Post-implantation analysis of genomic variations in the progeny from developing fetus to birth.

The analysis of genomic variations in offspring after implantation has been infrequently studied. In this study, we aim to investigate the extent of de novo mutations in humans from developing fetus to birth. Using high-depth whole-genome sequencing, 443 parent-offspring trios were studied to compare the results of de novo mutations (DNMs) between different groups. The focus was on fetuses and newborns, with DNA samples obtained from the families' blood and the aspirated embryonic tissues subjected to deep sequencing. It was observed that the average number of total DNMs in the newborns group was 56.26 (54.17-58.35), which appeared to be lower than that the multifetal reduction group, which was 76.05 (69.70-82.40) (F = 2.42, P = 0.12). However, after adjusting for parental age and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), significant differences were found between the two groups. The analysis was further divided into single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertion/deletion of a small number of bases (indels), and it was discovered that the average number of de novo SNVs associated with the multifetal reduction group and the newborn group was 49.89 (45.59-54.20) and 51.09 (49.22-52.96), respectively. No significant differences were noted between the groups (F = 1.01, P = 0.32). However, a significant difference was observed for de novo indels, with a higher average number found in the multifetal reduction group compared to the newborn group (F = 194.17, P < 0.001). The average number of de novo indels among the multifetal reduction group and the newborn group was 26.26 (23.27-29.05) and 5.17 (4.82-5.52), respectively. To conclude, it has been observed that the quantity of de novo indels in the newborns experiences a significant decrease when compared to that in the aspirated embryonic tissues (7-9 weeks). This phenomenon is evident across all genomic regions, highlighting the adverse effects of de novo indels on the fetus and emphasizing the significance of embryonic implantation and intrauterine growth in human genetic selection mechanisms.

miR-761-hepcidin/Gpx4 pathway contribute to unexplained liver dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome by regulating liver iron overload and ferroptosis.

Aims: To investigate the underling mechanisms of liver dysfunction in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Materials and methods: PCOS patients were enrolled according to the Amsterdam criteria while PCOS animal model was established by dihydrotestosterone (DHEA) sustained release tablet implantation on its neck. Further liver damage and iron overload were detected by HE and Prussian blue staining. The liver related enzymes, mRNA and protein levels of hepcidin and GPX4 were tested by ELISA, qRT-PCR and Western blot. RNA interference and miR-761 transfection were routinely performed while the regulation of miR-761 on hepcidin and GPX4 was confirmed by luciferase reporter gene analysis.Results: We found that a part of PCOS patients and animal model had unexplained liver damage, which is independent of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and accompanied by increased ferrum (Fe) deposition. Besides, the expression of hepcidin and GPX4 that is important effector proteins for ferroptosis was down regulated in liver, showing the importance of iron metabolism in this unexplained liver damage. Based on the miR-761-hepcidin/GPX4 axis, we systematically studied the effects of miR-761 on ferroptosis and Fe deposition, which further influence the phenotype and liver function of PCOS model. From both in vivo and in vitro levels, changes in PCOS disease phenotype and ferroptosis were observed through hierarchical antagonism or overexpression of miR-761, hepcidin and GPX4.Conclusions: our results provide a novel explanation for unexplained liver damage in PCOS and a potential therapeutic target.

Environmental exposure to bisphenol analogues and unexplained recurrent miscarriage: A case-control study.

The use of bisphenol A (BPA) has been substantially limited since 2010 due to its toxicity to human health. A group of bisphenol analogues that are structurally similar to BPA have been developed as the alternatives and used widely. The reproductive toxicity of these emerging chemicals has caused substantial concerns in recent years. Whether bisphenol analogues affect miscarriage, especially unexplained recurrent miscarriage (URM), remains to be explored. We conducted a hospital-based, case-control study with 1180 URM cases and 571 controls in China from 2014 to 2016. Concentrations of six bisphenol analogues (BPA, BPAF, BPAP, BPB, BPP and BPS) were measured in the urine samples collected at median intervals of 7.6 months after last miscarriage (interquartile ranges: 4.8, 14.7 months). Multiple logistic regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation (q-gcomp) were used to assess the relationship of bisphenol analogues with URM risk. We observed significantly higher levels of all urinary bisphenols in the cases than the controls. After controlling for potential confounders, bisphenol analogues were significantly associated with increased odds of URM in varying degrees. A dose-response pattern was observed for the associations of BPAF, BPAP and BPB quartiles with URM. The mixed exposure of six bisphenol analogues was positively associated with the risk of URM (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.25; 1.11-1.42), which was mainly driven by BPAP (60.1%), BPAF (25.1%) and BPA (14.8%). After age stratification, the risks tended to be higher in women aged 30 years or older, compared to women <30 years. Our large case-control study indicates that environmental exposure to bisphenol analogues is associated with an increased risk of URM. Older women may be more vulnerable to the insult.

