[Methodological approaches to the training optimization for students in radiation hygiene].

In the article the psycho-pedagogical and physiological-hygienic aspects of improvement of student's learning in radiation hygiene at the Health-prophylactic Faculty of the medical institution within a framework of the requirements of the new Federal State Educational Standard -3 are considered.

[Specific features of hygienic standardization of noise in Metro].

There are various harmful physical factors in the passenger and work premises of the Moscow underground. Noise is the most common harmful factor. The normative documents regulating noise in the underground were found to have discrepancies, which in practice makes it difficult to define whether the level of the sound is in compliance with the existing specifications and hence to determine effective actions made to mitigate its negative impact on the underground passengers and personnel.

[Socio-hygienic, psychological, and pedagogical adaptation in students].

The paper considers the topical hygienic aspects of education and adaptation improvement in senior (fourth-year) medical students from the Faculty of Medical Prevention.

[Implementation of F. F. Erisman's scientific ideas at the general hygiene department].

F.F. Erisman, a prominent scientist, gifted tutor, and outstanding public figure is ranked among the founders of hygienic science in this country. He created a university course of hygiene and founded a large scientific school. His scientific and public work was continued by many disciples, such as G.V. Khlopin, C.F. Bubnov, N.K. Ignatov, S.S. Orlov, A.N. Sysin, N.V. Krasnovskaya, etc. To-day, personnel of the Department develop universal approaches to rate setting as regards environmental factors harmful for human health.

[Modern principles of prevention of human transmitted infections].

According to information about ecology of agents of parasitic diseases with lousy-flea mechanism of contamination, mite natural diseases and experience of battle with them, we can make a conclusion: elimination of spongers in their natural environment, lousies and fleas by washing and disinfection is not effective. Alternative is implementation of insectoacaricides of new class, based on permethrins. These insectoacaricides are secure for environment and very effective towards arthopods. Method of non-termal preventing suction of arthopods is probed in military practice and other treatment-prophylaxis institutes. It is proposed to implement new insectoacaricides in form of spray cans as part of individual contrebiological drug-locker of every service man, acting in difficult epidemiological situation, caused by virus threat of lousy or flea infection, or by beforehanded provision by impregnated uniform or clothes.

[The problem connected with probability of zoonotic bird's influenza pandemic].

Because of the probability of influenza pandemic that can occur in the next few years the anthroponotic and zoonotic hypotheses of influenza A agents remained in biosphere are discussed. The most arguments show that anthroponotic A2 virus that persists in inactive form among the population since 1968 can return in circulation. Alternative is the long co-circulation of "drifting" variants of A1 and A3 viruses that continue causing separate weak epidemics in the world due to decrease in their epidemic potential. Zoonotic influenza in people represents the local epidemic manifestations of epizootic process in the countries of south-west Asia that occur under the influence of social and natural conditions usual for the region. It's unlikely that zoonotic recombinant viruses can rapidly adapt to human organism, to form the anthroponotic transfer mechanism and cause the pandemic. Competition between anthroponotic influenza viruses and other agents of human droplet infections prevents it. The main task of today is the prophylaxis of anthroponotic influenza and strengthening of epidemiological and epizootological inspection of zoonotic viruses-recombinants.

[Design of software and hardware complex of automated systems for the management of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance].

A new information system (IS) - the software and hardware complex for controlling the state sanitary-and-epidemiological inspection (SSEI) was created. The system represents the aggregate of automated working places of RF MD chief state sanitary physician arid specialists from the department of state sanitary-and-epidemiological inspection of the Main Military Medical Headquarters. They interact through communications with working places of specialists from SSEI Main Center, chief state sanitary physicians from the Armed Forces, military districts (fleets) and RFAF CSSEI. The special software provides automation of the following technological processes: operative sanitary-and epidemiological and epidemiological monitoring; the epidemiological analysis of infectious diseases; the evaluation of quality and efficiency of sanitary-and epidemiological work. At present the complex works in the regime of experimental exploitation when the adjustment of communications and special software is performed.

[An improvement in the demonstration of the causative agents of dangerous infections under the conditions of local wars and armed conflicts]. / Sovershenstvovanie indikatsii vozbuditelei opasnykh infektsionnykh boleznei v usloviiakh lokal'nykh voin i vooruzhennykh konfliktov.

