CD30 expression in an emerging group of mesenchymal spindle cell neoplasms with ALK fusion detected by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.

An emerging group of spindle cell neoplasms harboring fusions involving NTRK or non-NTRK kinase genes often share characteristic S100 and/or CD34 expression; however, the diagnostic utility of immunohistochemical stains is not well established in this family owing to their lack of specificity. Recently, CD30 expression in spindle cell neoplasms with kinase gene fusions, such as NTRK, BRAF, RAF1, and RET, has been increasingly identified. We herein report a 10-year-old girl with high-grade spindle cell sarcoma of the neck. Prior to histopathological evaluation, flow cytometry (FCM) analysis and touch smear cytology of the tumor tissue revealed CD34+ and dimCD30+ spindle cell populations. Histopathologically, the case was characterized by monomorphic spindle-shaped cytomorphology with CD30, S100, and CD34 positivity and harbored close similarities with spindle cell neoplasms with NTRK or non-NTRK gene fusions. Subsequently, a comprehensive next-generation sequencing sarcoma panel identified a rare PLEKHH2::ALK fusion, and a diagnosis of ALK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasm was made. The patient showed significant tumor response to single-agent treatment with alectinib, an ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This case supports that CD30 is expressed in an ALK-rearranged mesenchymal neoplasm. The benefit of the early detection of CD30 expression by FCM for a prompt diagnosis and treatment is highlighted in the context of an aggressive clinical course. This case represents a learning experience regarding the need to the check the status of CD30 expression in these tumors and suggests the potential clinical benefits of CD30-targeted therapy.

BCL6 inhibition ameliorates resistance to ruxolitinib in CRLF2-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-like ALL) is an intractable disease and most cases harbor genetic alterations that activate JAK or ABL signaling. The commonest subtype of Ph-like ALL exhibits a CRLF2 gene rearrangement that brings about JAK1/2-STAT5 pathway activation. However, JAK1/2 inhibition alone is insufficient as a treatment, so combinatorial therapies targeting multiple signals are needed. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the insufficient efficacy of JAK inhibition, we explored gene expression changes upon treatment with a JAK1/2 inhibitor (ruxolitinib) and found that elevated BCL6 expression was one such mechanism. Upregulated BCL6 suppressed the expression of TP53 along with its downstream cell cycle inhibitor p21 (CDKN2A) and pro-apoptotic molecules, such as FAS, TNFRSF10B, BID, BAX, BAK, PUMA, and NOXA, conferring cells some degree of resistance to therapy. BCL6 inhibition (with FX1) alone was able to upregulate TP53 and restore the TP53 expression that ruxolitinib had diminished. In addition, ruxolitinib and FX1 concertedly downregulated MYC. As a result, FX1 treatment alone had growth-inhibitory and apoptosis- sensitizing effects, but the combination of ruxolitinib and FX1 more potently inhibited leukemia cell growth, enhanced apoptosis sensitivity, and prolonged the survival of xenografted mice. These findings provide one mechanism for the insufficiency of JAK inhibition for the treatment of CRLF2-rearranged ALL and indicate BCL6 inhibition as a potentially helpful adjunctive therapy combined with JAK inhibition.

Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a psychosocial support program for adolescent and young adult cancer patients in clinical practice: a retrospective observational study.

PURPOSE: Adolescent and young adult cancer patients (AYAs) often experience profound psychological distress, with various unmet supportive care needs that can be alleviated with appropriate screening and attention by healthcare workers. The Distress Thermometer and Problem List-Japanese version (DTPL-J) is our previously developed screening tool to facilitate individual support of AYAs. This study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a psychosocial support program based on the DTPL-J for AYAs in clinical practice. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, observational study included 19 of 126 wards and 9 of 75 outpatient clinics at 8 institutions in Japan. Over 200 patients were expected to participate during the eligibility period. Patients participated in a support program at least once, and approximately once a month based on the DTPL-J results. The program was evaluated using the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) implementation framework. RESULTS: The screening rate of the 361 participants was 90.3%, suggesting high feasibility. Distress Thermometer scores, the number of supportive care needs, and the rates of AYAs with high distress were significantly reduced 1 month after screening (p < 0.05), suggesting the preliminary effectiveness of the program. The program was continued at the 8 institutions as part of routine care after the study. CONCLUSION: Analysis using the RE-AIM suggested the sufficient feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a psychosocial support program based on the DTPL-J for AYAs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN CTR) UMIN000042857. Registered 25 December 2020-Retrospectively registered.