Association of emerging and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) alternatives are increasingly used in daily life. Although legacy PFAS have been associated with miscarriage in previous studies, it remains unknown whether exposure to emerging and legacy PFAS has any impact on the risk of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). We conducted a case-control study with 464 URSA cases who had at least 2 unexplained miscarriages and 440 normal controls who had at least one normal livebirth. Concentrations of 21 PFAS in plasma, including three emerging PFAS alternatives, eight linear and branched PFAS isomers, four short-chain PFAS, and six legacy PFAS, were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Multiple logistic regression was applied to evaluate the relationship between PFAS and URSA risk. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, median: 6.18 ng/mL), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, median: 4.10 ng/mL), and 6:2 chlorinated perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA, median: 2.27 ng/mL) were the predominant PFAS in the controls. Exposure to 6:2 Cl-PFESA [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.18 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.39)] and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) [aOR = 1.35 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.59)] were significantly associated with increased risks of URSA. Women with older age (>30 years old) had a stronger association between PFAS and URSA. Our results suggest that emerging PFAS alternatives may be an important risk factor for URSA.

Basonuclin 1 deficiency is a cause of primary ovarian insufficiency.

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) leads to infertility and premature menopause in young women. The genetic etiology of this disorder remains unknown in most patients. Using whole exome sequencing of a large Chinese POI pedigree, we identified a heterozygous 5 bp deletion inducing a frameshift in BNC1, which is predicted to result in a non-sense-mediated decay or a truncated BNC1 protein. Sanger sequencing identified another BNC1 missense mutation in 4 of 82 idiopathic patients with POI, and the mutation was absent in 332 healthy controls. Transfection of recombinant plasmids with the frameshift mutant and separately with the missense mutant in HEK293T cells led to abnormal nuclear localization. Knockdown of BNC1 was found to reduce BMP15 and p-AKT levels and to inhibit meiosis in oocytes. A female mouse model of the human Bnc1 frameshift mutation exhibited infertility, significantly increased serum follicle-stimulating hormone, decreased ovary size and reduced follicle numbers, consistent with POI. We report haploinsufficiency of BNC1 as an etiology of human autosomal dominant POI.

Altered expression of DNA damage repair genes in the brain tissue of mice conceived by in vitro fertilization.

Our previous study revealed a higher incidence of gene dynamic mutation in newborns conceived by IVF, highlighting that IVF may be disruptive to the DNA stability of IVF offspring. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The DNA damage repair system plays an essential role in gene dynamic mutation and neurodegenerative disease. To evaluate the long-term impact of IVF on DNA damage repair genes, we established an IVF mouse model and analyzed gene and protein expression levels of MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, MLH1, PMS2, OGG1, APEX1, XPA and RPA1 and also the amount of H2AX phosphorylation of serine 139 which is highly suggestive of DNA double-strand break (γH2AX expression level) in the brain tissue of IVF conceived mice and their DNA methylation status using quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting and pyrosequencing. Furthermore, we assessed the capacity of two specific non-physiological factors in IVF procedures during preimplantation development. The results demonstrated that the expression and methylation levels of some DNA damage repair genes in the brain tissue of IVF mice were significantly changed at 3 weeks, 10 weeks and 1.5 years of age, when compared with the in vivo control group. In support of mouse model findings, oxygen concentration of in vitro culture environment was shown to have the capacity to modulate gene expression and DNA methylation levels of some DNA damage repair genes. In summary, our study indicated that IVF could bring about long-term alterations of gene and protein expression and DNA methylation levels of some DNA damage repair genes in the brain tissue and these alterations might be resulted from the different oxygen concentration of culture environment, providing valuable perspectives to improve the safety and efficiency of IVF at early embryonic stage and also throughout different life stages.

