Promoting meaningful and positive nature interactions for visitors to green spaces.

The increasing alienation of people from nature is profoundly concerning because people's interactions with nature affect well-being, affinity for nature, and support of biodiversity conservation. Efforts to restore or enhance people's interactions with nature are, therefore, important to ensure sustainable human and wildlife communities, but little is known about how this can be achieved. A key factor that shapes the way people interact with nature is their affinity for nature (often measured as nature relatedness [NR]). We explored how using cues to experience nature as a means to induce NR situationally can influence the quality of people's nature interactions on visits to green spaces and their positive affect after the visit. Cues to experience are cues that guide individuals on how to interact with nature. We surveyed 1023 visitors to a nature reserve to examine the relationships between trait (i.e., stable and long-lasting) and state (i.e., temporary, brief) NR, the quality of nature interactions, and positive affect. We also conducted a controlled experiment in which 303 participants spent 30 min outdoors on campus and reported the quality of their nature interactions and positive affect. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 9 cues-to-experience experimental groups (e.g., smell flowers, observe wildlife, turn off your phone) that differed in the psychological distance from nature that they prompted. Participants who received cues of close psychological distance from nature (e.g., smell and touch natural elements) interacted 3 to 4 times more with nature and reported 0.2 more positive affect than other participants. Our results demonstrate that providing cues to experience nature, which bring people closer to nature and potentially induce state NR, can enhance the quality of people's nature interactions and their positive affect. These results highlight the role of NR in high-quality nature interactions and suggest the use of cues to experience as a promising avenue for inducing state NR and promoting meaningful interactions with biodiversity, thus, reconciling conservation and well-being objectives.

Fomento a las Interacciones Significativas y Positivas con la Naturaleza para los Visitantes a las Áreas Verdes Resumen El creciente distanciamiento entre las personas y la naturaleza genera una preocupación seria, pues las interacciones entre las personas y la naturaleza afectan al bienestar, la afinidad por la naturaleza y al apoyo para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Por lo tanto, los esfuerzos por restaurar o mejorar las interacciones entre las personas y la naturaleza son importantes para asegurar la existencia de comunidades sustentables de humanos y fauna. A pesar de esto, se conoce muy poco sobre cómo se puede lograr lo anterior. Un factor clave que define la manera en la que las personas interactúan con la naturaleza es su afinidad por la misma (la cual se mide generalmente como vínculo con la naturaleza [VN]). Exploramos cómo el uso de las pautas para experimentar la naturaleza como los medios para inducir el VN circunstancial puede influir sobre la calidad de las interacciones entre las personas y la naturaleza durante sus visitas a áreas verdes y el efecto positivo posterior a estas visitas. Las pautas experimentales son pautas que guían a los individuos sobre cómo deben interactuar con la naturaleza. Encuestamos a 1023 visitantes en una reserva natural para examinar las relaciones entre el rasgo (es decir, estable y de larga duración) y el estado (es decir, temporal, breve) del VN, la calidad de las interacciones con la naturaleza y el efecto positivo. También realizamos un experimento controlado en el cual 303 participantes pasaron 30 minutos en el exterior y reportaron la calidad de sus interacciones con la naturaleza y del efecto positivo. Los participantes fueron asignados al azar a uno de los nueve grupos de pautas experimentales (p. ej.: oler flores, observar fauna, apagar su teléfono celular) cuya diferencia era el distanciamiento psicológico con la naturaleza que pautaba. Los participantes que recibieron pautas de distancia psicológica próxima a la naturaleza (p. ej.: oler y tocar elementos naturales) interactuaron 3-4 veces más con la naturaleza y reportaron un efecto 0.2 más positivo que los demás participantes. Nuestros resultados demuestran que el fomento de pautas para experiencias con la naturaleza, las cuales acercan a las personas con la naturaleza y tienen el potencial para inducir un estado VN, pueden mejorar la calidad de las interacciones que tienen las personas con la naturaleza y su efecto positivo. Estos resultados resaltan el papel del VN en las interacciones de alta calidad con la naturaleza y sugieren que el uso de pautas exerimentale es una vía prometedora para inducir el estado VN y promover las interacciones significativas con la biodiversidad, reconciliando así a la conservación con los objetivos de bienestar.

