[Image-guided radiotherapy: rational, modalities and results]. / Radiothérapie guidée par l'image : pourquoi, comment et résultats.

The objective of Image-Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) is to take in account the inter- or/and intrafraction anatomic variations (organ motion and deformations) in order to improve treatment accuracy. The IGRT should therefore translate in a clinical benefit the recent advances in both tumor definition thanks to functional imaging, and dose distribution thanks to intensity modulated radiotherapy. The IGRT enables direct or indirect tumor visualization during radiation delivery. If the tumor position does not correspond with the theoretical location of target derived from planning system, the table is moved. In case of important uncertainties related to target deformation, a new planning can be discussed. IGRT is realized by different types of devices which can vary in principle and as well as in their implementation: from LINAC-integrated-kV (or MV)-Cone Beam CTs to helicoidal tomotherapy, Cyberknife and Novalis low-energy stereoscopic imaging system. These techniques led to a more rational choice of Planning Target Volume. Being recently introduced in practice, the clinical results of this technique are still limited. Nevertheless, until so far, IGRT has showed promising results with reports of minimal acute toxicity. This review describes IGRT for various tumor localizations. The dose delivered by on board imaging should be taken in account. A strong quality control is required for safety and proper prospective evaluation of the clinical benefit of IGRT.

[Conservative attitude in the treatment of closed injuries of the liver]. / Attitudes conservatrices dans le traitement des traumatismes fermés du foie.

Progress made in surgical treatment of blunt hepatic trauma (BHT) are numerous. Some procedures are sophisticated, but the best results seem to be due to conservative trends. These conservative trends are observed on one hand during the laparotomy with limited hepatectomies, and peri-hepatic packing, on the other hand in non operative management (NOM). Among 55 patients treated over a 10 years period for BHT, NOM. (18 cases) is reported: incidence of NOM increased along the period (from 3 cases on 35, to 15 cases on 20). No deaths and no complications were observed. Secondary exploration was required in three patients: no one was objectively useful. Detection of hemoperitoneum greater than 500 cc and initial blood hypotension (if well corrected by resuscitation) do not exclude this NOM.