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OBJECTIVE: Qualitative and quantitative analyses of blood flow in normal and pathologic brain and spinal cord microvasculature were performed using confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE). METHODS: Blood flow in cortical, dural, and spinal cord microvasculature was assessed in vivo in swine. We assessed microvasculature under normal conditions and after vessel occlusion, brain injury due to cold or surgical trauma, and cardiac arrest. Tumor-associated microvasculature was assessed in vivo and ex vivo in 20 patients with gliomas. RESULTS: We observed erythrocyte flow in vessels 5-500 µm in diameter. Thrombosis, flow arrest and redistribution, flow velocity changes, agglutination, and cells rolling were assessed in normal and injured brain tissue. Microvasculature in in vivo CLE images of gliomas was classified as normal in 68% and abnormal in 32% of vessels on the basis of morphological appearance. Dural lymphatic channels were discriminated from blood vessels. Microvasculature CLE imaging was possible for up to 30 minutes after a 1 mg/kg intravenous dose of fluorescein. CONCLUSIONS: CLE imaging allows assessment of cerebral and tumor microvasculature and blood flow alterations with subcellular resolution intraoperative imaging demonstrating precise details of real-time cell movements. Research and clinical scenarios may benefit from this novel intraoperative in vivo microscopic fluorescence imaging modality.
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Glioma , Microvasos , Animales , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios de Factibilidad , Humanos , Rayos Láser , Microscopía Confocal , Microvasos/diagnóstico por imagen , PorcinosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVEDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an MRI tool that provides an objective, noninvasive, in vivo assessment of spinal cord injury (SCI). DTI is significantly better at visualizing microstructures than standard MRI sequences. In this imaging modality, the direction and amplitude of the diffusion of water molecules inside tissues is measured, and this diffusion can be measured using a variety of parameters. As a result, the potential clinical application of DTI has been studied in several spinal cord pathologies, including SCI. The aim of this study was to describe the current state of the potential clinical utility of DTI in patients with SCI and the challenges to its use as a tool in clinical practice.METHODSA search in the PubMed database was conducted for articles relating to the use of DTI in SCI. The citations of relevant articles were also searched for additional articles.RESULTSAmong the most common DTI metrics are fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity. Changes in these metrics reflect changes in tissue integrity. Several DTI metrics and combinations thereof have demonstrated significant correlations with clinical function both in model species and in humans. Its applications encompass the full spectrum of the clinical assessment of SCI including diagnosis, prognosis, recovery, and efficacy of treatments in both the spinal cord and potentially the brain.CONCLUSIONSDTI and its metrics have great potential to become a powerful clinical tool in SCI. However, the current limitations of DTI preclude its use beyond research and into clinical practice. Further studies are needed to significantly improve and resolve these limitations as well as to determine reliable time-specific changes in multiple DTI metrics for this tool to be used accurately and reliably in the clinical setting.
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Imagen de Difusión Tensora/métodos , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Anisotropía , Agua Corporal , Vértebras Cervicales , Difusión , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Pronóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , Recuperación de la Función , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/complicaciones , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/patología , Vértebras Torácicas , Índices de Gravedad del Trauma , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The anterior interhemispheric approach is a workhorse for treatment of lesions in the third ventricle. In this case, we demonstrate the utility of this approach for resecting a complex third ventricular cavernous malformation. We discuss patient positioning, optimal location of the craniotomy, and surgical resection techniques for safe removal of these lesions. We also demonstrate the importance of gravity retraction using the falx to prevent injury to the dominant frontal lobe. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/38woc28er7M .
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Encéfalo/cirugía , Duramadre/cirugía , Hemangioma Cavernoso del Sistema Nervioso Central/cirugía , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos , Tercer Ventrículo/cirugía , Adulto , Hemangioma Cavernoso del Sistema Nervioso Central/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos/métodosRESUMEN
The supracerebellar infratentorial approach provides access to the dorsal midbrain, pineal region, and tentorial incisura. This approach can be used with the patient in a sitting, prone, park-bench, or supine position. For a patient with a supple neck and favorable anatomy, we prefer the supine position. The ipsilateral shoulder is elevated, the head turned to the contralateral side, the chin is tucked, and the neck extended toward the floor to open the craniocervical angle for added working room. Care must be taken to place the craniotomy laterally to make use of the ascending angle of the tentorium for ease of access to deep-seated lesions. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/BZh6ljmE23k .