Medical staff's sense of awareness of informed consent for adolescent cancer patients and the need for decision-making support practiced from the perspective of trauma-informed approach.

It has not been established how to assess children's and adolescents' decision-making capacity (DMC) and there has been little discussion on the way their decision-making (DM). The purpose of this study was to examine actual situation and factors related to difficulties in explaining their disease to adolescent cancer patients or obtaining informed consent (IC). The cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted. Physicians who have been treating adolescent cancer patients for at least five years answered a self-administered questionnaire uniquely developed about clinical difficulties in explaining, IC and factors related patient's refusal of medical treatment (RMT). Descriptive statistics for each item and a polychoric correlation analysis of the problems and factors related to the explanation were conducted. As a result, fifty-six physicians were participated (rate of return: 39%). Explaining the disease and treatment to patients (83.9%), IC to patients (80.4%), and explaining the disease and treatment to parents (78.6%) was particularly problematic. Difficulties to provide support related with patient's refusal of medical treatment and to explain disease and treatment for patient and parents were related to difficulties obtaining IC for the patient. Conclusion: There are clinically difficult to explain for the patient or parents and to obtain IC for the patient. It is necessary to establish a disease acceptance assessment tool for the adolescence generation so that it can be applied in the field.

[Current Status and Challenges in Oncofertility for Pediatric Cancer Patients].

Infertility is a frequent late effect of cancer treatment that significantly affects cancer survivors' quality of life. In recent years, with advances in oncofertility, the number of children with cancer receiving fertility preservation therapy has increased. However, specific challenges exist in pediatric cancer patients. First, fertility preservation therapy for children with cancer relies significantly on their age and sex. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is possible until puberty in females, and after menarche, the ovarian tissues and oocytes can be preserved. Sperm cryopreservation is a well-established technique for male adolescents. However, prepubertal boys are deprived of such methods. Second, ethical considerations are important when providing information about treatment-related infertility risk and fertility preservation to children. Third, because most childhood cancer survivors cannot remember their cancer treatment, information should be provided repeatedly, according to the patient's growth and level of understanding. Currently, the provision of information to patients with childhood cancer is insufficient. Therefore, the PanCareLIFE Consortium and the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group have developed clinical practice guidelines for ongoing communication regarding treatment-related infertility risk and fertility preservation in patients with a history of childhood, adolescence, or young adult cancer. In April 2021, Japan implemented a public subsidy system to partially fund the expenses related to oncofertility. In the future, multidisciplinary healthcare providers should collaborate to provide appropriate information and support to the patients and their families.

Analysis of Ser/Thr Kinase HASPIN-Interacting Proteins in the Spermatids.

HASPIN is predominantly expressed in spermatids, and plays an important role in cell division in somatic and meiotic cells through histone H3 phosphorylation. The literature published to date has suggested that HASPIN may play multiple roles in cells. Here, 10 gene products from the mouse testis cDNA library that interact with HASPIN were isolated using the two-hybrid system. Among them, CENPJ/CPAP, KPNA6/importin alpha 6, and C1QBP/HABP1 were analyzed in detail for their interactions with HASPIN, with HASPIN phosphorylated C1QBP as the substrate. The results indicated that HASPIN is involved in spermatogenesis through the phosphorylation of C1QBP in spermatids, and also may be involved in the formation of centrosomes.

