The retinoic acid derivative, ABPN, inhibits pancreatic cancer through induction of Nrdp1.

Combination chemotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer commonly employs gemcitabine with an EGFR inhibitor such as erlotinib. Here, we show that the retinoic acid derivative, ABPN, exhibits more potent anticancer effects than erlotinib, while exhibiting less toxicity toward noncancerous human control cells. Low micromolar concentrations of ABPN induced apoptosis in BxPC3 and HPAC pancreatic cancer cell lines, concomitant with a reduction in phosphorylated EGFR as well as decreased ErbB3, Met and BRUCE protein levels. The degradation of ErbB3 is a result of proteasomal degradation, possibly due to the ABPN-dependent upregulation of Nrdp1. Administration of ABPN showed significant reductions in tumor size when tested using a mouse xenograft model, with higher potency than erlotinib at the same concentration. Analysis of the tumors demonstrated that ABPN treatment suppressed ErbB3 and Met and induced Nrdp1 in vivo. The data suggest that ABPN may be more suitable in combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine than the more widely used EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib.

In vitro antitumor potential of 4-BPRE, a butyryl aminophenyl ester of retinoic acid: role of the butyryl group.

Retinoic acid (RA) and sodium butyrate (NaB) have been implicated in the regulation of growth and differentiation in various cancer cells. To produce an agent with the properties of both RA and NaB, a butyryl aminophenyl ester of RA (4-BPRE) was synthesized. The agent was compared with an aminophenyl ester devoid of the butyryl group (4-APRE) for antitumor potential in vitro. Like RA, 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide (4-HPR) and 4-APRE, 4-BPRE was an active ligand for all three subtypes of RAR, but not for RXR, as determined by transcription assays in COS-1 cells. In addition, regardless of the butyryl group, 4-BPRE actively suppressed c-Jun transcriptional activity, which may result in reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-2), and effectively inhibited HCT116 cell invasion into Matrigel. In these respects, 4-BPRE is similar to 4-APRE, and even to RA and 4-HPR. However, our results showed that in HCT116 colon and A549 lung cancer cells, 4-BPRE was much more cytotoxic than RA and 4-APRE, and was also more cytotoxic than 4-HPR, which is the most cytotoxic retinoid derivative under clinical investigation. Subsequent assays using DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, and FACS analysis suggested that the cytotoxic effect of 4-BPRE is mediated by apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Moreover, 4-BPRE inhibited histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity to some degree, although inhibition was less than that induced by the known HDAC inhibitors TSA and NaB. These results suggest that 4-BPRE could be a promising antitumor retinoid with both NaB activity and RA function.

Synthesis of new glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) derivatives and their effects on tyrosinase activity.

To synthesize glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) derivatives (3, 4, 5, 10, 13, 14, 15, and 16), we first removed the ketonic group in the C-11 position, and the carboxylic function at the C-30 position was kept intact, reduced to an alcohol, or transformed to an aldehyde corresponding derivatives 10 and 13. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) derivatives (3, 4, 5, 15, and 16) were coupled with 4-amino piperpyridine derivatives (12 and 14) and 4-fluorobenzyl bromide at C-30 carboxylic acid position of glycyrrhetinic acid. In subsequent tyrosinase assays, we found that GA derivatives 4, 5, and 16 were not active at early time points, but strongly inhibited tyrosinase activity at late time points. Of the GA derivatives examined, derivative 5 was most active, with an IC(50) value of 50 microM after 2 h reaction. IC(50) values of derivatives 4 and 16 were 120 and 170 microM, respectively. Further kinetic data indicated that these derivatives are slow-binding inhibitors of tyrosinase. The time-dependent inhibition was reversed when vitamin C or kojic acid was used, that is, both compounds showed active inhibition at early time points. These results suggest that GA derivatives are much more stable than vitamin C or kojic acid, although their intrinsic inhibitory potentials are relatively low. Higher stability and activity suggest that GA derivative 5 might be a useful candidate for skin whitening.

Synthesis and biological activity of novel retinamide and retinoate derivatives.

