Subjective health of adolescents from families in receipt of social assistance.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the subjective health of adolescents from families in receipt and not in receipt of social assistance. STUDY DESIGN: Nationwide cross-sectional study of 1812 pupils aged 13-18 years in Poland in 2010-2011. METHODS: The analysis focused on two dimensions of the Child Health and Illness Profile - Adolescent Edition questionnaire: discomfort and satisfaction with health. Age, sex and seven socio-economic factors were considered as determinants. RESULTS: Overall, 10.8% of the respondents reported that their families were in receipt of social welfare benefits. Among the families of low socio-economic status and living in poor regions, the percentage in receipt of social welfare benefits increased to 22.1%; however, this figure was lower (4.4%) if both parents had a higher level of education. After adjustment for six sociodemographic variables, the standardized regression coefficient of the social welfare benefits variable amounted to 0.072 (P = 0.004) in the discomfort model and -0.044 (P = 0.079) in the satisfaction model. A significant three-level interaction was found (P = 0.007) between residential location, neighbourhood affluence and being in receipt of social welfare benefits as predicators of discomfort score (general linear model). CONCLUSIONS: Being in receipt of social welfare benefits has a stronger impact on experiencing discomfort than diminishing satisfaction with one's health. It also has a stronger effect on physical problems than on emotional problems. The item 'on social assistance' is recommended as it helps to identify families particularly exposed to the health consequences of poverty.

Postsurgical screening for psychosocial disorders in neurooncological patients.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of a brain tumor can cause severe psychosocial distress, which can have a variety of negative consequences on patients' physical and mental well-being. The detection of psychosocial distress in daily clinical routine is difficult and subsequent referral to mental health professionals is rare. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of psychological disorders of patients early postoperatively and to investigate both the Hornheide Screening Instrument (HSI) and Distress Thermometer (DT) as screening tools in neurooncological practice. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four patients with brain tumors of different histology were postoperatively evaluated by the Distress Thermometer and Hornheide Screening Instrument. Additionally, correlation to gender, age, localization of the tumor, Karnofsky performance score and tumor entity were analyzed. RESULTS: After initial surgery 36 patients (26.9 %) showed pathologic results in the HSI and 50 patients (36.7 %) were severely distressed (DT Score≥6). Women had the highest rate of psychological disorders, followed by patients suffering from gliomas and meningiomas. Further highlighting the results of both tests, over 80 % of those patients who scored pathologically in both tests were in need of professional psychiatric help due to depression. CONCLUSION: Both the DT and HSI are suitable instruments for identifying patients in psychological distress after brain tumor surgery in neurooncological routine. Our results confirm that nearly one third of patients are unable to overcome the difficulties facing the diagnosis of a brain tumor in this early situation and should be supported by mental health professionals.

The Relativistic Proton Spectrometer: A Review of Sensor Performance, Applications, and Science.

The Relativistic Proton Spectrometer (RPS) on the Van Allen Probes spacecraft was a particle spectrometer designed to measure the flux, angular distribution, and energy spectrum of protons from ∼ 60 MeV to ∼ 2000 MeV . RPS provided new information about the inner Van Allen belt: a nearby region of space that had been relatively unexplored because of the difficulties of making charged particle measurements there and the associated hazards to satellite operations. We met the primary mission objective of providing accurate data for the AP9 radiation specification model at the high energies where there were little to no data prior to the Van Allen Probes mission. Along the way, we were able to demonstrate the long-term stability of parts of the Inner Belt by comparison with short-lived space science missions that operated decades prior to Van Allen Probes. The most significant surprises were the agreement between RPS and some of those historical measurements and the discovery of a trapped population of > 30 MeV leptons at the outer edge of the inner belt. This end-of-mission paper summarizes the instrument performance, calibration, data products, and specific science and engineering results, and includes suggestions for future investigations of intense radiation fields like those found within the inner belt.

Indoor radon exposure and living conditions in patients with advanced lung cancer in Lublin region, Poland.