Urinary bisphenol A concentration is correlated with poorer oocyte retrieval and embryo implantation outcomes in patients with tubal factor infertility undergoing in vitro fertilisation.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a substance ubiquitously present in the environment, and its toxicity on reproductive function has been well characterised in animal models. However, it is still controversy about the effects of BPA exposure on human female reproduction. Therefore, in the present study, the associations of urinary BPA concentration with the outcomes of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and embryo transfer from fresh and frozen cycles were analysed in the same cohort. 351 women who underwent IVF treatment from September 2013 to October 2016, at the Centre of Reproductive Medicine in the Women's Hospital School of Medicine at Zhejiang University were recruited. Single-spot urine samples were collected on the day of oocyte retrieval to detect BPA using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. A multivariable generalised linear mixed model was used to evaluate the association between the urinary BPA concentration and IVF outcomes. After adjustment for age, body mass index, baseline follicle-stimulating hormone level, baseline oestradiol level, and antral follicle count, a significant decrease in the number of retrieved oocytes and in the rates of clinical pregnancy and implantation was observed in the patients with a high urinary BPA concentration. We concluded that BPA exposure exert negative effects on oocyte retrieval and embryo implantation in women undergoing IVF.

Exposure of women undergoing in-vitro fertilization to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Evidence on negative effects on fertilization and high-quality embryos.

In April 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 17.5% of the global adult population experience infertility. What may be the contribution of per-and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) to this global public health problem? This study explored the associations between in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes and plasma concentrations of individual PFAS and PFAS mixtures in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and how these exposures might affect IVF outcomes. We analyzed 8 PFASs in plasma samples from women (N = 259) who underwent IVF treatment. In multivariable generalized linear mixed models, there were statistically significant associations of higher plasma concentrations of PFNA with reduced numbers of total retrieved oocytes [12.486 (95%CI: 0.446,25.418), p trend = 0.017], 2 PN zygotes [6.467(95%CI: 2.034,14.968), p trend = 0.007], and cleavage embryos [6.039(95%CI: 2.162,14.240), p trend = 0.008]. Similarly, there was a continuous decline in the numbers of retrieved 2 PN zygotes and cleavage embryos with increasing concentration of PFOS [6.467(95%CI: 2.034,14.968), p trend = 0.009 and 6.039(95%CI: 2.162,14.240), p trend = 0.031,respectively] and a negative association between PFHxS concentrations and clinical pregnancy during the initial cycles of frozen ET [0.525(95%CI:0.410,0.640), p trend = 0.021]. To investigate the joint effect of PFAS mixtures, a confounder-adjusted BKMR model analysis showed inverse relationship between PFAS mixtures and the number of high-quality embryos, 2 PN zygotes and cleavage embryos, to which the greatest contributors to the mixture effect are PFDeA and PFBS, respectively. It demonstrated that PFAS exposure might exert negative effects on oocyte yield, fertilization and high-quality embryo in women undergoing IVF. These findings suggest that exposure to PFAS may increase the risk of female infertility and further studies are needed to uncover the potential mechanisms underlying the reproductive effects associated with PFAS.

The role of DNA damage response in human embryonic stem cells exposed to atmospheric oxygen tension: Implications for embryo development and differentiation.

