Fatigue and vigilance in medical experts detecting breast cancer.

An abundance of laboratory-based experiments has described a vigilance decrement of reducing accuracy to detect targets with time on task, but there are few real-world studies, none of which have previously controlled the environment to control for bias. We describe accuracy in clinical practice for 360 experts who examined >1 million women's mammograms for signs of cancer, whilst controlling for potential biases. The vigilance decrement pattern was not observed. Instead, test accuracy improved over time, through a reduction in false alarms and an increase in speed, with no significant change in sensitivity. The multiple-decision model explains why experts miss targets in low prevalence settings through a change in decision threshold and search quit threshold and propose it should be adapted to explain these observed patterns of accuracy with time on task. What is typically thought of as standard and robust research findings in controlled laboratory settings may not directly apply to real-world environments and instead large, controlled studies in relevant environments are needed.

Development and quality appraisal of a new English breast screening linked data set as part of the age, test threshold, and frequency of mammography screening (ATHENA-M) study.

OBJECTIVES: To build a data set capturing the whole breast cancer screening journey from individual breast cancer screening records to outcomes and assess data quality. METHODS: Routine screening records (invitation, attendance, test results) from all 79 English NHS breast screening centres between January 1, 1988 and March 31, 2018 were linked to cancer registry (cancer characteristics and treatment) and national mortality data. Data quality was assessed using comparability, validity, timeliness, and completeness. RESULTS: Screening records were extracted from 76/79 English breast screening centres, 3/79 were not possible due to software issues. Data linkage was successful from 1997 after introduction of a universal identifier for women (NHS number). Prior to 1997 outcome data are incomplete due to linkage issues, reducing validity. Between January 1, 1997 and March 31, 2018, a total of 11 262 730 women were offered screening of whom 9 371 973 attended at least one appointment, with 139 million person-years of follow-up (a median of 12.4 person years for each woman included) with 73 810 breast cancer deaths and 1 111 139 any-cause deaths. Comparability to reference data sets and internal validity were demonstrated. Data completeness was high for core screening variables (>99%) and main cancer outcomes (>95%). CONCLUSIONS: The ATHENA-M project has created a large high-quality and representative data set of individual women's screening trajectories and outcomes in England from 1997 to 2018, data before 1997 are lower quality. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This is the most complete data set of English breast screening records and outcomes constructed to date, which can be used to evaluate and optimize screening.

Evidence-informed recommendations on managing breast screening atypia: perspectives from an expert panel consensus meeting reviewing results from the Sloane atypia project.

Evidence-based clinical guidelines are essential to maximize patient benefit and to reduce clinical uncertainty and inconsistency in clinical practice. Gaps in the evidence base can be addressed by data acquired in routine practice. At present, there is no international consensus on management of women diagnosed with atypical lesions in breast screening programmes. Here, we describe how routine NHS breast screening data collected by the Sloane atypia project was used to inform a management pathway that maximizes early detection of cancer and minimizes over-investigation of lesions with uncertain malignant potential. A half-day consensus meeting with 11 clinical experts, 1 representative from Independent Cancer Patients' Voice, 6 representatives from NHS England (NHSE) including from Commissioning, and 2 researchers was held to facilitate discussions of findings from an analysis of the Sloane atypia project. Key considerations of the expert group in terms of the management of women with screen detected atypia were: (1) frequency and purpose of follow-up; (2) communication to patients; (3) generalizability of study results; and (4) workforce challenges. The group concurred that the new evidence does not support annual surveillance mammography for women with atypia, irrespective of type of lesion, or woman's age. Continued data collection is paramount to monitor and audit the change in recommendations.

Can type 2 diabetes and its associated complications be prevented or delayed in people with intermediate hyperglycaemia?

Diabetes affects one in 11 adults in the WHO European Region. It is a key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, vision loss and nerve damage. Intermediate hyperglycaemia is a state in which blood glucose levels are above the normal range but below the threshold for diabetes. It is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and mortality. This review assessed the effects of interventions for people with intermediate hyperglycaemia. Results from randomized controlled trials indicate that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in people with intermediate hyperglycaemia is reduced by lifestyle and (some) pharmacological interventions. Most of the available evidence did not find a difference in mortality or other serious health outcomes for either pharmacological or lifestyle interventions. However, the follow-up periods may have been too short for health outcomes to have emerged. The current evidence suggests that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is reduced through intervention at the point of intermediate hyperglycaemia, but that the effects of these interventions on long-term health outcomes are unclear.

What is the effect of population-level screening of asymptomatic adults for type 2 diabetes mellitus or intermediate hyperglycaemia on health outcomes

Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's fastest growing chronic conditions. It is associated with heart disease, eye and kidney problems, and premature death. Intermediate hyperglycaemia, a state in which blood glucose levels are above the normal range but below the threshold for diabetes, is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), obesity, cardiovascular diseases and mortality. The review assessed whether population-level screening for intermediate hyperglycaemia and T2DM can improve health outcomes. A single, underpowered, biased study found no benefit of population-level screening for T2DM to reduce morbidity or mortality. No studies reported whether treatment after screen detection improved health outcomes compared with either no treatment or treatment after later symptomatic detection. One underpowered study found no significant difference in health outcomes between more- and less-intensive treatment after screen detection. In summary, there is currently no evidence that screening for T2DM or IHG reduces morbidity or mortality.

