Identification of key lipid metabolism-related genes in Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents profound degenerative conditions of the brain that cause significant deterioration in memory and cognitive function. Despite extensive research on the significant contribution of lipid metabolism to AD progression, the precise mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Hence, this study aimed to identify key differentially expressed lipid metabolism-related genes (DELMRGs) in AD progression. METHODS: Comprehensive analyses were performed to determine key DELMRGs in AD compared to controls in GSE122063 dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus. Additionally, the ssGSEA algorithm was utilized for estimating immune cell levels. Subsequently, correlations between key DELMRGs and each immune cell were calculated specifically in AD samples. The key DELMRGs expression levels were validated via two external datasets. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was utilized for deriving associated pathways of key DELMRGs. Additionally, miRNA-TF regulatory networks of the key DELMRGs were constructed using the miRDB, NetworkAnalyst 3.0, and Cytoscape software. Finally, based on key DELMRGs, AD samples were further segmented into two subclusters via consensus clustering, and immune cell patterns and pathway differences between the two subclusters were examined. RESULTS: Seventy up-regulated and 100 down-regulated DELMRGs were identified. Subsequently, three key DELMRGs (DLD, PLPP2, and PLAAT4) were determined utilizing three algorithms [(i) LASSO, (ii) SVM-RFE, and (iii) random forest]. Specifically, PLPP2 and PLAAT4 were up-regulated, while DLD exhibited downregulation in AD cerebral cortex tissue. This was validated in two separate external datasets (GSE132903 and GSE33000). The AD group exhibited significantly altered immune cell composition compared to controls. In addition, GSEA identified various pathways commonly associated with three key DELMRGs. Moreover, the regulatory network of miRNA-TF for key DELMRGs was established. Finally, significant differences in immune cell levels and several pathways were identified between the two subclusters. CONCLUSION: This study identified DLD, PLPP2, and PLAAT4 as key DELMRGs in AD progression, providing novel insights for AD prevention/treatment.

The effect of periodic ketogenic diet on newly diagnosed overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The ketogenic diet (KD) is characterized by fat as a substitute of carbohydrates for the primary energy source. There is a large number of overweight or obese people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while this study aims to observe periodic ketogenic diet for effect on overweight or obese patients newly diagnosed as T2DM. METHODS: A total of 60 overweight or obese patients newly diagnosed as T2DM were randomized into two groups: KD group, which was given ketogenic diet, and control group, which was given routine diet for diabetes, 30 cases in each group. Both dietary patterns lasted 12 weeks, and during the period, the blood glucose, blood lipid, body weight, insulin, and uric acid before and after intervention, as well as the significance for relevant changes, were observed. RESULTS: For both groups, the weight, BMI(body mass index), Waist, TG (triglyceride), TC(cholesterol), LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), HDL (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), FBG (fasting glucose), FINS (fasting insulin), HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) were decreased after intervention (P < 0.05), while the decrease rates in the KD group was more significant than the control group. However, UA(serum uric acid) in the KD group showed an upward trend, while in the control group was not changed significantly (P > 0.05).The willingness to adhere to the ketogenic diet over the long term was weaker than to the routine diet for diabetes. CONCLUSION: Among the overweight or obese patients newly diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus, periodic ketogenic diet can not only control the body weight, but also control blood glucose and lipid, but long-term persistence is difficult.