OBJECTIVE: Radon (Rn-222) is a noble gas formed in the uranium path (U-238) as a decay product of radium (Ra-226). It is estimated to cause between 3% to 14% of all lung cancers, depending on the national average radon level and smoking prevalence. Radon molecules emit alpha radiation, which is characterized by low permeability through tissues, but due to its remarkably high energy, it has a high potential for DNA damage. The aim of our research was to assess the radon concentration inside the houses of patients with advanced lung cancer and to analyze their socio-economics status. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The measurements of radon concentration were performed in 102 patients with stage 3B or higher lung cancer in the region of Lublin, Poland. One month of radon exposure measurement was performed with alpha-track detectors. In addition, patients filled in a detailed survey about factors that might influence the concentration of radon inside their houses. RESULTS: The average concentration of radon during the exposure of the detector in the residential premises of the respondents was at the level of 69.0 Bq/m3 [37.0-117.0]. A few significant correlations were discovered, e.g., higher levels of radon in countryside houses or in houses equipped with air conditioning. CONCLUSIONS: As radon exposure is a modifiable risk factor for lung cancer, it is extremely important to find factors that may reduce its concentration in dwelling places. Since our research was performed in houses of people with lung cancer, taking corrective actions based on our findings could prevent new lung cancer incidence in patients' flatmates.

The Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer: A Review of On-Orbit Sensor Performance, Data, Operations, and Science.

Measurements from NASA's Van Allen Probes have transformed our understanding of the dynamics of Earth's geomagnetically-trapped, charged particle radiation. The Van Allen Probes were equipped with the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometers (MagEIS) that measured energetic and relativistic electrons, along with energetic ions, in the radiation belts. Accurate and routine measurement of these particles was of fundamental importance towards achieving the scientific goals of the mission. We provide a comprehensive review of the MagEIS suite's on-orbit performance, operation, and data products, along with a summary of scientific results. The purpose of this review is to serve as a complement to the MagEIS instrument paper, which was largely completed before flight and thus focused on pre-flight design and performance characteristics. As is the case with all space-borne instrumentation, the anticipated sensor performance was found to be different once on orbit. Our intention is to provide sufficient detail on the MagEIS instruments so that future generations of researchers can understand the subtleties of the sensors, profit from these unique measurements, and continue to unlock the mysteries of the near-Earth space radiation environment. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11214-021-00855-2.

Radioautographic studies of plaque-forming cells. I. Antigen-stimulated proliferation of plaque-forming cells.

A method has been described for obtaining radioautographs of plaque-forming cells. The method permits radioautographic analyses of small numbers of plaque-forming cells amidst large populations of non-plaque-forming cells. Spleen cells that were pulse-labeled with tritiated thymidine could be categorized readily as labeled or not labeled. Using this method it was found that (a) at least 55% of plaque-forming cells which appear 3 days after a maximal stimulus of 4 x 10(8) sheep red cells are still capable of DNA synthesis, and must have arisen by cell proliferation; (b) the rate of proliferation of plaque-forming cells is proportional to the log of the dose of antigen; (c) the S period of plaque-forming cells is at least 2 hr, appears to be constant, and is not influenced by antigen dose. The results suggest that antigen stimulates proliferation of plaque-forming cells by hastening their transit through the G(1) phase of the generative cycle.

Optimization theory fails to predict performance of pigeons in a two-response situation.

Optimization theory states that organisms behave in a way that maximizes reinforcement or "value." In a two-response situation, pigeons' response proportions approximately equaled reinforcement proportions, even when this behavior pattern substantially decreased the rate of reinforcement. Optimization or reinforcement maximization was not supported as the basic mechanism underlying choice behavior.

Revising the self-report strengths and difficulties questionnaire for cross-country comparisons of adolescent mental health problems: the SDQ-R.