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Mesencéfalo/cirugía , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos , Glándula Pineal/cirugía , Adulto , Cerebelo/cirugía , Craneotomía/métodos , Duramadre/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos/métodosRESUMEN
The mesial temporal lobe can be approached via a pterional or orbitozygomatic craniotomy, the subtemporal approach, or transcortically. Alternatively, the entire mesial temporal lobe can be accessed using a lateral supracerebellar transtentorial (SCTT) approach. Here we describe the technical nuances of patient positioning, craniotomy, supracerebellar dissection, and tentorial disconnection to traverse the tentorial incisura to arrive at the posterior mesial temporal lobe for a cavernous malformation. The SCTT approach is especially useful for lesions in the dominant temporal lobe where an anterolateral approach may endanger language centers or the vein of Labbé. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/D8mIR5yeiVw .
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Duramadre/cirugía , Aneurisma Intracraneal/cirugía , Neuroendoscopía , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos , Lóbulo Temporal/cirugía , Adulto , Cerebelo/cirugía , Craneotomía/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Procedimientos Neuroquirúrgicos/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the utility, specificity, and sensitivity of intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) to provide diagnostic information during resection of human brain tumors. METHODS: CLE imaging was used in the resection of intracranial neoplasms in 74 consecutive patients (31 male; mean age 47.5 years; sequential 10-month study period). Intraoperative in vivo and ex vivo CLE was performed after intravenous injection of fluorescein sodium (FNa). Tissue samples from CLE imaging-matched areas were acquired for comparison with routine histological analysis (frozen and permanent sections). CLE images were classified as diagnostic or nondiagnostic. The specificities and sensitivities of CLE and frozen sections for gliomas and meningiomas were calculated using permanent histological sections as the standard. RESULTS: CLE images were obtained for each patient. The mean duration of intraoperative CLE system use was 15.7 minutes (range 3-73 minutes). A total of 20,734 CLE images were correlated with 267 biopsy specimens (mean number of images/biopsy location, in vivo 84, ex vivo 70). CLE images were diagnostic for 45.98% in vivo and 52.97% ex vivo specimens. After initiation of CLE, an average of 14 in vivo images and 7 ex vivo images were acquired before identification of a first diagnostic image. CLE specificity and sensitivity were, respectively, 94% and 91% for gliomas and 93% and 97% for meningiomas. CONCLUSIONS: CLE with FNa provided intraoperative histological information during brain tumor removal. Specificities and sensitivities of CLE for gliomas and meningiomas were comparable to those for frozen sections. These data suggest that CLE could allow the interactive identification of tumor areas, substantially improving intraoperative decisions during the resection of brain tumors.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirugía , Fluoresceína , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Monitoreo Intraoperatorio/métodos , Monitoreo Intraoperatorio/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Fluoresceína/administración & dosificación , Colorantes Fluorescentes/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Masculino , Microscopía Confocal/métodos , Microscopía Confocal/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Vascular malformations of the central nervous system are thought to originate from abnormal developmental processes during embryogenesis. Reports have cited the dynamic nature of these lesions and their "maturation" into other types of malformations. Herein we report on three patients with vascular malformations who exhibited dynamic alterations with stepwise progression of their lesions. These cases lend support to the hypothesis that these malformations may constitute the spectrum of a single disease caused by alterations in a common developmental program and that accumulating injury (e.g., by radiation) may allow one malformation type to mature into another. This concept warrants further investigation.