Effects of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids on cognitive impairment: evidence from Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Prior observational studies have suggested correlations between saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) with cognitive function. However, causal relationships remains unclear. METHODS: We assessed the causal impact of two SFAs (palmitic acid [PA] and stearic acid [SA]) and two MUFAs (oleic acid [OA] and palmitoleic acid [POA]) on cognitive function-related traits, and dementia-related traits by univariable Mendelian randomization (UVMR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analyses. RESULTS: UVMR indicated ß of 0.060 (P = 4.05E-06) for cognitive performance score and 0.066 (P = 4.21E-04) for fluid intelligence per standard deviation (SD) increase in OA level. MVMR indicated: (i) ß of -0.608 (P = 8.37E-05) for fluid intelligence score per SD increase in POA; (ii) ß of 0.074 (P = 0.018) for fluid intelligence score per SD increase in OA; (iii) ß of 0.029 (P = 0.033) for number of incorrect matches in round per SD increase in PA; and (iv) ß of 0.039 (P = 0.032) for number of incorrect matches in round per SD increase in SA. In addition, a secondary MVMR analysis after excluding the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids suggested that: (i) ß of -0.043 (P = 1.97E-02) for cognitive performance score per SD increase in PA and (ii) ß of -0.079 (P = 1.79E-03) for cognitive performance score per SD increase in SA. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, UVMR and MVMR suggest that OA may be beneficial for cognitive function, while POA, PA, and SA may have detrimental effects on cognitive function.

Association of serum n-3 and n-6 docosapentaenoic acids with cognitive performance in elderly adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014.

Limited information exists on the influence of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) on cognitive function. We investigated the association between serum n-3 and n-6 DPAs and cognitive performance in an elderly population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014. Restricted cubic spline and logistic regression analyses were utilized. A total of 1,366 older participants were included. Elevated proportions of DPA(n3) in total serum fatty acids were slightly associated with higher DSST scores (OR 0.61, 95% CI (0.38-0.97)), and higher proportions of DPA(n6) in total serum fatty acids were significantly associated with lower scores on different cognitive tests (CERAD (1.64, 1.02-2.65), AFT (2.31, 1.43- 3.75), DSST (3.21, 1.98-5.22) and global cognition (2.85, 1.74-4.66)). After multivariable adjustment, DPA(n3) exhibited no association with cognitive performance, whereas DPA(n6) remained correlated with AFT (1.98, 1.13-3.48), DSST (2.63, 1.43-4.82) and global cognition (2.15, 1.19-3.90). In stratified analyses, higher levels of DPA(n3) were associated with better performance in CERAD among participants aged ≥70, in DSST among those without diabetes and in global cognition among people with lower incomes. Increased DPA(n6) levels were associated with worse performance in AFT and DSST among those aged 60-70 and in all cognitive tests among those with better incomes. In conclusions, elevated levels of serum DPA(n3) may be beneficial for cognitive performance among elderly adults, especially in those over 70 years, with lower incomes and without diabetes. Serum n-6 DPA might be negatively associated with cognitive function, and this association is more pronounced among those who aged 60-70 with higher incomes.

Causal relationship between particulate matter 2.5 and infectious diseases: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Previous observational studies suggested a correlation between particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and infectious diseases, but causality remained uncertain. This study utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate causal relationships between PM2.5 concentrations and various infectious diseases (COVID-19 infection, hospitalized COVID-19, very severe COVID-19, urinary tract infection, bacterial pneumonia, and intestinal infection). Methods: Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was the primary method for evaluating causal associations. For significant causal estimates, multiple sensitivity tests were further performed: (i) three additional MR methods (MR-Egger, weighted median, and maximum likelihood method) for supplementing IVW; (ii) Cochrane's Q test for assessing heterogeneity; (iii) MR-Egger intercept test and MR-PRESSO global test for evaluating horizontal pleiotropy; (iv) leave-one-out sensitivity test for determining the stability. Results: PM2.5 concentration significantly increased the risk of hospitalized COVID-19 (OR = 1.91, 95 % CI: 1.06-3.45, P = 0.032) and very severe COVID-19 (OR = 3.29, 95 % CI: 1.48-7.35, P = 3.62E-03). However, no causal effect was identified for PM2.5 concentration on other infectious diseases (P > 0.05). Furthermore, various sensitivity tests demonstrated the reliability of significant causal relationships. Conclusions: Overall, lifetime elevated PM2.5 concentration increases the risk of hospitalized COVID-19 and very severe COVID-19. Therefore, controlling air pollution may help mitigate COVID-19 progression.