AIMS: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) has been used in many epidemiological studies to assess adolescent mental health problems, but cross-country comparisons of the self-report SDQ are scarce and so far failed to find a good-fitting, common, invariant measurement model across countries. The present study aims to evaluate and establish a version of the self-report SDQ that allows for a valid cross-country comparison of adolescent self-reported mental health problems. METHODS: Using the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study, the measurement model and measurement invariance of the 20 items of the self-report SDQ measuring adolescent mental health problems were evaluated. Nationally representative samples of 11-, 13- and 15-year old adolescents (n = 33 233) from seven countries of different regions in Europe (Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia) were used. RESULTS: In order to establish a good-fitting and common measurement model, the five reverse worded items of the self-report SDQ had to be removed. Using this revised version of the self-report SDQ, the SDQ-R, partial measurement invariance was established, indicating that latent factor means assessing conduct problems, emotional symptoms, peer relationships problems and hyperactivity-inattention problems could be validly compared across the countries in this study. Results showed that adolescents in Greece scored relatively low on almost all problem subscales, whereas adolescents in Poland scored relatively high on almost all problem subscales. Adolescents in the Netherlands reported the most divergent profile of mental health problems with the lowest levels of conduct problems, low levels of emotional symptoms and peer relationship problems, but the highest levels of hyperactivity-inattention problems. CONCLUSIONS: With six factor loadings being non-invariant, partial measurement invariance was established, indicating that the 15-item SDQ-R could be used in our cross-country comparison of adolescent mental health problems. To move the field of internationally comparative research on adolescent mental health forward, studies should test the applicability of the SDQ-R in other countries in- and outside Europe, continue to develop the SDQ-R as a cross-country invariant measure of adolescent mental health, and examine explanations for the found country differences in adolescent mental health problems.

A Revised Look at Relativistic Electrons in the Earth's Inner Radiation Zone and Slot Region.

We describe a new, more accurate procedure for estimating and removing inner zone background contamination from Van Allen Probes Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) radiation belt measurements. This new procedure is based on the underlying assumption that the primary source of background contamination in the electron measurements at L shells less than three, energetic inner belt protons, is relatively stable. Since a magnetic spectrometer can readily distinguish between foreground electrons and background signals, we are able to exploit the proton stability to construct a model of the background contamination in each MagEIS detector by only considering times when the measurements are known to be background dominated. We demonstrate, for relativistic electron measurements in the inner zone, that the new technique is a significant improvement upon the routine background corrections that are used in the standard MagEIS data processing, which can "overcorrect" and therefore remove real (but small) electron fluxes. As an example, we show that the previously reported 1-MeV injection into the inner zone that occurred in June of 2015 was distributed more broadly in L and persisted in the inner zone longer than suggested by previous estimates. Such differences can have important implications for both scientific studies and spacecraft engineering applications that make use of MagEIS electron data in the inner zone at relativistic energies. We compare these new results with prior work and present more recent observations that also show a 1-MeV electron injection into the inner zone following the September 2017 interplanetary shock passage.

Determination of the thoron emanation coefficient using a powder sandwich technique.

Thoron (220 Rn) is a natural radioactive gas, tasteless, odourless, colourless, undetectable without proper equipment. This gas is carcinogenic, just like radon (222 Rn) but due to the short half-life (55.6s) and a small amount in the environment, its share in the absorbed radiation dose is often neglected. However, in areas rich in thorium (232Th), the radiation dose from the thoron can be much larger and quite significant. The problem is to measure the concentration of the thoron due to its short decay time as well as the fact that it is alpha-emitting as radon. An even greater challenge is to determine the emanation coefficient for the thoron. The method used in this experiment was developed by S.D. Kanse based on the work of D.J Greeman and adapted to the equipment used in Laboratory of Radiometric Expertise IFJ PAN. In the technique used to determine the thoron emanation coefficient, a closed loop system is used in which thoron is pushed out by means of a flow system from the sample and measured by a AlphaGuad DF2000 detector that is adapted to determine concentration of this gas. A sample of the material is placed between 2 filters in the geometry of the sandwich. This arrangement ensures that the thickness of the powder sample is significantly less than the length of the thoron diffusion, thus avoiding significant loss of the thoron due to intergranular absorption and facilitates the complete removal of this gas escaping from the powder. Using this technique, it is important to determine the concentration of 226Ra and the 232Th, since for the AlphaGuard detector, the ratio between thoron and radon should not exceed 5:1 for proper determination of the thoron concentration. Measurements of 226Ra and 232Th activity were carried out using gamma spectroscopy (HPGe detector). It was examined how the type of filter and grain size of sample affects the obtained results.