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Malformaciones Arteriovenosas/patología , Malformaciones Vasculares del Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECT: For patients with glioblastoma multiforme, median survival time is approximately 14 months. Longer progression-free and overall survival times correlate with gross-total resection of tumor. The ability to identify tumor cells intraoperatively could result in an increased percentage of tumor resected and thus increased patient survival times. Available labeling methods rely on metabolic activity of tumor cells; thus, they are more robust in high-grade tumors, and their utility in low-grade tumors and metastatic tumors is not clear. The authors demonstrate intraoperative identification of tumor cells by using labeled tumor-specific antibodies. METHODS: GL261 mouse glioma cells exhibit high expression of a membrane-bound protein called second tyrosinase-related protein (TRP-2). The authors used these cells to establish an intracranial, immunocompetent model of malignant glioma. Antibodies to TRP-2 were labeled by using Alexa Fluor 488 fluorescent dye and injected into the tail vein of albino C57BL/6 mice. After 24 hours, a craniotomy was performed and the tissue was examined in vivo by using an Optiscan 5.1 handheld portable confocal fiber-optic microscope. Tissue was examined ex vivo by using a Pascal 5 scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS: Labeled tumor cells were visible in vivo and ex vivo under the respective microscopes. CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescently labeled tumor-specific antibodies are capable of binding and identifying tumor cells in vivo, accurately and specifically. The development of labeled markers for the identification of brain tumors will facilitate the use of intraoperative fluorescence microscopy as a tool for increasing the extent of resection of a broad variety of intracranial tumors.
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Anticuerpos Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Glioma/diagnóstico , Oxidorreductasas Intramoleculares , Animales , Anticuerpos Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/inmunología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Colorantes Fluorescentes/metabolismo , Glioma/inmunología , Glioma/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas Intramoleculares/inmunología , Oxidorreductasas Intramoleculares/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Microscopía Confocal/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECT: The authors sought to assess the feasibility of a handheld visible-wavelength confocal endomicroscope imaging system (Optiscan 5.1, Optiscan Pty., Ltd.) using a variety of rapid-acting fluorophores to provide histological information on gliomas, tumor margins, and normal brain in animal models. METHODS: Mice (n = 25) implanted with GL261 cells were used to image fluorescein sodium (FNa), 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), acridine orange (AO), acriflavine (AF), and cresyl violet (CV). A U251 glioma xenograft model in rats (n = 5) was used to image sulforhodamine 101 (SR101). A swine (n = 3) model with AO was used to identify confocal features of normal brain. Images of normal brain, obvious tumor, and peritumoral zones were collected using the handheld confocal endomicroscope. Histological samples were acquired through biopsies from matched imaging areas. Samples were visualized with a benchtop confocal microscope. Histopathological features in corresponding confocal images and photomicrographs of H & E-stained tissues were reviewed. RESULTS: Fluorescence induced by FNa, 5-ALA, AO, AF, CV, and SR101 and detected with the confocal endomicroscope allowed interpretation of histological features. Confocal endomicroscopy revealed satellite tumor cells within peritumoral tissue, a definitive tumor border, and striking fluorescent cellular and subcellular structures. Fluorescence in various tumor regions correlated with standard histology and known tissue architecture. Characteristic features of different areas of normal brain were identified as well. CONCLUSIONS: Confocal endomicroscopy provided rapid histological information precisely related to the site of microscopic imaging with imaging characteristics of cells related to the unique labeling features of the fluorophores. Although experimental with further clinical trial validation required, these data suggest that intraoperative confocal imaging can help to distinguish normal brain from tumor and tumor margin and may have application in improving intraoperative decisions during resection of brain tumors.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Encéfalo/patología , Computadoras de Mano , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Glioma/diagnóstico , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Femenino , Glioma/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Microscopía Confocal/métodos , Ratas , PorcinosRESUMEN
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor with a median 12- to 15-month patient survival. Improving patient survival involves better understanding the biological mechanisms of glioblastoma tumorigenesis and seeking targeted molecular therapies. Central to furthering these advances is the collection and storage of surgical biopsies (biobanking) for research. This paper addresses an imaging modality, confocal reflectance microscopy (CRM), for safely screening glioblastoma biopsy samples prior to biobanking to increase the quality of tissue provided for research and clinical trials. These data indicate that CRM can immediately identify cellularity of tissue biopsies from animal models of glioblastoma. When screening fresh human biopsy samples, CRM can differentiate a cellular glioblastoma biopsy from a necrotic biopsy without altering DNA, RNA, or protein expression of sampled tissue. These data illustrate CRM's potential for rapidly and safely screening clinical biopsy samples prior to biobanking, which demonstrates its potential as an effective screening technique that can improve the quality of tissue biobanked for patients with glioblastoma.