Previous retrospective cohort studies have found that, compared with oxygen tension in the uterus and fallopian tubes (2 %-8 %), exposure of pre-implantation embryos to atmospheric oxygen tension (AtmO2, 20 %) during assisted reproductive technology(ART) can affect embryo quality, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health. However, current research on the effects and mechanisms of AtmO2 on the development of embryos and offspring is mainly limited to animal experiments. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) play a special and irreplaceable role in the study of early human embryonic development. In this study, we used hESCs as a model to elucidate the possible effects and mechanisms of AtmO2 exposure on human embryonic development. We found that exposure to AtmO2 can reduce cell viability, produce oxidative stress, increase DNA damage, initiate DNA repair, activate autophagy, and increase cell apoptosis. We also noticed that approximately 50 % of hESCs survived, adapted and proliferated through high expression of self-renewal and pluripotency regulatory factors, and affected embryoid body differentiation. These data indicate that hESCs experience oxidative stress, accumulation of DNA damage, and activate DNA damage response under the selective pressure of AtmO2.Some hESCs undergo cell death, whereas other hESCs adapt and proliferate through increased expression of self-renewal genes. The current findings provide in vitro evidence that exposure to AtmO2 during the early preimplantation stage negatively affects hESCs.

A novel F8 variant in a Chinese hemophilia A family and involvement of X-chromosome inactivation: A case report.

RATIONALE: Hemophilia A (HA) is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder, which shows factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency caused by genetic variant in F8 gene. PATIENT CONCERNS: Males with F8 variants are affected, whereas female carriers with a wide range of FVIII levels are usually asymptomatic, it is possible that different X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) may effect the FVIII activity. DIAGNOSES: We identified a novel variant F8: c.6193T > G in a Chinese HA proband, it was inherited from the mother and grandmother with different FVIII levels. INTERVENTIONS: We performed Androgen receptor gene (AR) assays and RT-PCR. OUTCOMES: AR assays revealed that the X chromosome with the F8 variant was severely skewed inactivated in the grandmother with higher FVIII levels, but not in the mother with lower FVIII levels. Further, RT-PCR of mRNA confirmed that only the wild allele of F8 was expressed in the grandmother, with lower expression in the wild allele of the mother. LESSONS: Our findings suggest that F8: c.6193T > G could be the cause of HA and that XCI affected the FVIII plasma levels in female carriers.

The correlation between maternal age and fetal sex chromosome aneuploidies: a 8-year single institution experience in China.

BACKGROUND: Although a few studies have investigated a possible association between maternal age and fetal sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs), most of these studies were limited to advanced maternal age (AMA) women and the results were conflicting. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between maternal age and common fetal SCAs (including 45,X, 47,XXY, 47,XXX and 47,XYY) in pregnant women of different ages that not only limited to AMA women. We retrospectively investigated a 8-year experience of prenatal diagnosis for fetal chromosome aberrations by second-trimester amniocentesis at a university teaching hospital in China. 20,409 amniotic fluid specimens collected at 19-22+6 gestational weeks were included in this study. The women were categorized into five age groups (≤ 23, 24-28, 29-33, 34-38, 39+ years) based on maternal age at the time of amniocentesis and entered as a categorical variable in all samples. The correlation between fetal SCAs and maternal age was determined using the logistic regression analysis. A chi-square test was performed to compare the incidence of fetal SCAs among age groups. RESULTS: A total of 179 cases of fetal SCAs were detected, and the incidence was 8.77‰ (about 1/114). The incidence of fetal SCAs increased significantly with advancing maternal age (SE, 0.014; odds ratio, 1.044; P = 0.002). Specifically, the incidence of 45,X (SE, 0.037; odds ratio, 0.916; P = 0.017) and 47,XXY (SE, 0.024; odds ratio, 1.127; P = 0.000) had significant correlation with maternal age, while the incidence of 47,XXX and 47,XYY had no correlation with maternal age (P = 0.473; P = 0.272, respectively). The incidence of fetal SCAs was also significantly different among age groups (χ2 = 10.197, P = 0.037 < 0.05), from 5.81 per 1000 fetuses at the 24-28 years to 10.92 per 1000 at the 39+ years. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal age was ascertained to be a strong risk factor for fetal SCAs.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) inhibits the gap junction intercellular communication and induces apoptosis in human ovarian granulosa cells.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has attracted widespread research attention as it is very stable, bioaccumulates, and causes reproductive toxicity. Data from several animal experiments and epidemiological studies indicate that female fertility may decline because of ovarian granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis as oocyte quality is positively associated with effective gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) between GCs. To the best of our knowledge, however, no previous trials have been conducted or reported on the effects of PFOA exposure on apoptosis induction in human GCs. Moreover, the roles of GJIC in GC survival and in the induction of apoptosis in GCs by PFOA remain unclear. To test this, we cultured human GCs in vitro and treated them with 0 µM, 0.3 µM, 3 µM, or 30 µM PFOA for 24 h. We also treated a human ovarian GC line (KGN) with various combinations of PFOA, retinoic acid (RA, 10 µM), and carbenoxolone disodium (CBX, 50 mM). Our findings showed that PFOA lowered human GC viability and increased apoptosis. The effects of CBX resemble those of PFOA. The combination of PFOA and CBX enhances the inhibition of GJIC by PFOA and promotes apoptosis. The effects of RA are the opposite to those of PFOA. The combination of RA and PFOA mitigates PFOA-induced GJIC inhibition and reduces apoptosis. The observed expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were consistent with the aforementioned findings. Hence, our study demonstrated that PFOA may induce human ovarian GC apoptosis by inhibiting GJIC.

