Social and economic development and change in four Guatemalan villages: demographics, schooling, occupation, and assets.

This article uses census data and village histories to examine changes over the last 35 years in the four villages where the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) Longitudinal Study (1969-77) was conducted and offers a rare picture of development and change in rural localities over a long period of time. In addition, by characterizing the environment in which the subjects of this study were raised, we provide context for and inputs into quantitative analyses of data collected at various points in time on these subjects. The villages have undergone massive demographic, social, and economic change. Initial differences have conditioned many of these changes, especially differences associated with agricultural potential and location. Originally these villages were rather isolated, but road and transportation access has improved substantially. The populations in the villages have more than doubled and also have aged. While marriage patterns have held steady, religious practice has changed a great deal. After many years of steady out-migration, three of the four villages are more recently experiencing net in-migration, a pattern associated with ease of access. Schooling access and outcomes also have improved, with average grades of schooling nearly tripling and literacy doubling to levels currently above national averages. Although agriculture remains an important component of individual livelihood strategies, non-agricultural sources of employment have become more important. Much of this change is associated with declining agricultural markets and increased access to non-agricultural jobs near the villages and in the capital. Accompanying these changes has been an improvement in living standards as measured by a number of indicators of household living conditions and consumer durable goods.

Rural-to-urban migration and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young Guatemalan adults.

BACKGROUND: Migration to cities may increase cardiovascular disease risk factors in developing countries. We examined rural and urban individuals who were born in the same villages and shared similar childhood experiences. METHODS: Blood lipids and glucose, blood pressure, anthropometry, body composition, physical activity, and food, tobacco and alcohol consumption were examined in 161 men and 193 women, 19-29 years old, living in their village of birth (76 commuted to work in Guatemala City), and in 76 men and 43 women living in the city. RESULTS: Rural and urban women had similar prevalence of overweight (28%), elevated body fat (29.8 +/- 6.1%) and low physical activity (83%). Compared to rural men, more urban men were sedentary (79 versus 27%), and they had higher body fat (15.3 +/- 5.3% versus 13.3 +/- 5.7%), serum cholesterol (4.27 +/- 0.75 versus 3.90 +/- 0.70 mmol/l [165 +/- 29 versus 151 +/- 27 mg/dl]), low density lipoprotein [LDL]-cholesterol (2.66 +/- 0.72 versus 2.30 +/- 0.62 mmol/l [103 +/- 28 versus 89 +/- 24 mg/dl]) and total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein [HDL]-cholesterol ratio (4.6 +/- 1.0 versus 4.1 +/- 0.9). Commuters showed intermediate values. Women had higher serum cholesterol (4.43 +/- 0.80 mmol/l [171 +/- 31 mg/dl]) than men in rural and urban areas. Urban residents ate/drank more saturated fats, red meat and sweetened beverages, and less legumes. CONCLUSIONS: High proportions of young Guatemalan women were overweight and sedentary. Migration to a city increased sedentarism and undesirable eating habits among men and women; men became fatter and their lipid profile worsened. Public health actions must address the prevention of emerging chronic diseases in countries still burdened by undernutrition and infections.

Clasificación del tubérculo suprameatal y análisis morfométrico con enfoque quirúrgico del hueso temporal / Classification of the suprameatal tubercle and morphometric analysis with a surgical approach to the temporal bone