Causal Association Between Sepsis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous observational studies suggested an association between sepsis and neurodegenerative diseases, but causality remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: Determining the causal association between sepsis and four neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Lewy body dementia) through bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS: Genome-wide association study summary statistics for all traits were obtained from publicly available databases. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was the primary method for evaluating causal associations. In addition, three additional MR methods (MR-Egger, weighted median, and maximum likelihood method) were employed to supplement IVW. Furthermore, various sensitivity tests were conducted to assess the reliability: 1) Cochrane's Q test for assessing heterogeneity; 2) MR-Egger intercept test and MR-PRESSO global test for evaluating horizontal pleiotropy; 3) leave-one-out sensitivity test for determining the stability. RESULTS: The results of IVW indicated that sepsis significantly increased the risk of Alzheimer's disease (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01-1.21, p = 0.025). In addition, three additional MR methods suggested parallel results. However, no causal effect of sepsis on the three other neurodegenerative diseases was identified. Subsequently, reverse MR analysis indicated that the four neurodegenerative diseases do not causally affect sepsis. Furthermore, sensitivity tests demonstrated the reliability of the MR analyses, suggesting no heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. CONCLUSIONS: The present study contributes to a deeper comprehension of the intricate interplay between sepsis and neurodegenerative disorders, thereby offering potential avenues for the development of therapeutic agents that can effectively mitigate the multifarious complications associated with sepsis.

Identification of key genes as potential diagnostic biomarkers in sepsis by bioinformatics analysis.

Background: Sepsis, an infection-triggered inflammatory syndrome, poses a global clinical challenge with limited therapeutic options. Our study is designed to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers of sepsis onset in critically ill patients by bioinformatics analysis. Methods: Gene expression profiles of GSE28750 and GSE74224 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. These datasets were merged, normalized and de-batched. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed and the gene modules most associated with sepsis were identified as key modules. Functional enrichment analysis of the key module genes was then conducted. Moreover, differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was conducted by the "limma" R package. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was created using STRING and Cytoscape, and PPI hub genes were identified with the cytoHubba plugin. The PPI hub genes overlapping with the genes in key modules of WGCNA were determined to be the sepsis-related key genes. Subsequently, the key overlapping genes were validated in an external independent dataset and sepsis patients recruited in our hospital. In addition, CIBERSORT analysis evaluated immune cell infiltration and its correlation with key genes. Results: By WGCNA, the greenyellow module showed the highest positive correlation with sepsis (0.7, p = 2e - 19). 293 DEGs were identified in the merged datasets. The PPI network was created, and the CytoHubba was used to calculate the top 20 genes based on four algorithms (Degree, EPC, MCC, and MNC). Ultimately, LTF, LCN2, ELANE, MPO and CEACAM8 were identified as key overlapping genes as they appeared in the PPI hub genes and the key module genes of WGCNA. These sepsis-related key genes were validated in an independent external dataset (GSE131761) and sepsis patients recruited in our hospital. Additionally, the immune infiltration profiles differed significantly between sepsis and non-sepsis critical illness groups. Correlations between immune cells and these five key genes were assessed, revealing that plasma cells, macrophages M0, monocytes, T cells regulatory, eosinophils and NK cells resting were simultaneously and significantly associated with more than two key genes. Conclusion: This study suggests a critical role of LTF, LCN2, ELANE, MPO and CEACAM8 in sepsis and may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of sepsis.

Hippocampal volume reduction in elderly patients at risk for postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