Basonuclin 1 deficiency causes testicular premature aging: BNC1 cooperates with TAF7L to regulate spermatogenesis.

Basonuclin (BNC1) is expressed primarily in proliferative keratinocytes and gametogenic cells. However, its roles in spermatogenesis and testicular aging were not clear. Previously we discovered a heterozygous BNC1 truncation mutation in a premature ovarian insufficiency pedigree. In this study, we found that male mice carrying the truncation mutation exhibited progressively fertility loss and testicular premature aging. Genome-wide expression profiling and direct binding studies (by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing) with BNC1 in mouse testis identified several spermatogenesis-specific gene promoters targeted by BNC1 including kelch-like family member 10 (Klhl10), testis expressed 14 (Tex14), and spermatogenesis and centriole associated 1 (Spatc1). Moreover, biochemical analysis showed that BNC1 was associated with TATA-box binding protein-associated factor 7 like (TAF7L), a germ cell-specific paralogue of the transcription factor IID subunit TAF7, both in vitro and in testis, suggesting that BNC1 might directly cooperate with TAF7L to regulate spermatogenesis. The truncation mutation disabled nuclear translocation of the BNC1/TAF7L complex, thus, disturbing expression of related genes and leading to testicular premature aging. Similarly, expressions of BNC1, TAF7L, Y-box-binding protein 2 (YBX2), outer dense fiber of sperm tails 1 (ODF1), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic (GAPDHS) were significantly decreased in the testis of men with non-obstructive azoospermia. The present study adds to the understanding of the physiology of male reproductive aging and the mechanism of spermatogenic failure in infertile men.

Environmental exposure to triclosan and polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross-sectional study in China.

OBJECTIVES: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy of women at reproductive age. Although the aetiology of PCOS remains unclear, potential effects of environmental endocrine-disrupting compounds on the development of PCOS have drawn increasing attention. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between triclosan (TCS) and PCOS, and explore possible mechanisms on how TCS may contribute to the development of clinical manifestations of PCOS. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: This study was conducted in one tertiary-level hospital located in Zhejiang, China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 674 infertile women at 18-45 years of age were recruited in 2014-2015. Participants with (n=84) and without (n=212) PCOS with urinary TCS concentration available were included in the analyses. METHODS: Urinary TCS concentration was measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between TCS and PCOS. Fractional polynomial regression models were built to fit the potential non-linear relationship between TCS concentrations and luteinising hormone (LH) and LH/follicle stimulate hormone (FSH). RESULTS: The PCOS group had significantly higher level of TCS concentration than the non-PCOS group (the median of TCS (IQR), µg/g creatinine: 1.49 (0.68-3.80) vs 1.06 (0.52-3.02), p=0.0407). Compared with the lowest tertile, the highest tertile of TCS concentration was associated with an increased odd of PCOS (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.99). After adjusting for potential confounders, the significant association remained (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.05 to 3.79). Positive relationships were found between TCS levels and LH and LH/FSH ratio in non-PCOS participants. CONCLUSIONS: TCS exposure at a relatively low level is associated with PCOS in Chinese women. Further epidemiological studies are needed to confirm our finding, which may have important public health implications.