Retinoic acid and its amide derivative, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), have been proposed as chemopreventative and chemotherapeutic agents. However, their low cytotoxic activity and water solubility limit their clinical use. In this study, we synthesized novel retinoid derivatives with improved cytotoxicity against cancer cells and increased hygroscopicity. Our syntheses were preceded by selective O-acylation and N-acylation, which led to the production of retinoate and retinamide derivatives, respectively, in one pot directly from aminophenol derivatives and retinoic acid without protection. Transcription assays in COS-1 cells indicated that the N-acylated derivatives (2A-5A) and 4-HPR (1A) were much weaker ligands for all three subtypes of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) than all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), although they showed some selectivity for RARbeta and RARgamma. In contrast, the O-acylated retinoate derivatives (1B-5B) activated all three RAR isotypes without specificity to an extent similar to ATRA. The cytotoxicity was determined using an MTT assay with HCT116 colon cancer cells, and the IC(50) of N-acylated retinamide derivative 4A and O-acylated retinoate derivative 5B was 1.67 microM and 0.65 microM, respectively, which are about five and 13-fold better than that of 4-HPR (8.21 microM), a prototype N-acylated derivative. When retinoate derivative 5B was coupled to organic acid salts, the resulting salt derivatives 5C and 5D had RAR activation and cytotoxicity similar to those of 5B. These data may delineate the relationship between the structure and function of retinoate and retinamide derivatives.

Potent effect of 5-HPBR, a butanoate derivative of 4-HPR, on cell growth and apoptosis in cancer cells.

Fenretinide, 4-(N-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR), has demonstrated anticancer activity associated with a favorable toxicity profile and is now being investigated in several clinical trials. However, its plasma levels in patients have been far lower than the effective concentration required to induce apoptosis (usually 10 microM). This result has led to the synthesis of derivatives with better efficacy. Sodium butyrate's potential as an anticancer agent prompted us to synthesize a butanoate derivative of 4-HPR, 5-hydroxyphenyl butanoate retinamide (5-HPBR) and compare it to the parent compound for antitumor potential in vitro. The cytotoxicity of 5-HPBR was 2- to 6-fold greater than that of 4-HPR against cancer cell lines derived from various tissues. In premalignant bronchial cells (BEAS2B), 5-HPBR exhibited about a 10-fold stronger cytotoxicity than did 4-HPR. Normal CHANG liver cells were unaffected by either 4-HPR or 5-HPBR. Subsequent assays using DNA fragmentation, DAPI staining, FACS and Western blotting suggested that the potent inhibitory effect of 5-HPBR is mediated by apoptosis; the exact mechanism appears to differ among cancer cell types. In transcription assays with COS-1 cells, 5-HPBR selectively activated RARbeta and RARgamma but was a weaker ligand for all 3 subtypes of RAR than either all-trans retinoic acid or 4-HPR. Overall, these data suggest that 4-BHPR may be a promising retinoid with enhanced antitumor activity and reduced toxicity.

Novel retinoic acid derivative ABPN has potent inhibitory activity on cell growth and apoptosis in cancer cells.

Retinoids are natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A that have great promise for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. Of the retinoids developed so far, 4-(N-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR or fenretinide) appears to have the best therapeutic potential in vitro and in vivo and is currently being tested in clinical trials for cancer prevention and therapy. To develop other potentially potent antitumor agents, we synthesized 85 retinoid derivatives. In an initial screening of these synthetic retinoids using the HCT116 colon cancer cell line, we found that 4-amino-2-(butyrylamino)phenyl(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexenyl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate (ABPN or CBG41) induced the greatest growth inhibition, with an IC(50) value of 0.6 microM. Subsequent studies in other cancer cell lines indicated that ABPN was much more growth-inhibitory than all-trans retinoic acid or 4-HPR. Compared to 4-HPR, ABPN induced 5.5- to 70.0-fold more growth inhibition in most cancer cells, with the exception of gynecologic cancer cells. In these cells, the antiproliferative effect was only 1.5- to 2.8-fold more than 4-HPR. We examined the molecular mechanism underlying the difference in growth inhibition between 4-HPR and ABPN. DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, FACS and Western blotting analyses suggest that ABPN induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and -8, which may result in increased PARP cleavage. Unlike 4-HPR, ABPN activated all 3 RAR isotypes to an extent similar to AtRA. In addition, ABPN significantly inhibited AP-1 transcriptional activity and thus greatly suppressed the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase -1, -2 and -3 genes, which are involved in tumor invasion. These results suggest that ABPN may be a promising retinoid derivative offering not only enhanced cytotoxicity, but also increased inhibition of tumor invasiveness.