Prognostic and therapeutic factors influencing the clinical outcome of metastatic Ewing sarcoma family of tumors: A retrospective report from the Japan Ewing Sarcoma Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of patients with metastatic Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) remains poor. PROCEDURE: We retrospectively analyzed 57 patients diagnosed with metastatic ESFT between 2000 and 2018 to identify prognostic and therapeutic factors affecting the clinical outcome. RESULTS: The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate of the entire cohort was 46.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.0-59.4%). Treatment-related death was not observed. Multivariate analysis identified stem cell transplantation (SCT), response to first-line chemotherapy, and bone metastasis as independent risk factors for OS. Objective response rate to first-line chemotherapy was 65.1% in the 43 evaluable patients. There was no significant difference in the response to different types of first-line chemotherapy. Among patients with lung metastasis alone, the 3-year OS rate was higher in 13 patients who received local treatment than in four who did not, although the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: One possible reason for the high OS rates was the absence of treatment-related mortality even in patients receiving SCT, which could be attributed to advances in the management of post-SCT complications. Novel first-line chemotherapy strategies need to be established to improve the disease status prior to SCT in a higher proportion of patients.

Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Proportion of patients who continue hospital visits.

BACKGROUND: Long-term follow up in adulthood after childhood cancer therapy is particularly important because of the risk of late effects, and information on the rate of continuing hospital visits by childhood cancer survivors (CCS) is also important for the planning of studies on the risk of late effects. METHODS: The rate of continuing hospital visits ("long-term follow up") in 1,252 cases registered in the multicenter Japan Association of Childhood Leukemia Study on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (JACLS ALL-02) was investigated using data from its electronic data capture (EDC) system, including case number, date of diagnosis, date of therapy completion, date of birth, sex, survival or death, date of death, date of last outcome confirmation, and facility code. EDC entries of confirmed survival or death during the 2 years preceding the data lock represented continuing visitors, and the number of those cases, divided by the total number of cases (excluding cases of confirmation of death prior to those 2 years), was calculated as the proportion of continuing visitors (PCV). RESULTS: The PCV for survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia was found to decline over time from diagnosis. For subjects aged 21-29 years who were ≥9 years from diagnosis, PCV was approximately 30% overall, representing 23.5% for men and 41.8% for women, thus indicating a gender difference. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies may be necessary to assess whether CCS who stopped visiting childhood cancer treatment facilities, actually received therapeutic intervention or appropriate screening for late effects as adults.

The Effect of Interim FDG-PET-guided Response-Adapted Therapy in Pediatric Patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL-14) : Protocol for a Phase II Study.

This trial enrolls patients with untreated Hodgkin's lymphoma aged<20 years at diagnosis and examines the effects of omitting radiation therapy if the FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) findings after two completed cycles of combination chemotherapy are negative. It thereby aims to determine whether patients who truly require radiation therapy can be identified by FDG-PET. If so, this modality could be used to omit radiation therapy for all other patients, decreasing the risk of serious long-term complications without affecting survival rates. The outcomes of patients for whom FDG-PET is used to assess early treatment response will also be determined.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole intravenous-to-oral switch regimens in immunocompromised Japanese pediatric patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of voriconazole following intravenous-to-oral switch regimens used with immunocompromised Japanese pediatric subjects (age 2 to <15 years) at high risk for systemic fungal infection. Twenty-one patients received intravenous-to-oral switch regimens based on a recent population pharmacokinetic modeling; they were given 9 mg/kg of body weight followed by 8 mg/kg of intravenous (i.v.) voriconazole every 12 h (q12h), and 9 mg/kg (maximum, 350 mg) of oral voriconazole q12h (for patients age 2 to <12 or 12 to <15 years and <50 kg) or 6 mg/kg followed by 4 mg/kg of i.v. voriconazole q12h and 200 mg of oral voriconazole q12h (for patients age 12 to <15 years and ≥50 kg). The steady-state area under the curve over the 12-h dosing interval (AUC0-12,ss) was calculated using the noncompartmental method and compared with the predicted exposures in Western pediatric subjects based on the abovementioned modeling. The geometric mean (coefficient of variation) AUC0-12,ss values for the intravenous and oral regimens were 51.1 µg · h/ml (68%) and 45.8 µg·h/ml (90%), respectively; there was a high correlation between AUC0-12,ss and trough concentration. Although the average exposures were higher in the Japanese patients than those in the Western pediatric subjects, the overall voriconazole exposures were comparable between these two groups due to large interindividual variability. The exposures in the 2 cytochrome P450 2C19 poor metabolizers were among the highest. Voriconazole was well tolerated. The most common treatment-related adverse events were photophobia and abnormal hepatic function. These recommended doses derived from the modeling appear to be appropriate for Japanese pediatric patients, showing no additional safety risks compared to those with adult patients. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01383993.).

