Randomized phase II trial comparing axitinib with the combination of axitinib and lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.

Axitinib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high affinity and specificity for the family of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. It has previously demonstrated anti-tumor activity in a small cohort of patients with recurrent glioblastoma (rGB). We conducted a non-comparative randomized phase II clinical trial investigating axitinib monotherapy versus axitinib plus lomustine (LOM) in patients with rGB. Primary endpoint was 6 month progression-free survival (6mPFS). Patients who progressed on axitinib-monotherapy were allowed to cross-over. Between August 2011 and July 2015, 79 patients were randomized and initiated axitinib monotherapy (n = 50; AXI) or axitinib plus lomustine (n = 29; AXILOM). Median age was 55y [range 18-80], 50M/28F. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between study arms. Nineteen patients in the AXI-arm crossed-over at the time of progression. Treatment was generally well tolerated. AXILOM patients were at higher risk for grade 3/4 neutropenia (0 vs. 21%) and thrombocytopenia (4 vs. 29%). Best Overall Response Rate (BORR) in the AXI-arm was 28 vs. 38% in the AXILOM-arm. 6mPFS was 26% (95% CI 14-38) versus 17% (95% CI 2-32) for patients treated in the AXI versus AXILOM-arms, respectively. Median overall survival was 29 weeks (95% CI 20-38) in the AXI-arm and 27.4 weeks (95% CI 18.4-36.5) in the AXILOM-arm. MGMT-promoter hypermethylation and steroid treatment at baseline correlated significantly with PFS and OS. We conclude from these results that axitinib improves response rate and progression-free survival in patients with rGB compared to historical controls. There is no indication that upfront combination of axitinib with LOM improves results (European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT) Study Number: 2011-000900-16).

Randomized phase II study of axitinib versus physicians best alternative choice of therapy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.

We conducted a randomized, non-comparative, multi center, phase II clinical trial in order to investigate the efficacy of axitinib, an oral small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high affinity and specificity for the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma following prior treatment with radiation and temozolomide. Forty-four patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment with axitinib (5 mg BID starting dose; N = 22) or "physicians best alternative choice of therapy" that consisted of bevacizumab (N = 20) or lomustine (N = 2). Six-month progression-free survival served as the primary endpoint. The estimated 6-month progression-free survival rate was 34 % (95 % CI 14-54) for patients treated with axitinib and 28 % (95 % CI 8-48) with best alternative treatment; median overall survival was 29 and 17 weeks, respectively. Objective responses according to RANO criteria were documented in 28 % of patients treated with axitinib and 23 % of patients treated with best alternative therapy. A decrease in maximal uptake of 18F-fluoro-ethyL-tyrosine (18F-FET) by the glioblastoma on PET imaging was documented in 85 % of patients at the time of response on axitinib. Corticosteroid treatment could be stopped in four and tapered in seven out of the 15 patients who were treated with steroids at baseline in the axitinib cohort. Most frequent axitinib related grade ≥3 adverse events consisted of fatigue (9 %), diarrhea (9 %), and oral hyperesthesia (4.5 %). We conclude that axitinib has single-agent clinical activity and a manageable toxicity profile in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.

[Next generation sequencing]. / Une nouvelle technologie pour améliorer le diagnostic des cancers thyroïdiens.

Fine needle aspiration is the gold standard method to differentiate benign thyroid nodules from malignant. However, for 15 to 30% of the cases the cytological diagnosis is indeterminate, leading to surgery. Integration of new molecular markers is opening new perspectives in order to increase the diagnostic precision of thyroid nodules with an indeterminate cytology.

La méthode diagnostique de référence pour différencier les nodules thyroïdiens bénins des nodules malins est la ponction écho-guidée à l'aiguille fine. Cependant dans 15 à 30 % des cas le diagnostic cytologique est indéterminé, menant à une intervention chirurgicale. L'intégration de nouveaux marqueurs moléculaires nous ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour augmenter la précision diagnostique des nodules thyroïdiens de diagnostic cytologique indéterminé.

[How molecular biology can improve the clinical diagnosis of gliomas?] / Comment la biologie moléculaire améliore le diagnostic clinique des gliomes?

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and include different diagnoses associated with a different prognosis. Histology remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of these tumors. However, pathologists may encounter diagnostic difficulties due to tumor heterogeneity or to the small size of the samples. Recently, major advances in discovery of molecular alterations of these cancers have led to the development of new molecular markers, some with a diagnostic role, others with a prognostic impact and / or predictive of therapeutic response. The testing of different molecular alterations such as 1p / 19q codeletion, mutations of IDH genes, p16 deletion, EGFR amplification or MGMT promoter methylation has been included in the daily practice in order to confirm the diagnosis, assess the patient prognosis and guide treatment choices.

Les gliomes représentent les tumeurs cérébrales primitives les plus fréquentes et regroupent différentes entités au pronostic très différent. L'examen anatomopathologique est le gold standard pour le diagnostic de ces tumeurs. Cependant, les pathologistes peuvent rencontrer des difficultés diagnostiques dues, entre autres, à l'hétérogénéité tumorale ou à la petite taille des prélèvements. Nous avons assisté, ces dernières années, à des avancées majeures dans la découverte des altérations moléculaires de ces cancers, ce qui a mené au développement de nouveaux marqueurs moléculaires, certains avec un rôle diagnostique, d'autres avec un impact pronostique et/ou prédictif de la réponse thérapeutique. Dans la pratique quotidienne, il est donc devenu utile de tester la présence de différentes altérations moléculaires telles que la codélétion 1p/19q, les mutations des gènes IDH, la délétion du gène CDKN2A/p16, l'amplification du gène EGFR ou la méthylation du promoteur du gène MGMT, afin de confirmer le diagnostic, d'évaluer le pronostic des patients ainsi que d'orienter les choix thérapeutiques.

IGF-IR: a new prognostic biomarker for human glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most common malignant primary brain tumours in adults and are refractory to conventional therapy, including surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is a complex network that includes ligands (IGFI and IGFII), receptors (IGF-IR and IGF-IIR) and high-affinity binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6). Many studies have reported a role for the IGF system in the regulation of tumour cell biology. However, the role of this system remains unclear in GBMs. METHODS: We investigate the prognostic value of both the IGF ligands' and receptors' expression in a cohort of human GBMs. Tissue microarray and image analysis were conducted to quantitatively analyse the immunohistochemical expression of these proteins in 218 human GBMs. RESULTS: Both IGF-IR and IGF-IIR were overexpressed in GBMs compared with normal brain (P<10(-4) and P=0.002, respectively). Moreover, with regard to standard clinical factors, IGF-IR positivity was identified as an independent prognostic factor associated with shorter survival (P=0.016) and was associated with a less favourable response to temozolomide. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that IGF-IR could be an interesting target for GBM therapy.