PURPOSE: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a formidable public health issue, which would not only affect the quality of life among elderly patients but also lead to pulmonary infection and increased mortality. While, there is a lack of an effective indicator in predicting POCD. As one pivotal part of the limbic system in brain, hippocampus is associated with cognitive function. Hippocampal atrophy could indicate the degree of changes in cognitive function. METHODS: Forty-one ASA II or III patients (23 male, 18 female) aged ≥65 years undergoing open gastrointestinal tract surgery were enrolled in this study. MRI was performed to measure the volume of hippocampal formation before surgery and the results were standardized according to individual intracranial volume. All patients underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests including sensitive tests on the Wechsler adult memory scale and Wechsler adult intelligence scale, trail making test and the grooved pegboard test. We used the Z score to identify POCD as recommended by ISPOCD. All patients were then divided into POCD group and non-POCD group according to the results of the neuropsychological tests. The results of the tests were correlated with the volume of hippocampal formation measured by MRI. The value of MRI measurement of hippocampal volume in predicting POCD was analyzed. Multivariate linear correlation analyses of compositive Z score using potential contributing factors such as age, duration of anesthesia, education and hippocampal volume was carried out. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients completed the whole battery of neuropsychological tests after surgery. Thirteen of the 36 patients were found to have POCD (36 %) on the postoperative 4th day. The hippocampal volume was significantly smaller in POCD group (4.75 ± 0.23) than in non-POCD group (5.06 ± 0.31). Hippocampal volume had great influence on Z score, and had negative correlation with Z score. CONCLUSION: The MRI measurement of hippocampal volume is suggested to be valuable as a predictor of POCD in the elderly.

Effects of a two meals-a-day ketogenic diet on newly diagnosed obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective observational study.

To investigate the effects of a two-meals-a-day energy-restricted ketogenic diet (KD) on newly diagnosed obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In total, 60 obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into 2 groups: 1 group followed a 2-meals-a-day KD and the other group followed a conventional diabetic diet. Changes in weight, blood glucose, blood lipids, insulin resistance, and uric acid levels were observed before and after 2 months of adhering to the respective diets under energy restriction. Both groups showed significant reductions in weight, waist circumference, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and glycated hemoglobin (P < .05). The twice-daily KD group showed more significant improvements in these parameters compared to the conventional diabetic diet group. In addition, the 2-meals-a-day KD group showed a slight increase in uric acid levels compared to the conventional diabetic diet control group (P < .05). The 2-meals-a-day KD can significantly improve weight, blood glucose, and lipid control in newly diagnosed obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Carnosic acid inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by targeting both priming and assembly steps.

Carnosic acid (CA) is a polyphenolic diterpene from rosemary extract with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Numerous reports have focused on its anti-tumor ability, while the exact mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammation remains unclear. Here, we have identified that CA is a potent inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro and in vivo. CA not only reduces NLRP3 expression by blocking NF-κB activation, but also inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation by suppressing mitochondrial ROS production and interrupting NLRP3-NEK7 interaction. Furthermore, in mouse models, CA alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute systemic inflammation and MSU-induced peritonitis via NLRP3. Taken together, our data demonstrated the inhibitory effect of CA on NLRP3 inflammasome and pointed out the potential application of CA in the treatment of NLRP3-driven diseases.

Lyn attenuates sepsis-associated acute kidney injury by inhibition of phospho-STAT3 and apoptosis.

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is a life-threatening condition associated with high mortality and morbidity. However, the underlying pathogenesis of SA-AKI is still unclear. Lyn belongs to Src family kinases (SFKs), which exert numerous biological functions including modulation in receptor-mediated intracellular signaling and intercellular communication. Previous studies demonstrated that Lyn gene deletion obviously aggravates LPS-induced lung inflammation, but the role and possible mechanism of Lyn in SA-AKI have not been reported yet. Here, we found that Lyn protected against renal tubular injury in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced AKI mouse model by inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation and cell apoptosis. Moreover, Lyn agonist MLR-1023 pretreatment improved renal function, inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and decreased cell apoptosis. Thus, Lyn appears to play a crucial role in orchestrating STAT3-mediated inflammation and cell apoptosis in SA-AKI. Hence, Lyn kinase may be a promising therapeutic target for SA-AKI.

[Neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios for assessing disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving tofacitinib treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) for assessing disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with tofacitinib. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted among 98 RA patients in active stage treated with tofacitinib in Third Xiangya Hospital and 100 healthy control subjects from the Health Management Center of the hospital from 2019 to 2021. We collected blood samples from all the participants for measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other blood parameters 1 month before and 6 months after tofacitinib treatment. We further evaluated PLR and NLR before and after tofacitinib treatment in the RA patients, and analyzed their correlations with RA disease activity. RESULTS: PLR and NLR increased significantly in RA patients as compared with the healthy controls. In the RA patients, PLR and NLR were positively correlated with the levels of hs- CRP, ESR, IL- 6, Disease Activity Score of 28 joints-ESR (DAS28-ESR), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) before and after tofacitinib treatment. Tofacitinib treatment for 6 months significantly decreased hs-CRP, ESR, IL-6, CCP, RF and DAS28-ESR levels in the RA patients. CONCLUSION: NLR and PLR can be useful biomarkers for assessing disease activity in RA patients treated with tofacitinib.

Commonly expressed key transcriptomic profiles of sepsis in the human circulation and brain via integrated analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is the leading cause of death in intensive care units and is characterized by multiple organ failure, including dysfuction of the immune system and brain. This study aims to determine the differential effect of sepsis on specific circulating immune cell subsets compared with brain transcriptome and identify the genes co-expressed by them, so as to identify key genes and regulatory factors involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis induced brain injury and identify novel therapeutic targets. METHODS: The GSE133822 and GSE135838 datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and utilized for bioinformatics analyses. Functional enrichment analysis was used to identify commonly expressed genes that were differentially expressed between sepsis patients and non-sepsis patients with critical illness; protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were also generated. Then, key transcriptomic biomarkers were further validated in an external dataset from the GEO. We also investigated the expression of key mRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from sepsis patients by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and an in-vitro model stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was generated in brain cell lines. RESULTS: The transcriptomic profiles of brain tissue were relatively similar as those of specific immune cells. In addition, our validation showed that these key genes were up regulated both in PBMCs in sepsis patients and LPS-treated brain cells. CONCLUSION: Brain injury in sepsis was correlated with circulating immune responses, and the expression of DEFA3, MMP8, MMP9 and LCN2 might be potential diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic target in septic brain dysfunction.

Src Family Kinases: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Acute Kidney Injury.

Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases and play a key role in regulating signal transduction. The mechanism of SFKs in various tumors has been widely studied, and there are more and more studies on its role in the kidney. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a disease with complex pathogenesis, including oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. In addition, fibrosis has a significant impact on the progression of AKI to developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mortality rate of this disease is very high, and there is no effective treatment drug at present. In recent years, some studies have found that SFKs, especially Src, Fyn, and Lyn, are involved in the pathogenesis of AKI. In this paper, the structure, function, and role of SFKs in AKI are discussed. SFKs play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of AKI, making them promising molecular targets for the treatment of AKI.

NU9056, a KAT 5 Inhibitor, Treatment Alleviates Brain Dysfunction by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation, Affecting Gut Microbiota, and Derived Metabolites in LPS-Treated Mice.

Background: The pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is complicated, while the efficacy of current treatment technologies is poor. Therefore, the discovery of related targets and the development of new drugs are essential. Methods: A mouse model of SAE was constructed by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS treatment of microglia was used to build an in vitro model of inflammation. Nine-day survival rates, behavioral testing, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemical (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and ELISA were performed. The expression levels of Occludin, Claudin 5, NLRP3, caspase-1, and ASC genes and proteins were detected by RT-qPCR or Western blot. Caspase-1 P10 (Casp-1 P10) protein expression was detected. 16S rDNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) were used to analyze the gut microbiota and metabolism. Flow cytometric experiment and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay were performed. Results: NU9056 improved the survival rate of mice and alleviated LPS-induced cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression in vivo. The tight junctions were thickened via NU9056 treatment. Further, the mRNAs and proteins expression levels of Occludin and Claudin 5 were up-regulated by NU9056. NU9056 increased the expression level of DCX. The expression levels of Iba-1, NLRP3, IL-1ß, ASC, and Casp-1 P10 were down-regulated by NU9056. The composition of the gut microbiota changed. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes data predicted that the effects of NU9056 might be related to apoptosis and tight junction pathways. NU9056 up-regulated the concentration of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. NU9056 significantly reduced LPS-induced apoptosis of microglia, the average fluorescence intensity of ROS, and the release of IL-1ß and IL-18, while improving cell viability in vitro. Conclusions: NU9056 might effectively alleviate LPS-induced cognitive impairment and emotional disorder in experimental mice by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. The therapeutic effects may be related to gut microbiota and derived metabolites. NU9056 might be a potential drug of SAE prevention.