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Bancos de Muestras Biológicas , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Glioblastoma/patología , Animales , Bancos de Muestras Biológicas/normas , Biopsia , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Microscopía Confocal/métodos , Ratas , Ratas Desnudas , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a US Food and Drug Administration-cleared intraoperative real-time fluorescence-based cellular resolution imaging technology that has been shown to image brain tumor histoarchitecture rapidly in vivo during neuro-oncological surgical procedures. An important goal for successful intraoperative implementation is in vivo use at the margins of infiltrating gliomas. However, CLE use at glioma margins has not been well studied. METHODS: Matching in vivo CLE images and tissue biopsies acquired at glioma margin regions of interest (ROIs) were collected from 2 institutions. All images were reviewed by 4 neuropathologists experienced in CLE. A scoring system based on the pathological features was implemented to score CLE and H&E images from each ROI on a scale from 0 to 5. Based on the H&E scores, all ROIs were divided into a low tumor probability (LTP) group (scores 0-2) and a high tumor probability (HTP) group (scores 3-5). The concordance between CLE and H&E scores regarding tumor probability was determined. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and diagnostic performance were calculated. RESULTS: Fifty-six glioma margin ROIs were included for analysis. Interrater reliability of the scoring system was excellent when used for H&E images (ICC [95% CI] 0.91 [0.86-0.94]) and moderate when used for CLE images (ICC [95% CI] 0.69 [0.40-0.83]). The ICCs (95% CIs) of the LTP group (0.68 [0.40-0.83]) and HTP group (0.68 [0.39-0.83]) did not differ significantly. The concordance between CLE and H&E scores was 61.6%. The sensitivity and specificity values of the scoring system were 79% and 37%. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value were 65% and 53%, respectively. Concordance, sensitivity, and PPV were greater in the HTP group than in the LTP group. Specificity was higher in the newly diagnosed group than in the recurrent group. CONCLUSIONS: CLE may detect tumor infiltration at glioma margins. However, it is not currently dependable, especially in scenarios where low probability of tumor infiltration is expected. The proposed scoring system has excellent intrinsic interrater reliability, but its interrater reliability is only moderate when used with CLE images. These results suggest that this technology requires further exploration as a method for consistent actionable intraoperative guidance with high dependability across the range of tumor margin scenarios. Specific-binding and/or tumor-specific fluorophores, a CLE image atlas, and a consensus guideline for image interpretation may help with the translational utility of CLE.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioma , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Microscopía Confocal/métodos , Glioma/diagnóstico por imagen , Glioma/cirugía , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirugía , Rayos LáserRESUMEN
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. OBJECTIVE: To compare long-term radiographic and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing anterior odontoid screw placement using traditional biplanar fluoroscopy or isocentric 3-dimensional C-arm (iso-C) fluoroscopy-assisted techniques. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Anterior screw fixation of odontoid fractures preserves motion at the C1-C2 joint, but accurate screw positioning is essential for successful outcomes. Biplanar fluoroscopy image guidance is most often used; however, iso-C imaging improves the ease and accuracy of screw placement with less radiation exposure. METHODS: Fifty-one patients underwent anterior odontoid screw fixation for type II (48 patients) and rostral type III fractures (3 patients). Procedures were guided by biplanar fluoroscopy in 25 (49%) patients, and with iso-C assistance in 26 (51%). Length of surgery, complications, and clinical outcomes based on the Smiley-Webster score were evaluated. Computed tomography confirmed adequate screw placement. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 9 months. RESULTS: At 3-month follow-up, screw position and fusion across the fracture were evident in 87% of the cases treated with biplanar fluoroscopy and in 100% treated by iso-C. The average outcome score in the iso-C group was superior to that of the biplanar group (1.08 vs. 1.33, respectively), although not statistically significant. At last follow-up, the rate of successful fusion was 88% in the biplanar group and 95% in the iso-C group. Length of surgery was significantly lower in the iso-C group compared with the biplanar group (P=0.05). The significantly longer preparation time in the iso-C group (P=0.04) accounted for no overall difference in total operating room occupancy time between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Iso-C significantly decreased surgical time. At last follow-up iso-C assistance was associated with improved rates of radiographic fusion with comparable outcome and complication profiles. This series represents the largest cohort of patients treated with intraoperative real-time navigation assistance for odontoid fractures.
