Knockdown of TRIM22 Relieves Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammation Through Inhibition of NF-κB/NLRP3 Axis.

Tripartite motif-containing 22 (TRIM22) has been documented to participate in numerous cellular activities during human diseases. However, whether TRIM22 is involved in the regulation of neuronal survival during the progression of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains unknown. In the present study, treatment of HCN-2 cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) markedly upregulated TRIM22 expression. A significant increase in TRIM22 expression was observed in the ischemic cortex tissues from middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion mice. OGD/R inhibited the viability and induced the apoptosis of HCN-2 cells, which was accompanied by an increase in caspase-3 activity and an increase in LDH release. Furthermore, OGD/R increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as evidenced by increases in NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain and cleaved caspase-1 expression and caspase-1 activity. However, these changes induced by OGD/R were blocked by silencing of TRIM22. In addition, TRIM22 regulated NF-κB activity in HCN-2 cells undergoing OGD/R stimulation. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-κB by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibited OGD/R-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HCN-2 cells. Taken together, silencing of TRIM22 protects neurons against OGD/R-induced apoptosis and inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect of TRIM22 knockdown was the consequence of inhibition of NF-κB/NLRP3 axis. TRIM22 may be a potential target for treating cerebral I/R injury.

ETS-domain containing protein (Elk1) suppression protects cortical neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation injury.

ETS-domain containing protein (Elk1), which is a transcription factor, is reported to be closely related to the apoptosis of primary neurons and could be activated by hypoxia in human microvascular endothelial cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Elk1 in cortical neurons under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions. The OGD model of cortical neurons was established the anoxia/hypoglycemia-induced injury and the in vivo model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Elk1 mRNA and protein expression was significantly up-regulated in neurons exposed to OGD for 24 h, and mRNA expression was also markedly increased in cerebral cortex of rats with MCAO after 10 days. The knockdown of Elk1 in neurons without OGD obviously constrained Fra-1 and promoted Nrf2 expression. Also, Elk1 inhibition suppressed neuronal apoptosis, caspase-3 activity, LDH leakage, and MDA and SOD contents, while it increased cell viability in the neurons with OGD. The overexpression of Fra-1 showed a reverse effect on caspase-3 activity, cell viability and SOD contents in neurons under OGD conditions compared with Elk1 knockdown. Thus, Elk1 inhibition has a protective effect on neurons against OGD-induced injury.

Resection of suprasellar meningioma through interhemispheric approach.

The present study aims to discuss the value and the effect of resection of suprasellar meningioma through the interhemispheric approach. Twenty-nine cases of patients with suprasellar meningioma diagnosed through enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scans and postoperative histopathologic examination underwent resection of tumors (the largest diameter ranged from 3 cm to 6 cm) by the microsurgical technique of small bone window (about 5 cm × 6 cm) through the interhemispheric approach. Among all cases, 25 (86%) (Simpson I, II) were of total resection of tumors and 4 were of subtotal resection of tumors. Moreover, along all cases, 19 were of improved vision and view, 2 of postoperative diabetes insipidus, and 1 of electrolyte imbalance. No operative death occurred. The small bone window interhemispheric approach can be used to expose tumors, lightly stretch brain tissues, reduce the incidence of complications, and improve the total resection rate of tumors of patients with sellae meningiomas growing forward, upward, and into the sella.

Minimally-invasive aspiration and drainage for management of traumatic epidural hematoma straddling transverse sinus.

AIMS: To investigate the therapeutic effect of minimally-invasive aspiration and drainage in traumatic epidural hematoma straddling transverse sinus (TEHSTS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight patients (39 males and 19 females) with TEHSTS and initial admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 8-10 (mean = 9) were treated with minimally-invasive aspiration and drainage under computed tomography (CT) guidance. Urokinase was used for irrigation and drainage. Post-operatively CT scan was performed at 3 h, 3 days, and 5 days. The volume of hematoma was calculated, and Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) was evaluated 3 months after the operation. RESULTS: The volume of hematoma at 3 h and 3 days post-operation (20 ± 5 ml and 15 ± 2 ml; respectively) were significantly lower than that of pre-operation (45 ± 10 ml; P < 0.05). The hematoma was totally evacuated on 3-5 days post-operation. The GCS was 12 ± 1 on the 5 th day after the operation, which was significantly higher than that of pre-operation (8 ± 1; P < 0.05). Three months after operation, 45 (77%) patients had good recovery (GOS: 5) and 9 (15%) patients had moderate disability (GOS: 4). CONCLUSIONS: Minimally-invasive aspiration and drainage could be potentially effective in the treatment of TEHSTS with GCS score of equal or greater than 8 points.

