Mutant frizzled-4 disrupts retinal angiogenesis in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a hereditary ocular disorder characterized by a failure of peripheral retinal vascularization. Loci associated with FEVR map to 11q13-q23 (EVR1; OMIM 133780, ref. 1), Xp11.4 (EVR2; OMIM 305390, ref. 2) and 11p13-12 (EVR3; OMIM 605750, ref. 3). Here we have confirmed linkage to the 11q13-23 locus for autosomal dominant FEVR in one large multigenerational family and refined the disease locus to a genomic region spanning 1.55 Mb. Mutations in FZD4, encoding the putative Wnt receptor frizzled-4, segregated completely with affected individuals in the family and were detected in affected individuals from an additional unrelated family, but not in normal controls. FZD genes encode Wnt receptors, which are implicated in development and carcinogenesis. Injection of wildtype and mutated FZD4 into Xenopus laevis embryos revealed that wildtype, but not mutant, frizzled-4 activated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII) and protein kinase C (PKC), components of the Wnt/Ca(2+) signaling pathway. In one of the mutants, altered subcellular trafficking led to defective signaling. These findings support a function for frizzled-4 in retinal angiogenesis and establish the first association between a Wnt receptor and human disease.

Mutations in HFE2 cause iron overload in chromosome 1q-linked juvenile hemochromatosis.

Juvenile hemochromatosis is an early-onset autosomal recessive disorder of iron overload resulting in cardiomyopathy, diabetes and hypogonadism that presents in the teens and early 20s (refs. 1,2). Juvenile hemochromatosis has previously been linked to the centromeric region of chromosome 1q (refs. 3-6), a region that is incomplete in the human genome assembly. Here we report the positional cloning of the locus associated with juvenile hemochromatosis and the identification of a new gene crucial to iron metabolism. We finely mapped the recombinant interval in families of Greek descent and identified multiple deleterious mutations in a transcription unit of previously unknown function (LOC148738), now called HFE2, whose protein product we call hemojuvelin. Analysis of Greek, Canadian and French families indicated that one mutation, the amino acid substitution G320V, was observed in all three populations and accounted for two-thirds of the mutations found. HFE2 transcript expression was restricted to liver, heart and skeletal muscle, similar to that of hepcidin, a key protein implicated in iron metabolism. Urinary hepcidin levels were depressed in individuals with juvenile hemochromatosis, suggesting that hemojuvelin is probably not the hepcidin receptor. Rather, HFE2 seems to modulate hepcidin expression.

Absence of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 does not promote DSS-induced acute colitis.

Absence of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) in mice leads to chronic inflammation of the skin and increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis, while also increasing plasma inflammatory markers. A recent report suggested that SCD1 deficiency also increases disease severity in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease, induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). However, SCD1-deficient mice are known to consume increased amounts of water, which would also be expected to increase the intake of DSS-treated water. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of SCD1 deficiency on DSS-induced acute colitis with DSS dosing adjusted to account for genotype differences in fluid consumption. Wild-type controls were treated with 3.5% DSS for 5 days to induce moderately severe colitis, while the concentration of DSS given to SCD1-deficient mice was lowered to 2.5% to control for increased fluid consumption. Colonic inflammation was assessed by clinical and histological scoring. Although SCD1-deficient mice consumed a total intake of DSS that was greater than that of wild-type controls, colonic inflammation, colon length and fecal blood were not altered by SCD1-deficiency in DSS-induced colitis, while diarrhea and total weight loss were modestly improved. Despite SCD1 deficiency leading to chronic inflammation of the skin and increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis, it does not accelerate inflammation in the DSS-induced model of acute colitis when DSS intake is controlled. These observations suggest that SCD1 deficiency does not play a significant role in colonic inflammation in this model.

Despite antiatherogenic metabolic characteristics, SCD1-deficient mice have increased inflammation and atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Absence of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) in mice reduces plasma triglycerides and provides protection from obesity and insulin resistance, which would be predicted to be associated with reduced susceptibility to atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of SCD1 deficiency on atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Despite an antiatherogenic metabolic profile, SCD1 deficiency increases atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice challenged with a Western diet. Lesion area at the aortic root is significantly increased in males and females in two models of SCD1 deficiency. Inflammatory changes are evident in the skin of these mice, including increased intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ulcerative dermatitis. Increases in ICAM-1 and interleukin-6 are also evident in plasma of SCD1-deficient mice. HDL particles demonstrate changes associated with inflammation, including decreased plasma apoA-II and apoA-I and paraoxonase-1 and increased plasma serum amyloid A. Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and cholesterol efflux are not altered in SCD1-deficient macrophages. In addition, when SCD1 deficiency is limited to bone marrow-derived cells, lesion size is not altered in LDLR-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS: These studies reinforce the crucial role of chronic inflammation in promoting atherosclerosis, even in the presence of antiatherogenic biochemical and metabolic characteristics.