Tyrosine phosphorylation of NLRP3 by the Src family kinase Lyn suppresses the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

In response to microbes and other danger signals, the NLRP3 inflammasome in immune cells triggers the activation of the protease caspase-1, which mediates the maturation of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß. Here, we investigated how the NLRP3 inflammasome is regulated. We found that its activation in primary mouse macrophages induced the Src family kinase Lyn to phosphorylate NLRP3 at Tyr918, which correlated with a subsequent increase in its ubiquitination that facilitated its proteasome-mediated degradation. NLRP3 tyrosine phosphorylation and ubiquitination was abrogated in Lyn-deficient macrophages, which produced increased amounts of IL-1ß. Furthermore, mice lacking Lyn were more susceptible to LPS-induced septic shock in an NLRP3-dependent manner. Our data demonstrate that Lyn-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation is a prerequisite for the ubiquitination that dampens NLRP3 inflammasome activity.

Sequential ubiquitination of NLRP3 by RNF125 and Cbl-b limits inflammasome activation and endotoxemia.

Aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to the development of endotoxemia. The importance of negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasomes remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b is essential for preventing endotoxemia induced by a sub-lethal dose of LPS via a caspase-11/NLRP3-dependent manner. Further studies show that NLRP3 undergoes both K63- and K48-linked polyubiquitination. Cbl-b binds to the K63-ubiquitin chains attached to the NLRP3 leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) via its ubiquitin-associated region (UBA) and then targets NLRP3 at K496 for K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. We also identify RNF125 as an additional E3 ubiquitin ligase that initiates K63-linked ubiquitination of the NLRP3 LRR domain. Therefore, NLRP3 is sequentially ubiquitinated by K63- and K48-linked ubiquitination, thus keeping the NLRP3 inflammasomes in check and restraining endotoxemia.

Regulation of C-Type Lectin Receptor-Mediated Antifungal Immunity.

Of all the pathogen recognition receptor families, C-type lectin receptor (CLR)-induced intracellular signal cascades are indispensable for the initiation and regulation of antifungal immunity. Ongoing experiments over the last decade have elicited diverse CLR functions and novel regulatory mechanisms of CLR-mediated-signaling pathways. In this review, we highlight novel insights in antifungal innate and adaptive-protective immunity mediated by CLRs and discuss the potential therapeutic strategies against fungal infection based on targeting the mediators in the host immune system.

Insight into the significant roles of microstructures and functional groups on carbonaceous surfaces for acetone adsorption.

To understand the roles of pore structures and functional groups on acetone adsorption, activated carbons (ACs) with different properties were obtained by surface modification. XRD, SEM, TEM and nitrogen adsorption were used to identify the structural characteristics of the ACs, while TG-DTA, FTIR, XPS and Boehm titration were applied to analyse the surface chemistries. The microporous surface areas showed a positive linear correlation to the acetone adsorption amounts, and increasing the carboxylic groups could improve the uptake of strongly adsorbed acetone. HNO3 modified AC (AC-N) was found to exhibit an excellent adsorption capacity of 5.49 mmol g-1, which might be attributed to the developed microporous structures and abundant carboxylic groups. The desorption activation energies (E d) of strongly adsorbed acetone on AC-N and AC were both determined to be 81.6 kJ mol-1, indicating the same adsorption sites on different activated carbons, suspected to be carboxylic groups. The possible adsorption mechanism of acetone on carbonaceous surfaces was also proposed.