AN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION BY USING AN ALL-ENCOMPASSING PASSIVE RADON MONITOR.

The recently developed radon film-badge makes it possible to measure radon indoors, in soil, in water and/or in aqueous media (e.g. mud). As a result of its wide response linearity, this monitor has been successfully used to measure radon in-water with concentrations from 10 to ~10 000 Bq/L. By exploiting the unique characteristics of this badge, a mini-survey has been carried out by Health Canada in which radon in water was measured from 12 private wells, as well as in tap water originating from the Ottawa River. Due to the widespread interest of different laboratories in using these passive monitors, laboratories were provided with plastic films to construct their own badges by using in-house CR-39 detectors. Monitors were then irradiated by a known radon concentration at the National Institute of Radiation Metrology (ENEA)'s radon chamber and sent back to each laboratory for processing and counting. Even though these laboratories have been using different etching- and counting-procedures, the film-badge responses varied only within ~12%.

The epidemiology of non-fatal injuries among 11-, 13- and 15-year old youth in 11 countries: findings from the 1998 WHO-HBSC cross national survey.

The primary objective was to present a cross-country comparison of injury rates, contexts and consequences. The research design was the analysis of data from the 1998 cross-national Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey and 52955 schoolchildren from 11 countries, aged 11, 13 and 15 years, completed a self-administrated questionnaire. A total of 41.3% of all children were injured and needed medical treatment in the past 12 months. Injury rates among boys were higher than among girls, 13.3% reported activity loss due to injury and 6.9% reported severe injury consequences. Most injuries occurred at home and at a sport facility, mainly during sport activity. Fighting accounted for 4.1% of injuries. This paper presents the first cross-national comparison of injury rates and patterns by external cause and context. Findings present cross-country similarities in injury distribution by setting and activity. These findings emphasize the importance of the development of global prevention programmes designed to address injuries among youth.

High natural radiation exposure in radon spa areas: a detailed field investigation in Niska Banja (Balkan region).

The measurement campaigns have been done in the rural community of Niska Banja, a spa town located in southern Serbia, to evaluate population exposure to natural radioactivity. After a screening survey in 200 houses, annual radon and thoron concentrations were measured in 34 houses, and in 2004 a detailed investigation was carried out at six houses with elevated indoor radon concentrations. The paper presents the results of these detailed measurements. The complementary techniques were applied to determine radon and thoron concentrations in indoor air, in soil gas, radon exhalation from soil, soil permeability, and indoor and outdoor gamma doses. Soil and water samples were collected and analysed in the laboratory. Indoor radon and thoron concentrations were found to be more than 1kBqm(-3) and 200Bqm(-3), respectively. Extremely high concentrations of soil-gas radon (>2000kBqm(-3)) and radon exhalation rates (1.5mBqm(-2)s(-1)) were observed. These results will be utilised to set up the methodology for a more systematic investigation.

Prognostic importance of digitalis after acute myocardial infarction.

Because previous reports have suggested that digitalis administration may lead to increased mortality after hospital discharge for acute myocardial infarction, the independent importance of digitalis therapy in long-term prognosis after acute myocardial infarction was investigated by analyzing 1,599 patients after definite myocardial infarction. After hospital discharge, mortality rate for the entire group at 4 months was 7.7% and after 1 year 14.2%. At discharge, 36.6% of the patients were taking digitalis. Compared with those not taking digitalis, those taking digitalis had more historical risk factors and a higher incidence of important clinical prognostic variables during the hospitalization. Their cardiac mortality rate after 4 months and 1 year (12.5 and 22.4%, respectively) was significantly higher than that of patients not taking digitalis (5.0 and 9.6%, respectively). Mortality was higher for patients taking digitalis whether or not they had congestive heart failure during hospitalization. However, in a multivariate Cox analysis for 1 year outcome, neither digitalis nor any other medication variable displaced the important clinical variables of age, congestive heart failure during the hospitalization, previous myocardial infarction, maximal heart rate during the hospitalization and previous angina. Quinidine and digitalis at discharge were selected sixth and seventh (not significant) by the analysis. It is concluded that digitalis therapy at discharge after myocardial infarction was not an independent predictor of late mortality in these patients.

