Two new iridoid glycosides from Callicarpa nudiflora.

Two new iridoid glycosides, callicoside E (1) and callicoside F (2), were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora. Their structures were established by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In an in vitro bioassay, compounds 1 and 2 showed an pronounced hepatoprotective activity against d-galactosamine-induced toxicity in WB-F344 rat hepatic epithelial stem-like cells.[Formula: see text].

Two new iridoid glycosides from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora.

Two new iridoid glycosides, callicoside C (1) and callicoside D (2), together with three known compounds (3-5), were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In an in vitro bioassay, compound 1 showed pronounced hepatoprotective activity against d-galactosamine-induced toxicity in WB-F344 rat hepatic epithelial stem-like cells.

Genetic analysis and identification of candidate genes for two spotted-leaf mutants (spl101 and spl102) in rice.

Spotted-leaf mutants form spots in leaves or leaf sheaths under normal condition. The spotted-leaf phenotypes are similar to hypersensitive reaction of plants attacked by pathogen. Identification and characterization of the spotted-leaf mutants are helpful for understanding the mechanisms of resistance to plant diseases. Here, we identify two spotted-leaf mutants spl101 and spl102 from an EMS-treated elite japonica cultivar KYJ (Kuanyejing). spl101 and spl102 form serious spots at the late heading stage. Genetic analyses show that the spotted-leaf phenotypes of both spl101 and spl102 are caused by a single recessive mutation, respectively. By employing the Mutmap method, we reveal that both spl101 and spl102 contain mutations in the OsEDR1 gene. The spl101 mutation occurs in the 5°-splicing site of the 6th intron of OsEDR1, which causes abnormal recognition of the 6th intron and leads to the frameshift mutation. The spl102 mutant contains a mutation in the tenth exon of OsEDR1, resulting in an amino acid change from the phenylalanine (F) to the cysteine (C). OsEDR1 has been reported to regulate pathogen-resistant reaction, and loss of OsEDR1 function produces similar phenotypes to those of spl101 and spl102. Here, two newly identified alleles of OsEDR1 will be benefit for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of the OsEDR1 gene in disease resistance, and will be helpful for enriching the rice germplasm resources. In addition, our results also validate the effectiveness of the Mutmap method in cloning the candidate mutations.

Hepatoprotective iridoid glucosides from Callicarpa nudiflora.

Two new iridoid glucosides, callicoside A (1) and callicoside B (2), were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods and chemical evidences. In an in vitro bioassay, compound 1 showed pronounced hepatoprotective activity against D-galactosamine-induced toxicity in WB-F344 rat hepatic epithelial stem-like cells.

[Genetic analysis and identification of candidate genes for a narrow leaf mutant (zy17) in rice].

Control of organ size by cell proliferation and cell expansion is a fundamental process in plant development, but little is known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that determine organ size in plants. To understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms of organ growth control, we isolate a set of mutants with altered leaf size and identify the narrow leaf mutant, zhaiye 17 (zy17) (zhaiye means narrow leaf in Chinese). zy17 exhibits narrow leaves, slightly short plants, small panicles, reduced panicle branches and decreased grain numbers per panicle compared with the wild type. Our cytological analyses show that the narrow leaf phenotype of zy17 is caused by the reduced number of cells, indicating that ZY17 regulates cell proliferation. Genetic analyses show that the zy17 mutant phenotypes are controlled by a single gene. Using the whole genome resequencing approach and linkage analysis, we identify Os02g22390, Os02g28280 and Os02g29530 as candidate genes. Os02g22390 encodes a retrotransposon protein with the mutation occurring in the intronic region; Os02g28280 encodes a protein with unknown function with a base substitution resulting in non-synonymous mutation; Os02g29530 encodes a protein containing the PFAM domain related to glycosyltransferase, with a 2 bp deletion mutation causing a premature termination. Further studies on these three candidate genes will be helpful for understanding the molecular mechanism of organ size control in rice.

[Study on in vitro metabolic rate and metabolites or 9-dehydro-17-dehydro-andrographolide].

To investigate the metabolic rate and metabolites of 9-dehydro-17-dehydro-andrographolide, which is the main active ingredient in Xiyanping injection, by using the in vitro rat liver microsome incubation system. 9-dehydro-17-dehydro-andrographolide was incubated together with liver microsome mixed with NADPH. Its metabolic rate was studied by determining its residual concentrations with the UHPLC-MS/MS method; Its metabolites were identified by the UPLC-TOF-MS(E) method. The results showed that 9-dehydro-17-dehydro-andrographolide was metabolized faster than rat liver microsomes mixed with coenzymes, with t½ and CL of (19.7 ± 0.5) min and (35.1 ± 0.8) mL x min(-1) x g(-1) (protein), respectively. Based on the high resolution mass spectrum data and information from literatures, altogether nine metabolites of 9-dehydro-17-dehydro-andrographolide were identified in the incubation system, particularly hydroxylated and dehydrogenized products. The results of identification would provide a basis for screening out more active andrographolide derivatives.