Desirable quality-control materials for the establishment of qualified external quality assessment on prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal aneuploidies.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare desirable quality-control materials for the establishement of qualified external quality assessment on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-detected prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal aneuploidies. METHODS: Four types of amniotic fluid cell suspensions (13-trisomy, 18-trisomy, 21-trisomy and 47,XXY) were mixed together by ratio to produce mosaicism with the percentages of each aneuploidy as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, respectively. After being stored in liquid nitrogen of -196 °C for six months, randomly selected samples were incubated in 37 °C water, followed by cultivation, hypo-osmosis and fixation. Finally, FISH detetion was applied on them before and after external laboratory mailing, in step with detection on conventional case samples. RESULTS: Before mailing, the positive rates of each aneuploidy described above were 12.8%, 23.6%, 33.8%, 44.0%, while 12.6%, 23.8%, 34.0%, 43.5% after mailing. t-test, criteria for stability assessment of quality-control materials in CANS-GL03:2006, showed no significant effect of external mailing on mosaicism since corresponding t values are lower than threshold with significance level α as 0.05 and degree of freedom as 10. CONCLUSION: As FISH detection showed, the mosaic cell strains prepared in current study exhibited excellent stabilities after cryopreservation in -196 °C, subculture, hypo-osmosis, fixation and external laboratory mailing, demonstrating them as reliable and promising quality-control materials for the establishment of a qualified external quality assessment on prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal aneuploidies.

Perfluoroalkyl substances and endometriosis-related infertility in Chinese women.

Endometriosis is one of the main causes for female infertility. Previous studies suggested that perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a group of ubiquitous environmental chemicals with properties of endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity, were risk factors for endometriosis but there lacks direct evidence on the possible role of PFASs in endometriosis-related infertility. To fill this gap, we examined the association between PFASs and endometriosis-related infertility among Chinese reproductive-age women in a case-control study, which comprised 157 surgically confirmed endometriosis cases and 178 controls seeking infertility treatment because of male reproductive dysfunction in 2014 and 2015. Blood specimens were collected at the enrollment and analyzed for ten PFASs. Logistic regression was utilized to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for individual PFAS compound. Plasma concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) were associated with an increased risk of endometriosis-related infertility (second vs. lowest tertile: OR=3.74, 95% CI: 2.04, 6.84; highest vs. lowest tertile: OR=3.04, 95% CI: 1.65, 5.57). This association remained consistent when we restricted to subjects with no previous pregnancy (second vs. lowest tertile: OR=2.91, 95% CI: 1.28, 6.61; highest vs. lowest tertile: OR=3.41, 95% CI: 1.52, 7.65) or to subjects without other gynecologic pathology (second vs. lowest tertile: OR=4.65, 95% CI: 2.21, 9.82; highest vs. lowest tertile: OR=3.36, 95% CI: 1.58, 7.15). Plasma concentrations of perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were inversely associated with endometriosis-related infertility, but the associations were attenuated in the sensitivity analyses. Our preliminary evidence suggests that exposure to PFBS may increase the risk of female infertility due to endometriosis. Future prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

Development of a comprehensive real-time PCR assay for dystrophin gene analysis and prenatal diagnosis of Chinese families.

BACKGROUND: To develop a comprehensive method to analyze deletions or duplications of the dystrophin gene in both patients and carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), likewise applied to prenatal diagnosis. METHODS: A total of thirty Chinese families were recruited, composed of 29 DMD affected males and 38 female relatives containing four pregnant women. Deletions were previously screened by multiplex PCR. A comprehensive real-time PCR assay using SYBR Green I dye was performed for the initial detection of duplications in patients with a seven-exon primer set, carrier detection for female relatives and prenatal diagnosis for the 4 of them. The results were later confirmed by multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and linkage analysis. RESULTS: Three out of 4 duplications were first discovered by real-time PCR. Carrier status was ascertained in 22 and rejected in the remaining sixteen female relatives. Furthermore, 4 fetuses were diagnosed as two normal females, one normal male and one female carrier, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our real-time PCR assay is useful in duplication screen with a detection rate of >70%, as well as rapid and reliable in both carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of DMD families with known deletions and duplications.