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Tornillos Óseos , Fluoroscopía/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Apófisis Odontoides/lesiones , Apófisis Odontoides/cirugía , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/cirugía , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/instrumentación , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Apófisis Odontoides/diagnóstico por imagen , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Cirugía Asistida por Computador/métodos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The secondary phase of spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by ischemic injury. Spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP), calculated as the difference between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intrathecal pressure (ITP), has arisen as a therapeutic target for improving outcomes. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage (CSFD) may reduce ITP and thereby increase SCPP. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the safety and feasibility of CSFD to improve SCPP and outcomes after acute SCI. METHODS: Inclusion criteria included acute cervical SCI within 24 hours of presentation. All patients received lumbar drain placement and appropriate decompressive surgery. Patients randomized to the control group received MAP elevation only. Patients in the experimental group received MAP elevation and CSFD to achieve ITP <10 mmHg for 5 days. ITP and MAP were recorded hourly. Adverse events were documented and patients underwent functional assessments at enrollment, 72 hours, 90 days, and 180 days post-injury. RESULTS: Eleven patients were enrolled; 4 were randomized to receive CSFD. CSFD patients had a mean ITP of 5.3 ± 2.5 mmHg versus. 15 ± 3.0 mmHg in the control group. SCPP improved significantly, from 77 ± 4.5 mmHg in the control group to 101 ± 6.3 mmHg in the CSFD group (P < 0.01). Total motor scores improved by 15 ± 8.4 and 57 ± 24 points in the control and CSFD groups, respectively, over 180 days. No adverse events were attributable to CSFD. CONCLUSIONS: CSFD is a safe, effective mechanism for reducing ITP and improving SCPP in the acute period post-SCI. The favorable safety profile and preliminary efficacy should help drive recruitment in future studies.
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Within a few months of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen's discovery of x-rays in 1895, Fedor Krause acquired an x-ray apparatus and began to use it in his daily interactions with patients and for diagnosis. He was the first neurosurgeon to use x-rays methodically and systematically. In 1908 Krause published the first volume of text on neurosurgery, Chirurgie des Gehirns und Rückenmarks (Surgery of the Brain and Spinal Cord), which was translated into English in 1909. The second volume followed in 1911. This was the first published multivolume text totally devoted to neurosurgery. Although Krause excelled in and promoted neurosurgery, he believed that surgeons should excel at general surgery. Importantly, Krause was inclined to adopt technology that he believed could be helpful in surgery. His 1908 text was the first neurosurgical text to contain a specific chapter on x-rays ("Radiographie") that showed roentgenograms of neurosurgical procedures and pathology. After the revolutionary discovery of x-rays by Röntgen, many prominent neurosurgeons seemed pessimistic about the use of x-rays for anything more than trauma or fractures. Krause immediately seized on its use to guide and monitor ventricular drainage and especially for the diagnosis of tumors of the skull base. The x-ray images contained in Krause's "Radiographie" chapter provide a seminal view into the adoption of new technology and the development of neurosurgical technique and are part of neurosurgery's heritage.