Flow cytometric follow-up of minimal residual disease in bone marrow gives prognostic information in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Using flow cytometry (FC) and live gate (LG) analysis we have followed levels of minimal residual disease (MRD) in the bone marrow (BM) of 70 consecutive patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (59 B precursor ALL and 11 T-ALL) treated according to the Nordic (NOPHO-92) protocols. Thorough studies of B and T cell antigen expression patterns in normal BM performed during BIOMED 1 Concerted Action on MRD, made it possible to tailor individual protocols of marker combinations for follow-up in 97% of patients. In 12% of LG analyses, the numbers of cells exceeded 10(6) and in 82% exceeded 10(5), giving the sensitivity level of MRD detection 10(-5) and 10(-4), respectively. The median follow-up time was 53 months. Patients with MRD levels > or = 0.01% at follow-up time-points during and after first induction, and at the end of treatment had significantly lower disease-free survival by comparison to patients with MRD values <0.01%. Seven of nine patient with recurrence in the BM showed under treatment persisting MRD levels > or = 0.01% of BM cells. This was also observed in another two patients with infant leukemia who relapsed. In conclusion, the investigation of levels and the dynamics of MRD by sensitive and quantitative FC can provide a basis for further clinical studies for at least upgrading of therapy.

Analysis of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: comparison between RQ-PCR analysis of Ig/TcR gene rearrangements and multicolor flow cytometric immunophenotyping.

Detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in follow-up samples from patients with ALL is essential for evaluation of treatment response. We applied multicolor flow cytometry and real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) to compare MRD results in 71 follow-up samples from 22 children treated for ALL. When results obtained by flow cytometry and RQ-PCR were grouped into positive-negative categories, a significant level of agreement was found in 72% of samples (P<0.001). However, if a cutoff level of 0.01% was applied, the concordance was 89%. MRD could be quantified in 19 samples by both methods, showing a strong correlation (P<0.01). Nevertheless, MRD levels differed more than five-fold between both methods in 4/19 samples. In 20 (28%) samples, the two techniques showed discordant results. Most discordant results (17/20) were due to the limited sensitivity of flow cytometry analysis within the range 0.01-0.001%; remaining discordant results were due to the instable or subclonal IG/TCR gene rearrangements or a limited quantitative range of the applied RQ-PCR targets. Although concordant results could be obtained by flow cytometry and RQ-PCR analysis, MRD levels may differ. Therefore, MRD data obtained by these two techniques are not yet easily exchangeable.

Flow cytometry and allele-specific oligonucleotide PCR are equally effective in detection of minimal residual disease in ALL.

The analysis of minimal residual disease (MRD) has assumed a growing role in the follow-up of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We have applied multiparameter flow cytometry (FC) with 'live-gate' analysis and allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO)-PCR detecting leukemia-specific T cell receptor gamma and delta gene rearrangements for MRD follow-up in 30 ALL patients. The comparison of results obtained in 89 follow-up samples from 23 patients showed significantly consistent results in 70 samples (78%); (P < 0.001). Bone marrow samples taken during the first phase of treatment (during or immediately after induction) showed a lower level of consistency when compared to samples taken during later phases of treatment (69% vs 85% consistent results, respectively). Some of the discrepant results were due to low cellularity of the samples obtained for FC and some due to the presence of PCR inhibitors. Of 29 patients evaluated at the end of the induction treatment, 18 (62%) had detectable levels of MRD and six of these patients suffered relapse. In all these patients MRD levels by FC increased preceding relapse. Our results suggest that FC offers a MRD detection tool that can be easily applied in clinical practice and is as informative as molecular methods.

BIOMED-1 concerted action report: flow cytometric characterization of CD7+ cell subsets in normal bone marrow as a basis for the diagnosis and follow-up of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).