[Chemical Constituents from Callicarpa nudiflora].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Callicarpa nudiflora. METHODS: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 and MPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and special analysis. RESULTS: Eleven compounds were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora, whose structures were elucidated as 2α,3α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (1), isorhamnetin (2), 2α,3ß,19α-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid(3), 2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid(4), 2α,3α,19α-trihyhydroxy-olean-12-en-28-O-α-D-glucopyranoside (5), benzyl-4'-hydroxy-benzoyl-3'-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside(6) (3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)-megastigman-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol(7), philonotisflavone(8), 1, 6-di-O-caffeoyl-ß-D-glucopyranoside (9), luteolin-4'-O-(6"-E-caffeoyl)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (10), and (6S, 9R)-roseoside(11). CONCLUSION: All compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time.

[Study on HPLC fingerprint of Callicarpa nudiflora and determination of ten components].

This study is to establish the HPLC fingerprint and determine eight components of Callicarpa nudiflora, and provide a scientific basis for the identification and quality control. The Waters sunfire C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 µm) was used and the detection wavelength was 330 nm . The column temperature was 30 °C. The mobile phases were acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% formic acid (B) eluting in a gradient program at a flow rate of 1.0 mL · min(-1). The chromatographic fingerprint similarity evaluation system for tradition Chinese medicine(2012) was used for analysis. C. nudiflora from different samples were of high similarity in fingerprint and the separation of ten components was good. There was an obvious difference between other samples and C. nudiflora leaves. In quantitative analysis, the ten components showed good regression(R2 > 0 999 0) with linear ranges, and their recoveries were in the range of 96.0%-105.0%. The established qualitative and quantitative methods are highly specific, simple and accurate, which can be used for the identification and quality control of C. nudiflora.

Hepatoprotective triterpenoid saponins from Callicarpa nudiflora.

Four new triterpenoid saponins, 2α,3α,19α,24-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic-acid 28-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1), 2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic-acid 28-O-ß-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-ß-D-glu-copyranosyl ester (2), 2α,3α,19α-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic-acid 28-O-ß-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (3), 2α,3α,23,29-tetrahydroxyurs-12,19-dien-28-oic-acid 28-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4), together with three known compounds (5-7), were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora HOOK. Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic methods and chemical evidence. Hepatoprotective activities of the isolated compounds against D-galactosamine-induced toxicity have been tested. Among them, compounds 1-3 showed pronounced hepatoprotective activities against D-galactosamine-induced toxicity in WB-F344 rat hepatic epithelial stem-like cells.

Potential anti-angiogenic sulfates of andrographolide.

A new regioisomer of andrographolide, 17-hydro-9-dehydro-andrographolide (1), and five new sulfates of andrographolide (2-6) were isolated from Xiyanping, a China licensed anti-inflammatory drug derived from andrographolide through sulfation reaction. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The inhibition effects of these compounds on angiogenesis were evaluated by rat aortic ring assay. Compounds 1 and 3 exhibited strong inhibitory activities on vascular endothelial cell tube formation in rat aorta ring at the concentration of 1 µM. Compounds 4 and 5 showed moderate suppression on angiogenesis at 10 µM.

Two new triterpenoid glycosides from the stems of Camellia oleifera Abel.

Two new oleanane-type triterpenoid glycosides, 3-O-ß-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-[ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)]-ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl-22α-angeloyloxyolean-12-ene-15α,16α,28-triol(1) and 3-O-ß-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-[ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)]-ß-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21ß-acetyl-22α-angeloyloxyolean-12-ene-16α,28-diol (2) were isolated from the stems of Camellia oleifera Abel. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods and chemical evidence. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1-2 were evaluated against five human tumour cell lines (HCT-8, BGC-823, A5049, and A2780). Compounds 1-2 showed cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 3.15 to 7.32 µM.

[Therapeutic application of molecular adsorbent recirculation system in the treatment of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome patients].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of molecular adsorbent recirculation system (MARS) to remove nitric oxide(NO) and cytokines in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS) in patients with severe liver failure. METHODS: Single MARS treatment were performed for 198 times with duration ranging from 6 to 24 hours on 61 MODS patients (42M/19F). The efficacy was evaluated by sequential organ failure assessment, biochemical parameters and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS: The MARS therapy resulted in a significant removal of NO and certain cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha), interleukin-2(IL-2), IL-6, IL-8, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein(LBP), together with marked reduction of other non-water soluble albumin bound toxins and water soluble toxins. These were associated with an improvement of the patients' clinical conditions, including deranged hemodynamics, respiratory function, cardiovascular and renal functions, hepatic encephalopathy, thus resulting in a marked decrease of sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA) score and improved outcome. Twenty-five patients were able to be discharged from the hospital, and successful liver transplantation could be performed in 6 patients. The overall survival rate of 61 patients was 41.0%. CONCLUSION: MARS could be used for the treatment of MODS patients associated with elevated levels of NO and cytokines with satisfactory results.