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Medicina en la Literatura , Neurocirugia/historia , Radiografía/historia , Tecnología Radiológica/historia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , HumanosRESUMEN
Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare head-and-neck neoplasm that has a propensity to locally invade vital structures. Currently, the combination of surgical resection and radiation remains the optimal treatment. 1 However, the extent of disease burden and involvement of surrounding anatomy may make these inoperable. Here, we demonstrate the successful application of multidisciplinary approach for surgical resection of a large, complex SCC lesion centered at the superior nasal cavity with extension into the eye orbits and brain. A two-step approach was performed; transcribiform, endoscopic piecemeal resection with reconstruction of the skull base, followed by a bifrontal craniotomy. Reconstruction was achieved using an inlay of DuraMatrix allograft (Stryker Inc., Kalamzoo, Michigan, United States) followed by an inlay of AlloDerm (Allergan Inc., Irvine, California, United States), anchored anteriorly and posteriorly with wide wings placed over the respective orbital roofs. Major steps include (1) a summary of the patient presentation and preoperative imaging, (2) resection of the tumor endonasally, (3) resection of the tumor intracranially from a bifrontal craniotomy, and (4) a review of the postoperative imaging. The patient tolerated the procedure ( Fig. 1 ) well, returned to his baseline with no new neurologic deficits, and was placed on 6-week antibiotics regimen for osteomyelitis discovered during the operation. Approximately, 2 months after discharge, the patient unfortunately returned with altered mental status, was found to have sepsis, and expired shortly thereafter. This operative video illustrates the technical steps and capabilities of surgical treatment, achieving near-complete gross total resection of a complex SCC lesion using a multidisciplinary approach. The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/8ffckKIuBzM .
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OBJECT: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a rare disease that results in progressive myeloradiculopathy related to pathological ossification of the ligament from unknown causes. Although it has long been considered a disease of Asian origin, this disorder is increasingly being recognized in European and North American populations. Herein the authors present demographic, radiographic, and comorbidity data from white patients with diagnosed OPLL as well as the outcomes of surgically treated patients. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2010, OPLL was diagnosed in 36 white patients at Barrow Neurological Institute. Patients were divided into 2 groups: a group of 33 patients with cervical OPLL and a group of 3 patients with thoracic or lumbar OPLL. Fifteen of these patients who had received operative treatment were analyzed separately. Imaging analysis focused on signal changes in the spinal cord, mass occupying ratio, signs of dural penetration, spinal levels involved, and subtype of OPLL. Surgical techniques included anterior cervical decompression and fusion with corpectomy, posterior laminectomy with fusion, posterior open-door laminoplasty, and anterior corpectomy combined with posterior laminectomy and fusion. Comorbidities, cigarette smoking, and previous spine surgeries were considered. Neurological function was assessed using a modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scale (mJOAS). RESULTS: A high-intensity signal on T2-weighted MR imaging and a history of cervical spine surgery correlated with worse mJOAS scores. Furthermore, mJOAS scores decreased as the occupying rate of the OPLL mass in the spinal canal increased. On radiographic analysis, the proportion of signs of dural penetration correlated with the OPLL subtype. A high mass occupying ratio of the OPLL was directly associated with the presence of dural penetration and high-intensity signal. In the surgical group, the rate of neurological improvement associated with an anterior approach was 58% compared with 31% for a posterior laminectomy. No complications were associated with any of the 4 types of surgical procedures. In 3 cases, symptoms had worsened at the last follow-up, with only a single case of disease progression. Laminoplasty was the only technique associated with a worse clinical outcome. There were no statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the type of surgical procedure or radiographic presentation and postoperative outcome. There was also no difference between the choice of surgical procedure performed and the number of spinal levels involved with OPLL. CONCLUSIONS: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament can no longer be viewed as a disease of the Asian population exclusively. Since OPLL among white populations is being diagnosed more frequently, surgeons must be aware of the most appropriate surgical option. The outcomes of the various surgical treatments among the different populations with OPLL appear similar. Compared with other procedures, however, anterior decompression led to the best neurological outcomes.
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Vértebras Cervicales/cirugía , Procedimientos Ortopédicos , Osificación del Ligamento Longitudinal Posterior/etnología , Osificación del Ligamento Longitudinal Posterior/cirugía , Población Blanca/etnología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Vértebras Cervicales/diagnóstico por imagen , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Ligamentos Longitudinales/diagnóstico por imagen , Ligamentos Longitudinales/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Procedimientos Ortopédicos/métodos , Osificación del Ligamento Longitudinal Posterior/diagnóstico , Radiografía , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
This article provides a review of current pharmacologic and cell-based modalities used for the management of acute spinal cord injury (SCI). The literature search was focused on clinical trials performed in the United States and Canada. Despite the significant advance in research, there is no definitive treatment option for SCI. Instead, existing pharmacologic and cell-based modalities provide only minimal neurologic recovery benefits. This can be attributed to the complex pathophysiology of SCI and spinal cord regeneration. Further research is imperative to better understand these mechanisms and discover definitive treatment modalities.