Twenty-nine cases of resection of suprasellar meningioma through small bone window: an interhemispheric approach.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aims to discuss the value and the effect of resection of suprasellar meningioma through the interhemispheric approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-nine cases of patients with suprasellar meningioma diagnosed through enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and postoperative histopathological examination underwent resection of tumours (the largest diameter ranged from 3 cm to 6 cm) by the microsurgical technique of a small bone window (about 4 cm × 5 cm) through the interhemispheric approach. RESULTS: Among all cases, 25 (86%) (Simpson I, II) were of total resection of tumours and 4 were of subtotal resection of tumours. 19 (65%) were of improvement of vision and visual field, 2 (7%) were of postoperative diabetes insipidus, and 1 (3%) was of electrolyte imbalance. No operative death occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The small bone window interhemispheric approach can be used to expose tumours, lightly stretch brain tissues, reduce the incidence of complications, and improve the total resection rate of tumours of patients with sellae meningiomas growing forward, upward, and into the sella.

Effect of erythrocytes on brain water content and haem oxygenase-1 expression in rats with traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that brain oedema formation following spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage is associated with substances derived from blood clots or blood components. However, these studies did not completely reveal the role of blood components in brain oedema formation following traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage (TICH). Here, we explore the role of erythrocytes in brain oedema development by studying the effect of erythrocytes on brain water content (BWC) and expression of haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in rats with TICH. METHODS: A total of 120 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four experimental treatment groups: traumatic brain injury (TBI), TBI plus whole blood (WB), TBI plus lysed red blood cells (RBCs; LRBC) and TBI plus packed RBCs (PRBC). Following TBI, which was established by applying a free-falling device, WB, LRBC or PRBC were infused with stereotactic guidance into the injured cortex to produce a model of TICH. All rats were killed at 1, 3 or 5 days after TBI or TICH. BWC was measured, and immunohistochemistry for HO-1 was performed. RESULTS: In the WB, PRBC and TBI groups, BWC at 3 days post-TBI or post-TICH was the greatest. However, BWC in the LRBC group at 1 day was markedly higher than that at 3 and 5 days. Comparisons among the four groups showed that BWC in the LRBC group was the highest at 1 day, and the highest at 3 days in the WB and PRBC groups; there was no significant difference at 5 days. Positive expression of HO-1 in the WB, PRBC and LRBC groups coincided with changes in BWC. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that erythrocytes play an important role in delayed brain oedema formation (3 days post-injury) following TICH, but have no significant influence on brain oedema at early stages (1 day post-injury), and that the mechanisms of delayed brain oedema involve RBC breakdown products.

Emergency and rapid response systems: a bibliometric analysis.

Background: The emergency rapid response system (RRS) can reduce the mortality of hospitalized patients, and its core is the activation criteria and the rapid response team (RRT). This study adopted a bibliometric method to analyze the research status of RRSs for hospitalized patients. Methods: The Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) database was searched using the keywords "emergency" and "rapid response system", and the search results were analyzed using CiteSpace software. The retrieved data included the annual distribution of studies and literature citations; the source country of the literature; the distribution of institutions and authors of the literature; the cooperation between countries, institutions, and authors; the distribution of journals that published the literature, and the use of keywords in the literature. Results: A total of 1,320 research papers were found, with a total of 29,920 citations. The number of papers and their citations increased yearly. The top 5 countries in terms of number of publications were the United States, Australia, China, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The top 5 countries in terms of centrality were the United States, the United Kingdom, Argentina, the Czech Republic, and Switzerland. The research institutions were mainly located in developed countries, such as the United States and Australia. There was relatively little collaboration between researchers. The journals that published the literature mainly specialized in critical care medicine and emergency medicine. The keyword analysis revealed that most studies focused on medical emergency teams (METs) and mortality. Conclusions: There were few studies related to the emergency RRS for hospitalized patients. The majority of studies were from developed countries and mainly focused on the impact of team building and the effect of the RRS on mortality.