The metabolic phenotype of SCD1-deficient mice is independent of melanin-concentrating hormone.

We propose that deletion of pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (pMCH) would increase energy expenditure and further improve glucose tolerance in mice lacking stearoyl-coA desaturase-1 (SCD1). To test our hypothesis, we bred and metabolically challenged Pmch-/-; Scd1-/- double-knockout mice, with comparison to Pmch-/- mice; Scd1-/- mice and C57Bl/6J controls. Deletion of both Pmch and Scd1 increased both food intake and energy expenditure relative to control mice. Pmch-/-; Scd1-/- double-knockout mice had improved glucose tolerance relative to control mice. The majority of the metabolic effects were contributed by inactivation of the Scd1 gene. We conclude that the increased food intake and increased energy expenditure of Scd1-/- mice are independent of the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone.

Absence of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 ameliorates features of the metabolic syndrome in LDLR-deficient mice.

A combination of the interrelated metabolic risk factors obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, often described as the "metabolic syndrome," is known to increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) activity has been implicated in the metabolic syndrome, but detailed studies of the beneficial metabolic effects of SCD deficiency have been limited. Here, we show that absence of the Scd1 gene product reduces plasma triglycerides and reduces weight gain in severely hyperlipidemic low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice challenged with a Western diet. Absence of SCD1 also increases insulin sensitivity, as measured by intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance testing. SCD1 deficiency dramatically reduces hepatic lipid accumulation while causing more modest reductions in plasma apolipoproteins, suggesting that in conditions of sustained hyperlipidemia, SCD1 functions primarily to mediate lipid stores. In addition, absence of SCD1 partially ameliorates the undesirable hypertriglyceridemic effect of antiatherogenic liver X receptor agonists. Our results demonstrate that constitutive reduction of SCD activity improves the metabolic phenotype of LDLR-deficient mice on a Western diet.

Identification and functional analysis of a naturally occurring E89K mutation in the ABCA1 gene of the WHAM chicken.

The Wisconsin hypoalpha mutant (WHAM) chicken has a >90% reduction in plasma HDL due to hypercatabolism by the kidney of lipid-poor apoA-I. The WHAM chickens have a recessive white skin phenotype caused by a single-gene mutation that maps to the chicken Z-chromosome. This corresponds to human 9q31.1, a chromosomal segment that contains the ATP-binding cassette protein-1 (ABCA1) gene, which is mutated in Tangier Disease and familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Complete sequencing of the WHAM ABCA1 cDNA identified a missense mutation near the N-terminus of the protein (E89K). The substitution of this evolutionary conserved glutamate residue for lysine in the mouse ABCA1 transporter leads to complete loss of function, resulting principally from defective intracellular trafficking and very little ABCA1 reaching the plasma membrane. The WHAM chicken is a naturally occurring animal model for Tangier Disease.

Identification of a novel gene (HSN2) causing hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II through the Study of Canadian Genetic Isolates.

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) type II is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impairment of pain, temperature, and touch sensation owing to reduction or absence of peripheral sensory neurons. We identified two large pedigrees segregating the disorder in an isolated population living in Newfoundland and performed a 5-cM genome scan. Linkage analysis identified a locus mapping to 12p13.33 with a maximum LOD score of 8.4. Haplotype sharing defined a candidate interval of 1.06 Mb containing all or part of seven annotated genes, sequencing of which failed to detect causative mutations. Comparative genomics revealed a conserved ORF corresponding to a novel gene in which we found three different truncating mutations among five families including patients from rural Quebec and Nova Scotia. This gene, termed "HSN2," consists of a single exon located within intron 8 of the PRKWNK1 gene and is transcribed from the same strand. The HSN2 protein may play a role in the development and/or maintenance of peripheral sensory neurons or their supporting Schwann cells.