Introducción: El hueso temporal es una estructura valiosa en el abordaje de patologías intracraneales a la fosa media y posterior, requiriendo en ocasiones la realización de petrosectomías anteriores, posteriores o abordajes combinados para la resección de tumores en dichas regiones. El propósito del presente estudio es realizar análisis morfométrico con enfoque quirúrgico del hueso temporal, en cráneos adultos, con énfasis en el tubérculo suprameatal (TSM) teniendo en consideración sus relaciones anatómicas. Material y métodos: El presente estudio se realizó en las instalaciones de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Se analizaron 200 huesos temporales de 100 cráneos humanos adultos. Se dio énfasis al TSM de acuerdo a su ubicación y tamaño, clasificándolo en: anterior medio o posterior y en tipo I (0-1 mm), tipo II (2-3 mm) y tipo III (>3 mm). Además, se realizaron mediciones con enfoque quirúrgico de la porción petrosa del hueso temporal y de la cresta supramastoidea. Resultados: El TSM se observó en 171 especímenes estudiados (85.5%). Entre ellos, la posición posterior fue la más frecuente 85 de 171 (49.70%), seguida de la posición media 43 (25.14%) y por último la posición anterior 43 (25.14%). En cuanto al tamaño, se encontró con mayor frecuencia el tipo II en 99 de los especímenes (49.5%), el tipo I en 82 especímenes (41%) y tipo III en 19 (9.5%). El asterion se reflejó dentro de la impresión de los senos en la mayoría 48.5%, la unión de la cresta supramastoidea con sutura escamosa se reflejaba en 98.5% de los casos a la fosa media. Discusión: En nuestra búsqueda de información no se cuenta con datos para realizar comparación con la obtenida en este estudio del tubérculo suprameatal, el hallazgo encontrado parece indicar que se encuentra una relación directa con la presencia de la impresión del surco del seno petroso superior. La distribución de acuerdo a su posición reviste importancia cuando se encuentra en grado III puesto que plantea una dificultad técnica, en abordajes como en petrosectomías, o bien, al cavum de Meckel desde un abordaje retrosigmoideo. Conclusión: La observación anatómica y clasificación que realizamos del tubérculo suprameatal, una estructura muy poco evaluada, nos da una consideración preoperatoria y transoperatoria cuando realizamos abordaje que involucra la cara posterior de la porción petrosa del hueso temporal

Introduction: The temporal bone is a valuable structure in the approach of intracranial pathologies to the middle and posterior fossa. Sometimes requiring the performance of petrosectomies or combined approaches for the resection of tumors in these regions. The purpose of this study is to perform morphometric analysis in adult skulls with a surgical approach to the temporal bone, with emphasis on the suprameatal tubercle (SMT) taking into account their anatomical relationships. Material and methods: The present study was carried out in the facilities of the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). 200 temporal bones from 100 adult human skulls were analyzed. The SMT was emphasized according to its location and size, classifying it as: anterior, middle, or posterior and type I (0-1 mm), type II (2-3 mm) and type III (> 3mm). In addition, measurements were made with a surgical approach of the petrosal portion of the temporal bone and the supramastoid crest. Results: The SMT was observed in 171 specimens studied (85.5%). Among them, the posterior position was the most frequent 85 of 171 (49.70%), followed by the middle position in 43 (25.14%) and finally the anterior position in 43 (25.14%). In terms of size, type II was more frequently found in 99 of the specimens (49.5%), type I in 82 specimens (41%) and type III were found in 19 (9.5%). The asterion was reflected within the impression of the sinuses in the majority 48.5%, the union of the supramastoid crest with squamous suture was reflected in 98.5% of the cases to the middle fossa.Discussion: In our search for information, there is no data to make a comparison with that obtained in this study of the suprameatal tubercle. The findings seems to indicate that there is a direct relationship with the presence of the impression of the groove of the upper petrosal sinus. The distribution according to its position is important when it is in grade III since it poses a technical difficulty, in approaches such as petrosectomies, or approach to Meckel's cave from a retrosigmoid approach. Conclusion: The anatomical observation and classification that we perform of the suprameatal tubercle, a very poorly evaluated structure, gives us a preoperative and transoperative consideration when we perform an approach that involves the posterior aspect of the petrosal portion of the temporal bone