Injection of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1) Nanoparticles After Traumatic Brain Injury Stimulates Recruitment of Neural Stem Cells.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) usually results from direct mechanical damage to the brain, which leads to degeneration and death of the central nervous system (CNS). The migration of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) to brain is essential to various physiological and pathological processes of the CNS. Therefore, NSCs are considered as a promising alternative option for neurological diseases. SDF-1α is one of known chemokines whose receptor CXCR4 is detected in the CNS. We explored the efficacy of nanoparticles loaded with SDF-1 on TBI and analyzed its potential mechanism. After synthesis of SDF-1-loaded microspheres (MS) and -nanoparticles and establishment of animal model of TBI, 50 modeled mice were randomly injected with MS bovine serum albumin (BSA), MS SDF1, or SDF1-loaded nanoparticles and 10 TBI animals were taken as control group. After that, we observed the lesions and examined the characteristics of the nanoparticles and MS. Transwell assay and immunofluorescence were conducted to determine the migration and invasion upon treatments. Nanoparticles and MS encapsulated most of SDF-1, but MS released 100% SDF-1 and the nanoparticles alone released minority (25%) within 2 weeks. As only SDF-1 nanoparticles could induce NSCs to migrate to the injured area, this approach could enhance healing of the lesion with more NSCs around the lesion. Collectively, this study used particles to deliver SDF-1 to the central nervous system with nanoparticles having a longer-lasting release. Injection of nanoparticleloaded SDF-1 would retain the biological activity of SDF-1 and improve neuroblast migration, thereby improving the TBI condition. These findings show great prospect for nanoparticles application in brain injury.

Modification Mechanism and Rheological Properties of Emulsified Asphalt Evaporative Residues Reinforced by Coupling-Modified Fiber.

In order to solve the problems of the smooth surface of basalt fiber and its weak interfacial adhesion with emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture, a silane coupling agent (KH550) was used to treat the surface of basalt fiber and the effects of treatment concentration and soaking time on fiber modification were studied. The influence of silane coupling-modified basalt fiber (MBF) on the rheological properties of emulsified asphalt evaporation residue was studied at high and low temperatures using three routine index tests: a dynamic shear rheological test (DSR), a bending beam rheological test (BBR), and a force ductility test. The elemental changes of the fiber before and after modification and the microstructure of the emulsified asphalt evaporation residue with the coupling-modified fiber were analyzed by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), which is used to study the modification mechanism of emulsified asphalt evaporation residue reinforced by coupling-modified fiber. The results indicate that the concentration and soaking time of the silane coupling agent have a great influence on the surface morphology and mechanical properties of the fiber, and that the optimal treatment concentration is 1.0% and the optimal soaking time is 60 min. The addition of coupling-modified fibers can reduce the phase angle and unrecoverable creep compliance of emulsified asphalt evaporation residue, increase the rutting factor and creep recovery rate, and improve the elastic recovery ability and permanent deformation resistance. However, excessive fiber will weaken the ductility of emulsified asphalt at low temperatures. The appropriate content of silane coupling-modified fiber (MBF) is 1.5%. After silane coupling modification, the fiber surface becomes rough and cohesion is enhanced between the fiber and the emulsified asphalt base. Silane coupling-modified basalt fiber (MBF) acts as reinforcement for stability and bridging cracks.

The expression of glutamate transporters in chest compression-induced audiogenic epilepsy: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to compare the expression of three glutamate transporter subtypes (GLAST, GLT-1 and EAAC1) in rats undergoing chest compression-induced global cerebral ischemia in the presence and absence of cerebral ischemia-related epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A reliable rat model of global cerebral ischemia-related epilepsy was established. The rats were divided into the following groups: sham surgery group (Group S), global cerebral ischemia without epilepsy (Group I) and global cerebral ischemia with epilepsy (Group E). The latter two groups were further divided into four subgroups based on time (24 hours, 72 hours, 5 days and 7 days) after 8 minutes of chest compression. Electroencephalographic recordings were obtained in all rats. Hippocampal tissue samples were prepared, and the expression of GLAST, GLT-1 and EAAC1 in the hippocampal CA1 region and the motor cortex area was studied using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: Seizure developed in 32 (64%) of 50 rats. Compared with that in group I, the expression of GLT-1 in the hippocampal CA1 region and the motor cortex area in group E was down-regulated, and EAAC1 was up-regulated in those regions. CONCLUSION: Altering the expression of GLT-1 and EAAC1 through some means might lead them to be potential targets for therapy in cerebral ischemia-related epilepsy.