0.05 J/cm2, this corresponding to 2.5 min exposure.

[Changes in the levels of precursors of endogenous synthesis of prostaglandins in intrauterine contraception]. / Dinamika soderzhaniia p[redshestvennikov éndogennogo sinteza prostaglandinov v protsesse vnutrimatochnoi kontratseptsii.

PIP: To evaluate the mechanism of early complications associated with the use of IUD, the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (precursors of the synthesis of endogenous prostaglandins) was studied in 136 women aged 20-35 years old. All women were using Lippes Loop. Of 136 women, 71 received IUD on day 4-6 of the menstrual cycle (Group 1) and 65 received IUD after induced abortion (Group 2). The women used IUD for up to 1 month (26 in Group 1 and 23 in Group 2), for up to 3 months (24 and 21, respectively), and up to 6 months (21 and 21, respectively). The levels of linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids in the venous blood were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. After 1-month use of IUD, there was a significant increase in the blood levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, compared with controls (women who did not use IUD); the increase was more pronounced in women from Group 2. After 3 and 6 months, the levels of linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids showed gradual decrease but remained higher than in controls. Average duration of the menstrual cycle in women from Groups 1 and 2 decreased by 2.1 and 3.6 days, respectively. Complications (pain during menstruation) were more frequent in Group 2 (38.4%, compared with 22.5% in Group 1). These findings indicated that insertion of IUD resulted in significant modification of the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis. Marked increase in the levels of linoleic linolenic and arachidonic acids during the first 6 months after the use of IUD was indicative of the existence of the adaptation period.^ieng

Proline-containing dipeptide GVS-111 retains nootropic activity after oral administration.

Experiments on rats trained passive avoidance task showed that N-phenyl-acetyl-L-prolyl-glycyl ethyl ester, peptide analog of piracetam (GVS-111, Noopept) after oral administration retained antiamnesic activity previously observed after its parenteral administration. Effective doses were 0.5-10 mg/kg. Experiments on a specially-developed model of active avoidance (massive one-session learning schedule) showed that GVS-111 stimulated one-session learning after single administration, while after repeated administration it increased the number of successful learners among those animals who failed after initial training. In this respect, GVS-111 principally differs from its main metabolite cycloprolylglycine and standard nootropic piracetam.

[Behavior disorders in rats exposed to intrauterine hypoxia, and their correction by postnatal treatment with piracetam]. / Narusheniia povedeniia krys, podvergshikhsia vnutriutrobnoi gipoksii, i ikh korrektsiia postnatal'nym vozdeistviem piratsetama.

Hypobaric hypoxia of the pregnant rats was followed by the reduction of weight gain of the newborn pups, delayed impairment of memory (passive and active tasks) and changes of extrapolative water escape. Piracetam (200 mg/kg/day) administered at early postnatal period (from 8th to 20th day of life) corrected behavioral disturbances and physical development in rats. Postnatal therapy by nootropics didn't influence in adaptive behavior damaged by prenatal hypoxia.