Clinical Features of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix: A Single-Institution Retrospective Review.

OBJECTIVE: Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix is a rare and aggressive subtype of cervical cancer and includes small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). We conducted a single-institution retrospective review to explore the pattern of treatments and outcomes with the aim of defining an optimum treatment strategy for these carcinomas. METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive patients with SCNEC or LCNEC of the cervix diagnosed at the Hyogo Cancer Center between 1996 and 2013 were included in this study. Pertinent information, including clinical and pathological characteristics, and survival data were collected from clinical records and/or telephone surveys. The pathological review was conducted by a pathologist specializing in gynecologic cancer. RESULTS: Eleven patients had SCNEC and 12 had LCNEC. Eighteen patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I/II underwent type III radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. After surgery, 9 received adjuvant chemotherapy (8, irinotecan plus cisplatin; 1, paclitaxel plus carboplatin), 7 received concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT; 6, nedaplatin; 1, cisplatin), and 2 received radiation therapy (RT). Patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy had a better overall survival than did patients who received CCRT or RT (hazard ratio, 0.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.030-1.51; P = 0.12). Although the overall survival rates are not statistically significant, the 9 patients who underwent radical hysterectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy are all alive. Among the remaining 5 patients who did not undergo radical hysterectomy, 2 with FIGO stage III and 1 with stage IVa received CCRT, and 2 with stage IVb received palliative RT or chemotherapy. These 5 patients with FIGO stage III/IV died of disease within 36 months. CONCLUSIONS: Radical hysterectomy followed by platinum-based chemotherapy, especially the irinotecan plus cisplatin combination, is beneficial for long-term survival in patients with early-stage neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix.

Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of caspofungin in Japanese pediatric patients with invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis.

The antifungal agents approved in Japan for pediatric use are limited and many unapproved drugs are actually used without clear instruction for dosage. We investigated the pharmacokinetics of caspofungin for the treatment of invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis in 20 Japanese pediatric patients using a pediatric-specific dosage based on body surface area. Caspofungin was administered intravenously over 60 min as 70 mg/m(2) on Day 1, followed by 50 mg/m(2) per day. Five or 4 point blood sampling were done in 15 patients on Day 4-5 to calculate AUC0-24 h. The geometric means (95% confidence interval) of C24 h and AUC0-24 h in the pediatric patients were 3.3(2.5, 4.4) µg/mL and 175.1 (139.3, 220.1) µg hr/mL, respectively, which were comparable to those in Japanese adult patients [3.2 (2.8, 3.5) µg/mL and 144.9 (131.7, 159.3) µg hr/mL, respectively]. Among the 20 patients, 10 (50%) had at least 1 drug-related adverse event which was considered related to caspofungin therapy. No drug-related serious adverse event and no death occurred. The most common drug-related adverse events were events relating to hepatic function (mainly increases in ALT and AST). The overall success in efficacy was observed in 13 of 20 patients. In conclusion, once daily administration of caspofungin (70 mg/m(2) on Day 1, followed by 50 mg/m(2) [maximum daily dose not to exceed 70 mg]), which is the same dosage being used in overseas, achieved sufficient drug exposure and a favorable efficacy and acceptable safety profile in Japanese pediatric patients with invasive fungal infections.

Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Adolescent and Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Importance of Monitoring Survivors' Experiences of Family Functioning.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among Japanese long-term childhood cancer survivors (CCSs). Subjects comprised 185 adolescent and young adult (AYA) CCSs who completed anonymous self-report questionnaires. Attending physicians also completed an anonymous disease/treatment data sheet. Mean age of survivors was approximately 8 years at diagnosis and 23 years at participation. Multiple regression analysis showed that family functioning, satisfaction with social support, being female, and interactions between family functioning and gender and age at the time of diagnosis were associated with PTSS among survivors. This study revealed family functioning as the most predictive factor of PTSS among AYA CCSs in Japan. Even when the survivor may have unchangeable risk factors, family functioning can potentially moderate the effects on PTSS. Thus, it is crucial for health professionals to carefully monitor and attend to survivors' experiences of family functioning to mitigate PTSS.

General health status and late effects among adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate general health status and late effects among adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey, using self-rated questionnaires on current and past health problems. Questionnaires were provided to childhood cancer survivors, a comparison group of siblings and a general population control group that was recruited online. χ(2) tests were used to compare responses to the 72 survey items. RESULTS: The final sample included 185 childhood cancer survivors (72% response rate), 72 siblings and 1000 general population controls. In the childhood cancer survivors group, the median age of diagnosis was 8 years and the median age at survey was 23 years. According to the physicians' reports, 56% of the childhood cancer survivors experienced at least one late effect. In descending order of prevalence, the current symptoms in the childhood cancer survivors group were (i) impaired visual acuity (45%), (ii) dizziness (36%) and (iii) any allergy (34%). The three most common symptoms had similar prevalence rates in each of the groups. As compared with the control group, the following physical symptoms were significantly more common in the childhood cancer survivors group: mental retardation (odds ratio: 48.6, P < 0.01); cataract (odds ratio: 29.7); suspected infertility (odds ratio: 25.1); delayed puberty (odds ratio 24.9); growth hormone deficiency (odds ratio: 23.0); and other audiovisual, urinary, endocrine, infertility, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, spinal, extremity and neuromuscular problems. CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescent/young adult childhood cancer survivors could be suffering from ongoing late effects that stem from cancer and its treatment. Overall health monitoring for childhood cancer survivors can provide indispensable benefits.

A case of NUT midline carcinoma with complete response to gemcitabine following cisplatin and docetaxel.

BACKGROUND: NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is recognized as a very rare tumor that most often occurs around the midline and shows NUT rearrangement. This tumor affects children and younger adults, progresses rapidly, and shows an extremely poor prognosis, even with intensive chemotherapy. Very few reports have described effective treatment for this tumor. METHODS: A 12-year-old girl with NMC was treated using cisplatin (CDDP), docetaxel, gemcitabine, pemetrexed, and vinorelbine. RESULTS: Imaging showed partial response with CDDP and docetaxel, and complete response with gemcitabine. After reexacerbation of the tumor, although partial response was achieved with vinorelbine, the patient died 89 weeks after onset because of reexacerbation. CONCLUSIONS: NMC is a very rare disease with poor prognosis. This study is the first to report response of NMC to gemcitabine and vinorelbine. The findings suggest that combination chemotherapies including CDDP, docetaxel, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine may be a choice in the treatment for NMC.

Clinical features of immature leukemias in children.

Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL), mixed phenotypic acute leukemia (MPAL), and acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation (AML-M0) all originate from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells and have a poor prognosis. We investigated the clinical characteristics of these immature leukemias in 17 children (ETP-ALL: 8, MPAL: 5, AML-M0: 4) at seven institutions. Clinical and laboratory findings were comparable across disease types. Eleven and six patients received ALL- and AML-oriented induction chemotherapy, with six and four achieving complete remission (CR), respectively. Five additional patients achieved CR after salvage with the other type of chemotherapy. Eight patients received hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in first CR, and six survived without relapse. However, six of seven patients who did not receive HCT during first CR relapsed; all underwent HCT later, and only three survived. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rate were 37% and 69%, respectively. Patients who achieved CR after induction chemotherapy and received HCT in first CR had favorable EFS and OS. Notably, all patients who received HCT in first CR survived 5 years after diagnosis. Appropriate induction chemotherapy and HCT in first CR could improve the outcome of immature leukemias.