Potent cytotoxic effects of novel retinamide derivatives in ovarian cancer cells.

4-(N-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (also known as 4-HPR or fenretinide), a synthetic amide of all-trans retinoic acid (RA), has been implicated as a promising anticancer agent associated with reducing the toxicity related to RA. However, the low plasma levels of 4-HPR in patients limited clinical trials, leading to a search for derivatives with better efficacy. In this study, we synthesized a series of 4-HPR derivatives in good yields by introducing acetate (compound 1). propionate (2). pyruvate (3). butyrate (4). or stearate (5). to the 4-hydroxylphenyl moiety of 4-HPR. In our initial proliferation assays, we identified compound 3 as the most cytotoxic of the series against four ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3, PA-1, 2774, and SKOV-3). Dose-response curves yielded IC(50) values of 3.75-7.75 microM for AtRA, 2.80-5.50 microM for 9-cis RA, 0.65-4.05 microM for 4-HPR, and 0.25-0.75 microM for compound 3, depending on the cell type treated. Nuclear staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and DNA fragmentation assays clearly indicated that the antiproliferative effect of compound 3 was mediated by apoptosis. In contrast to natural retinoids, both 4-HPR and compound 3 activated two (RARbeta and RARgamma) of the three retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subtypes tested, but did not activate any of the three retinoid X receptors (RXRs), as determined by transcription assays in OVCAR-3 cells. However, like natural retinoids, 4-HPR and compound 3 actively suppressed c-Jun transcriptional activity. Thus, compound 3 not only showed more potent antiproliferative activity than any other retinoid derivatives tested, but also effectively inhibited the c-Jun activity that has been implicated in tumor promotion and invasion. These results, together with compound 3's selectivity for RAR subtypes, suggest that compound 3 could be an effective anticancer drug for ovarian cancer, with less toxicity than RA.

Efficacy validation of synthesized retinol derivatives In vitro: stability, toxicity, and activity.

Retinol (vitamin A) is used as an antiwrinkle agent in the cosmetics industry. However, its photo-instability makes it unsuitable for use in general cosmetic formulations. To improve the photo-stability of retinol, three derivatives (3, 4, and 5) were synthesized and their biological activities were analyzed. 1H NMR and HPLC analysis indicated that derivatives 3 and 5 were much more stable than retinol under our sunlight exposure conditions. When human adult fibroblasts were treated, the IC(50) of derivative 3 was 96 microM, which is similar to that of retinol, as determined by the MTT assay. Derivatives 4 and 5 were 2.5 and 8 times more toxic than retinol, respectively. At 1 microM treatment, like retinol, derivatives 3 and 4 were specifically active for RARalpha out of six retinoid receptors (RAR/RXRalpha, beta, gamma). Dose-dependent analysis confirmed that derivative 4 was as active as retinol and the other two derivatives were less active for RARalpha. The effect of our derivatives on the expression of collagenase, an indicator of wrinkle formation, was measured using the transient co-expression of c-Jun and RT-PCR in HaCaT cells. Collagenase promoter activity, which is increased by c-Jun expression, was reduced 42% by retinol treatment. The other derivatives inhibited collagenase promoter activity similarly. These results were further confirmed by RT-PCR analysis of the collagenase gene. Taken together, our results suggest that retinol derivative 3 is a promising antiwrinkle agent based on its higher photo-stability, lower RARalpha activity (possibly indicating reduced side effects), and similar effect on collagenase expression.