The European BIOMED-1 Concerted Action was initiated in 1994 to improve and standardize the flow cytometric detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute leukemia (AL). Three different protocols were defined to identify the normal subsets of B, T and myeloid cells in bone marrow (BM), and were applied to the different types of AL in order to study aberrant immunophenotypes. Using sensitive acquisition methods ('live gate') T cell subsets in normal BM could be identified with five triple-stains: CD7/CD5/CD3, CD7/CD4/CD8, CD7/CD2/CD3, CD7/CD38/CD34 and TdT/CD7/surface or cytoplasmic (cy)CD3 (antibodies conjugated with FITC/PE/PECy5 or PerCP, respectively). The identification of T cell subsets in BM allowed definition of 'empty spaces' (ie areas of flow cytometric plots where normally no cells are found). All studied T-ALL cases (n = 65) were located in 'empty spaces' and could be discriminated from normal T cells. The most informative triple staining was TdT/CD7/cyCD3, which was aberrant in 91% of T-ALL cases. In most cases, two or more aberrant patterns were found. Apparently the immunophenotypes of T-ALL differ significantly from normal BM T cells. This is mostly caused by their thymocytic origin, but also the neoplastic transformation might have affected antigen expression patterns. Application of the five proposed marker combinations in T-ALL contributes to standardized detection of MRD, since cells persistent or reappearing in the 'empty spaces' can be easily identified in follow-up BM samples during and after treatment.

Radon concentration in soil gas around local disjunctive tectonic zones in the Krakow area.

The purpose of this study was to investigate radon in the vicinity of geologic fault zones within the Krakow region of Poland, and to determine the influence of such formations on enhanced radon concentrations in soil. Radon ((222)Rn and (220)Rn) concentration measurements in soil gas (using ionization chamber AlphaGUARD PQ2000 PRO and diffusion chambers with CR-39 detectors), as well as radioactive natural isotopes of radium, thorium and potassium in soil samples (using gamma ray spectrometry with NaI(Tl) and HPGe detectors), were performed. Site selection was based on a geological map of Krakow. Geophysical methods (ground penetrating radar and shallow acoustic seismic) were applied to recognize the geological structure of the area and to locate the predicted courses of faults. Elevated levels of radon and thoron in soil gas were found in the study area when compared with those observed in an earlier survey covering Krakow agglomeration. For (222)Rn, the arithmetic mean of registered concentration values was 39 kBq/m(3) (median: 35.5 kBq/m(3)). For (220)Rn, the arithmetic mean was 10.8 kBq/m(3) and median 11.8 kBq/m(3).

Mural thrombi in myocardial infarctions. Prospective evaluation by two-dimensional echocardiography.

Fifty-four consecutive patients with acute anterior myocardial infarctions were studied to determine the incidence and natural history of mural thrombus formation. Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed in the immediate postinfarction period. Multiple views were utilized. Standard criteria for defining mural thrombus formation and minimizing false-positive readings were adhered to. Correlation with clinical data was obtained in all patients to define a subgroup at high risk for the development of a mural thrombus. Follow-up was obtained for all patients to assess the natural history of mural thrombus formation, treated and untreated, with regard to peripheral embolization. Seventeen patients (32 percent) had mural thrombus formation. Statistically significant (p less than 0.001) correlation for mural thrombus formation was found with markedly elevated creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels and with apical dyskinesis. Ten patients with mural thrombi received anticoagulation therapy. None has had clinically evident emboli at a mean of 10.8 months follow-up. Resolution of the mural thrombus was demonstrated with serial two-dimensional echocardiography in eight patients (80 percent). Six of seven patients who did not receive anticoagulation therapy (86 percent) had embolic events within three months (p less than 0.001). None of the 36 patients without a mural thrombus has had a spontaneous clinical embolus. Thus, the presence of a mural thrombus can be accurately identified in patients with acute myocardial infarction and predicted in a subgroup of those patients. Such patients should be considered for anticoagulation to prevent systemic embolization and should be followed with serial two-dimensional echocardiography.