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Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Humanos , Médula Espinal , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The incidence of spinal meningiomas is 0.33/100000 population, and ossified spinal meningiomas are even less commonly encountered. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 64-year-old male presented with a progressive T4-level thoracic myelopathy. MR imaging revealed an intradural extramedullary mass that significantly compressed the spinal cord. The accompanying CT demonstrated hyperdensities within the lesion consistent with punctate calcification vs. ossification (i.e. consistent with histological bone formations within tumor). The patient underwent complete resection of the tumor resulting in a full recovery of neurological function within 6 postoperative weeks. The pathological specimen showed findings consistent with an ossified spinal meningioma. CONCLUSION: Here, we identified a rare case of an ossified thoracic T4 meningioma occurring in a 64-year-old male.
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OBJECTIVE: Managing retraction of the lumbar plexus is critical to safely perform lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) via the transpsoas approach. Occasionally, a transitional psoas is encountered at L4/5 and has been postulated to be a contraindication to transpsoas LLIF. A case series of patients with transitional psoas who underwent L4/5 LLIFs is presented. METHODS: This retrospective review assessed 79 consecutive patients who underwent L4/5 LLIF during a 24-month period. Preoperative imaging was reviewed, and patients were classified into 2 groups: normal psoas or transitional psoas. Intraoperative features and outcomes were compared between groups. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients underwent L4/5 LLIFs, of whom 23 had transitional psoas anatomy and 56 had normal psoas anatomy. Among patients with transitional psoas, the center of the psoas was a mean (range) of 11.2 (5.2-26.6) mm in front of the center of the vertebral body compared with 2.0 (0-4) mm in the normal psoas group. The mean (range) retraction time was similar between groups (10.8 [6.7-14.9] minutes in the transitional psoas group vs. 11.0 [7.8-15.0] minutes in the normal psoas group). No permanent motor injuries occurred in either group, and no differences in length of stay or preoperative or postoperative Oswestry Disability Index scores were found between the groups. The protocol for L4/5 LLIF in patients with transitional psoas anatomy is described. CONCLUSIONS: Transitional psoas anatomy is frequently encountered in surgical candidates for L4/5 LLIF. Through careful identification of the lumbar plexus and judicious retraction, the transpsoas LLIF can safely be performed in these patients.
Asunto(s)
Manejo de la Enfermedad , Vértebras Lumbares/cirugía , Plexo Lumbosacro/cirugía , Músculos Psoas/cirugía , Fusión Vertebral/métodos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Plexo Lumbosacro/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Músculos Psoas/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios Retrospectivos , Enfermedades de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de la Columna Vertebral/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Spinal trauma is common in polytrauma; spinal cord injury (SCI) is present in a subset of these patients. Penetrating SCI has been studied in the military; however, civilian SCI is less studied. Civilian injury pathophysiology varies given the generally lower velocity of the projectiles. We sought to investigate civilian penetrating SCI in the United States. METHODS: We queried the National Inpatient Sample for data regarding penetrating spinal cord injury from the past 10 years (2006-2015). The National Inpatient Sample includes data of 20% of discharged patients from U.S. hospitals. We analyzed trends of penetrating SCI regarding its diagnosis, demographics, surgical management, length of stay, and hospital costs. RESULTS: In the past 10 years the incidence of penetrating SCI in all SCI patients has remained stable with a mean of 5.5% (range 4.3%-6.6%). Of the patients with penetrating SCI, only 17% of them underwent a surgical procedure, compared with 55% for nonpenetrating SCI. Patients with penetrating SCI had a longer length of stay (average 23 days) compared with nonpenetrating SCI (15 days). Hospital charges were higher for penetrating SCI: $230,186 compared with $192,022 for closed SCI. Males patients were more affected by penetrating SCI, as well as black and Hispanic populations compared with whites. CONCLUSIONS: Penetrating SCI represents 5.5% of all SCI patients. Men, blacks, and Hispanics are disproportionally more affected by penetrating SCI. Patients with penetrating SCI have fewer surgical interventions, but their overall length of stay and hospital costs are greater compared with nonpenetrating SCI.