It takes two to self-disclose: Incremental theorists facilitate others' self-disclosure more than do entity theorists.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the prediction that incremental theorists are more likely to facilitate others' self-disclosure than are entity theorists. METHOD: We conducted three studies: (a) a field study that examined client's self-disclosure (N = 122; Mage  = 41.9, 67.8% woman; Israelis) during an intake interview with a professional therapist (N = 38; Mage  = 46.2, 84.20% woman; Israelis), (b) a survey of adults (N = 120; Mage  = 37.14, 57.6% female) who reported self-perceptions and behaviors during conversations and their perceptions of others' self-disclosure. In both studies participants reported their implicit theories, and (c) an experiment (N = 250; Mage  = 28.27, 56.6% female) in which participants whose implicit theories were manipulated reported their opening behaviors during a conversation and their perceptions of others' self-disclosure. RESULTS: Ones' incremental theory of personality was positively related to another's self-disclosure, to one's opening and disclosure-encouraging behaviors, and was negatively related to one's perceptions of others' self-protection tendency. Furthermore, one's opening behaviors and perceptions of others' self-protection tendencies mediated the effect of one's incremental theory on others' self-disclosure. CONCLUSION: Those who believe people can grow and change, can influence others to trust their personal information with them, even when the information is negative.

Who Do I (Dis)Trust and Monitor for Ethical Misconduct? Status, Power, and the Structural Paradox.

A wealth of research documents the critical role of trust for social exchange and cooperative behavior. The ability to inspire trust in others can often be elusive, and distrust can have adverse interpersonal and ethical consequences. Drawing from the literature on social hierarchy and interpersonal judgments, the current research explores the predictive role of a structural paradox between high power and low status in identifying the actors most likely to be distrusted and monitored for ethical misconduct. Across four studies and an internal meta-analysis, we found that the structural paradox was associated with distrust-related judgments and behaviors. In Study 1, high power-low status actors were judged as less trustworthy. In Studies 2 and 3, high power-low status actors were sent less money in a trust game, an effect fully mediated by feelings of dislike. Study 4 revealed that high power-low status actors were more likely to be monitored for cheating, an effect partially mediated by trust judgments. These findings contribute to business ethics research by identifying the structural paradox of high power-low status as a salient contextual influence impacting observers' distrust and monitoring dynamics. Implications for reducing observers' level of distrust of high power-low status actors are discussed.

Using Personal Values to Understand the Motivational Basis of Amity Goal Orientation.

Values are broad motivations that can serve as the basis for goals. We propose that values can be used to understand the motivational basis of amity goal orientation, a prosocial goal orientation within achievement situations. We offer theory and empirical evidence relating personal values to amity goal orientation and other achievement goal orientations. Specifically, the results of three studies and a mini meta-analysis suggest that the prosocial value of benevolence is positively related to amity goal orientation and can be interpreted as the motivational basis of amity goal orientation. Furthermore, power values are positively related to performance-approach goal orientation; self-direction values are positively related to mastery goal orientation, and security values are positively related to performance-avoidance goal orientation. These findings can explain the pattern of correlations previously found among achievement goal orientations, and open up the potential for new research on amity goal orientation as well as other value-based achievement goal orientations.

Pro-Social Goals in Achievement Situations: Amity Goal Orientation Enhances the Positive Effects of Mastery Goal Orientation.

Research has neglected the utility of pro-social goals within achievement situations. In this article, four studies demonstrate that amity goal orientation, promoting mutual success of oneself together with others, enhances the utility of mastery goal orientation. We demonstrate this in longitudinally predicting performance (Studies 1 and 2) and in maintaining motivation after a disappointing performance (Studies 3 and 4). The studies demonstrate the same interaction effect in academic and in work achievement contexts. Specifically, whereas amity goal orientation did not predict achievement on its own, it enhanced the positive effect of mastery goal orientation. Together, these studies establish the importance of amity goal orientation while also advancing our understanding of the effects of other achievement goal orientations. We suggest future directions in examining the utility of amity goals in other contexts.

Negative Self-Disclosure on the Web: The Role of Guilt Relief.

In this paper, we suggest people use anonymous online forums as platforms for self-disclosing actions they feel guilty about-such as transgressions and unethical behaviors-with the goal of achieving guilt relief through others' reactions. We support this proposition by analyzing field data extracted from Yahoo Answers, an online question-and-answer website. Our analysis shows the level of guilt relief an answer is expected to offer the "asker" (the self-disclosing person) is positively associated with the asker's likelihood of selecting that answer as the "best" response to the self-disclosure. Furthermore, following receipt of a guilt-relieving answer, an asker becomes less likely to engage in prosocial behavior, which is another type of guilt-relieving action.