Retinoic acid-induced CCR9 expression requires transient TCR stimulation and cooperativity between NFATc2 and the retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor complex.

Retinoic acid (RA) imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells upon activation by inducing the expression of chemokine receptor CCR9 and integrin α4ß7. CCR9 expression seemed to be more highly dependent on RA than was the α4ß7 expression, but its molecular mechanism remained unclear. In this article, we show that NFAT isoforms NFATc1 and NFATc2 directly interact with RA receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) but play differential roles in RA-induced CCR9 expression on murine naive CD4(+) T cells. TCR stimulation for 6-24 h was required for the acquisition of responsiveness to RA and induced activation of NFATc1 and NFATc2. However, RA failed to induce CCR9 expression as long as TCR stimulation continued. After terminating TCR stimulation or adding cyclosporin A to the culture, Ccr9 gene transcription was induced, accompanied by inactivation of NFATc1 and sustained activation of NFATc2. Reporter and DNA-affinity precipitation assays demonstrated that the binding of NFATc2 to two NFAT-binding sites and that of the RAR/RXR complex to an RA response element half-site in the 5'-flanking region of the mouse Ccr9 gene were critical for RA-induced promoter activity. NFATc2 directly bound to RARα and RXRα, and it enhanced the binding of RARα to the RA response element half-site. NFATc1 also bound to the NFAT-binding sites and directly to RARα and RXRα, but it inhibited the NFATc2-dependent promoter activity. These results suggest that the cooperativity between NFATc2 and the RAR/RXR complex is essential for CCR9 expression on T cells and that NFATc1 interferes with the action of NFATc2.

Osteosarcoma after bone marrow transplantation.

Three children treated with bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, and congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia developed secondary osteosarcoma in the left tibia at the age of 13, 13, and 9 years, respectively, at 51, 117, and 106 months after transplantation, respectively. Through treatment with chemotherapy and surgery, all 3 patients are alive without disease. We surveyed the literature and reviewed 10 cases of osteosarcoma after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT), including our 3 cases. Eight of the patients had received myeloablative total body irradiation before SCT. The mean interval from SCT to the onset of osteosarcoma was 6 years and 4 months, and the mean age at the onset of osteosarcoma was 14 years and 5 months. The primary site of the post-SCT osteosarcoma was the tibia in 6 of 10 cases, in contrast to de novo osteosarcoma, in which the most common site is the femur. At least 7 of the 10 patients are alive without disease. Osteosarcoma should be one of the items for surveillance in the follow-up of patients who undergo SCT.

[Analysis of thyroid lesions in childhood recipients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation].

We performed a physical examination and ultrasonography of the thyroid gland in 24 patients who had received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a total-body irradiation (TBI)-containing regimen during childhood. When ultrasonography revealed thyroid nodules larger than 1 cm in diameter, fine-needle aspiration biopsies were performed. Of 5 patients with palpable masses and thyroid nodules larger than 1 cm, adenomatous goiter was diagnosed in 4 cases and thyroid cancer in 1. Of the remaining 19 patients in whom no palpable mass was detected in the physical examination, 5 had thyroid nodules (including 1 adenomatous goiter), 6 had cystic lesions, and 8 exhibited no abnormalities on ultrasonography. No significant differences in sex, age at transplantation, interval between transplantation and evaluation, primary disease, preconditioning regimen, status at transplantation, stem cell source, chronic graft-versus-host disease, hypogonadism, or hypothyroidism were observed between patients with and without nodules. Individuals who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with a TBI-containing regimen are at risk of secondary thyroid cancer due to radiotherapy and require regular clinical evaluations of the thyroid gland by palpation, and ultrasonography should be incorporated into these checkups.