Можно ли предотвратить или отсрочить появление диабета 2-го типа и связанных с ним осложнений у людей с промежуточной гипергликемией? Резюме

В Европейском регионе ВОЗ диабетом страдает каждый одиннадцатый взрослый. Это один из основных факторов риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, почечной недостаточности, потери зрения и повреждения нервов. Промежуточная гипергликемия — это состояние, при котором уровни глюкозы в крови выше нормального диапазона, но ниже пороговых значений, характерных для диабета. Она связана с повышенным риском развития диабета 2-го типа, ожирения, сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и смертности. В настоящем обзоре изучается влияние лечебных мероприятий на состояние здоровья людей с промежуточной гипергликемией. Результаты рандомизированных контролируемых испытаний показывают, что риск развития диабета 2-го типа у людей с промежуточной гипергликемией можно снизить при помощи ведения здорового образа жизни и принятия (некоторых) фармакологических препаратов. В результате анализа большинства имеющихся фактических данных не обнаружено различий в уровне смертности или других важных показателях здоровья при проведении фармакологических вмешательств или изменении образа жизни. Хотя, возможно, что периоды наблюдения были недостаточно продолжительными, чтобы заметить положительную динамику в показателях здоровья. Имеющиеся в настоящее время фактические данные свидетельствуют о том, что риск развития диабета 2-го типа можно снизить за счет проведения лечебных мероприятий на стадии промежуточной гипергликемии, однако неизвестно, как влияют эти мероприятия на показатели здоровья в долгосрочной перспективе.

Can type 2 diabetes and its associated complications be prevented or delayed in people with intermediate hyperglycaemia? Summary

Diabetes affects one in 11 adults in the WHO European Region. It is a key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, vision loss and nerve damage. Intermediate hyperglycaemia is a state in which blood glucose levels are above the normal range but below the threshold for diabetes. It is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and mortality. This review assessed the effects of interventions for people with intermediate hyperglycaemia. Results from randomized controlled trials indicate that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in people with intermediate hyperglycaemia is reduced by lifestyle and (some) pharmacological interventions. Most of the available evidence did not find a difference in mortality or other serious health outcomes for either pharmacological or lifestyle interventions. However, the follow-up periods may have been too short for health outcomes to have emerged. The current evidence suggests that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is reduced through intervention at the point of in

Как влияет на показатели здоровья проведение популяционного скрининга бессимптомных взрослых на сахарный диабет 2-го типа или промежуточную гипергликемию? Резюме

Диабет – это одно из самых распространенных хронических заболеваний в мире. Он приводит к болезням сердца, проблемам со зрением и почками, а также к преждевременной смертности. Промежуточная гипергликемия (ПГ) – состояние, при котором уровни глюкозы в крови выше нормального диапазона, но ниже пороговых значений, характерных для диабета, – связана с повышенным риском развития сахарного диабета 2-го типа (СД2), ожирения, сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и смертности. В настоящем обзоре дается оценка того, может ли проведение популяционного скрининга на СД2 и ПГ повлиять на показатели здоровья. Результаты единственного недостаточно статистически мощного исследования с высокой вероятностью систематических ошибок показали отсутствие доказательств пользы проведения популяционного скрининга на СД2 для снижения показателей заболеваемости или смертности. Ни в одном исследовании не сравнивались показатели здоровья в случаях, когда лечение проводилось после обнаружения болезни в результате скрининга, и в случаях, когда лечение не проводилось совсем или проводилось после появления симптомов. В одном исследовании с низкой статистической мощностью не было обнаружено существенной разницы в показателях здоровья пациентов, одна группа которых прошла более интенсивное лечение после обнаружения болезни в результате скрининга, а другая – менее интенсивное. Таким образом, в настоящее время отсутствуют доказательства того, что скрининг на СД2 или ПГ содействует снижению показателей заболеваемости или смертности.

What is the effect of population-level screening of asymptomatic adults for type 2 diabetes mellitus or intermediate hyperglycaemia on health outcomes: summary

Diabetes mellitus is one of the world's fastest growing chronic conditions. It is associated with heart disease, eye and kidney problems, and premature death. Intermediate hyperglycaemia, a state in which blood glucose levels are above the normal range but below the threshold for diabetes, is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), obesity, cardiovascular diseases and mortality. The review assessed whether population-level screening for intermediate hyperglycaemia and T2DM can improve health outcomes. A single, underpowered, biased study found no benefit of population-level screening for T2DM to reduce morbidity or mortality. No studies reported whether treatment after screen detection improved health outcomes compared with either no treatment or treatment after later symptomatic detection. One underpowered study found no significant difference in health outcomes between more- and less-intensive treatment after screen detection. In summary, there is currently no evidence that screening for T2DM or IHG reduces morbidity or mortality.