Validation of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire for use among adults in Guatemala.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to assess the validity of a 52-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) by comparing it with multiple 24-hour dietary recalls. DESIGN: Three non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls and one FFQ were administered over a one-month period. SETTING: Four communities of El Progreso, Guatemala. SUBJECTS: Seventy-three individuals aged 22-55 years. RESULTS: : Intakes of energy and other nutrients as measured by the FFQ were higher than intakes measured by 24-hour recalls. Energy was overestimated by 361 kcal, and nutrient overestimates were particularly great for vitamin C and iron. Pearson correlation coefficients for crude energy and nutrients intakes ranged from 0.64 for energy to 0.12 for vitamin C. Exact agreement for both methods (measured by the concordance correlation coefficient) ranged from 0.59 (fat) to 0.06 (vitamin C). Pearson correlation coefficients for energy-adjusted nutrients ranged from 0.59 (carbohydrates) to 0.11 (thiamin). Pearson correlation coefficients for the proportion of total energy derived from specific foods ranged from 0.59 (tortillas) to 0.01 (sugared beverages). Cross-classification of quartiles of crude nutrient intakes for both methods indicated that <11% were grossly misclassified; after adjusting for energy intake, <13% were grossly misclassified. CONCLUSIONS: This FFQ provides good measures of energy and macronutrient intakes and a reasonably reliable measure of micronutrient intake, indicating its suitability for comparing exposures within a study population in reference to heath-related endpoints. Our results highlight the need to adapt any FFQ to specific cultural needs - in this case, the Guatemalan 'core foods' (tortilla, bread and beans), for which inter-individual variability in intake is high.

Determinación de azúcares añadidos con el Software NutrINCAP / Determination of added sugars with NutrINCAP Software

INCAP sigue trabajando y mejorando el funcionamiento del Software NutrINCAP, como una herramienta práctica que pueda fortalecer el desarrollo profesional en el área de evaluación del consumo de alimentos en individuos o grupos de población y a partir de la versión 4.0 de NutrINCAP, se facilita el análisis nutricional con la Tabla de Composición de Alimentos del INCAP del año 2018 y, por consiguiente, con nutrientes nuevos como: azúcares (g), Cobre (mg), Selenio (mcg), Ácido pantoténico (mg) (Vit. B5), Folato alimentario (mcg), Retinol (mcg), Vitamina E (mg), Vitamina D (mcg) y Vitamina K (mcg). Con la presente nota técnica, se pretende explicar brevemente la nueva información obtenida con respecto a los azúcares y azúcares libres, y con qué módulos del Software puede obtenerse

Métodos para estudiar el consumo de alimentos en poblaciones / Methods for studying food consumption in populations

Contiene la descripción de diferentes métodos para realizar estudios relacionados con el consumo de alimentos en poblaciones diferentes.  Explica  el  uso, las  ventajas y desventajas de cada  uno de ellos, así como ayuda a escoger la mejor herramienta de acuerdo al grupo a ser estudiado

Trabajos de campo en la triangulacion cadena Puchumani-Cochabamba

Contenido: 1.Las bases teóricas de la triangulación. 2.Planeamiento del trabajo.Organización de los grupos. 3.El reconocimiento.Organización y método de trabajo. 4.La medición de las bases de cochabamba y Puchuni.Descripción de la teoría, organización del trabajo práctico. 5.La medicipon de los cálculos. 6.Los cálculos de campo.Tolerancias y métodos de control. 7.Organización y preparación del personal para la triangulación de X orden.Factores topográficos y meteorológicos.Transporte. 8.Estudio económico completo.Costos totales del trabajo, costo de cada punto.Ideas y proposiciones propias para un trabajo más económico. 9. Importancia práctica y científica del trabajo realizado.Consideraciones de caracter militar.

Tabla de composición de alimentos de Centroamérica: Segunda sección / Food composition table of Central America: Second section

En esta Segunda Sección de la Tabla de composición de alimentos para Centroamérica, se incluye el contenido de fibra dietética, ácidos grasos saturados, ácidos grasos moninsaturados, ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, colesterol, magnesio, sodio, potasio, cinc, piridoxina, vitamina B12 y ácido fólico. Además, como referencia se incluye el contenido de energía, proteínas y grasa total de la Primera Sección

Tabla de composición de alimentos de Centroamérica: Primera sección / Food composition table of Central America: First section

La primera sección, comprende el contenido de energía y de los macro y micronutrientes más usuales, expresado en 100 gramos de porción comestible para 1169 alimentos. En esta primera sección, se ha incorporado un apéndice con los sinónimos más usuales en Centroamérica, con el fin de facilitar la selección de los códigos. Asimismo, se presentan como apéndices, la lista de los nombres equivalentes en inglés para todos los alimentos y la lista de nombres científicos cuando procede