The system of the specific indication of the causative agents of infectious diseases, accepted in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF) in piece and wartime and based on the study of specimens by stages in laboratories of the sanitary epidemiological institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the RF, is presented. This system is insufficiently adapted to the conditions of local wars (LW) and armed conflicts (AC). Under these conditions, it is expedient to carry out the specific indication of infective agents not by stages, but completely (according to an enlarged scheme), replenishing the medical service of the field forces with specialists, transferred from higher sanitary epidemiological institutions. Specialized formations of the sanitary epidemiological institutions of the Center should be deployed neat the region of LW or AC, or the specimens should be promptly brought to the Center for indication by air. The improvement of the system of indication includes the introduction of new indication methods, such as polymerase chain reaction, into practical work and cooperation with the institutions and formations of the Ministry of Health of the RF.

[Vaccinal prophylaxis of hepatitis A in servicemen of the Far East military district]. / Vaktsinoprofilaktika virusnogo gepatita A u voennosluzhashchikh Dal'nevostochnogo regiona.

The importance of hepatitis A (HA) for epidemiological situations among the servicemen of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, including the Far Eastern Military District, and the necessity of vaccinal prophylaxis have been substantiated. Vaccination against HA, made in a single injection, was shown to be capable of decreasing morbidity, on the average, 1.98 times. The epidemiological effectiveness of vaccine "Avaxim" proved to be 89.6%. The results obtained in this investigation are indicative of the expediency of vaccination not only for prophylactic purposes, but also for localization and liquidation of epidemic foci of HA.

[Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in military units]. / Effektivnost' primeneniia pnevmokokkovoi vaktsiny v voinskikh kollektivakh.

Pneumococcal vaccine Pneumo-23, used for specific prophylaxis of pneumonia and other pneumococcal infections, was tested in military training units of the North Western, Central and Far Eastern Military Districts. The vaccine used for immunization of servicemen, was shown to have high immunogenicity with no adverse reactions. In the training group of the North Western Military District the epidemiological effectiveness of the vaccine was particularly high a month after immunization and amounted to 83.7%. During the period between month 2 and month 5 after immunization pneumonia morbidity among the immunized servicemen was 6.12 times lower than among the non-immunized ones. In the training units of the Central and Far Eastern Military Districts, where the period of the formation of postvaccinal immunity coincided with the peak of the outbreak of pneumonia, the protective properties of the used batches of the vaccine could be observed as early as during the first month after immunization, which made it possible to recommend this vaccine for urgent prophylaxis in the foci of pneumococcal infection. During the period of 5 months the effectiveness of the vaccine with respect to pneumonia was 62.1-66.2% for all three districts. The effectiveness of the combined immunization of conscripts with vaccines Pneumo-23 and Vaxigrip with respect to pneumonia was higher (78.54%) and the index of effectiveness (4.66) was 1.58 fold greater than in monoimmunization (2.95). The epidemiological effectiveness of the pneumococcal vaccine was high also with respect to other pneumococcal infections: acute bronchitis, acute respiratory diseases of pneumococcal etiology, cases of acute sinusitis and acute otitis. The use of the vaccine for the immunization of servicemen yielded the economic effect equal to 92 US dollars per person.

[Current problems in health protection for servicemen]. / Sovremennye problemy okhrany zdorov'ia voennosluzhashchikh.

The important directions in the field of preservation and strengthening of health of the servicemen are creation of an effective prophylaxis system in the troops on the basis of command and all services efforts integration, and interaction with other departments and the local authorities, and also perfection of medical maintenance organization of the Armed Forces and its preventive component. The analysis of health risk factors permits to distinguish the factors of water supply, municipal and household services, food. As priority such directions, as organizational perfection of management of water supply, municipal and household services of garrisons, practical work in interests of the particular person, perfection of system of preventive medical measures should be considered.

[Epidemiological health surveillance among the troops during combat operations in armed conflicts]. / Sanitarno-épidemiologicheskii nadzor v voiskakh pri boevykh deistviiakh v vooruzhennykh konfliktakh.

With local wars and armed conflicts the sanitary-epidemiological situation for the troops and local population shows a tendency to worsen. The main objects of the military medical service at the period of deployment are the preventive measures against troops infection from local sources by virus hepatitis A, bacterial dysentery, typhoid, cholera etc. As a rule, combat actions result in communal service destruction, low quality of potable water, soil contamination and worsening sanitary norms and standards. Also, there is a danger of reactivation of the natural centres of infection due to large-scale defence earthworks in the region of operations. The experience of the military medical service in Afghanistan and Chechnya proves, that a multimedia approach to preventive antiepidemic measures is necessary together with the emphasis on the most important actions against infections that represent the biggest danger for the land troops.

[Epidemiologic analysis of non-hospital pneumonia incidence in the troops]. / Epidemiologicheskii analiz zabolevaemosti vnebol'nichnoi pnevmoniei v voiskakh.

The analysis of dynamics of pneumonia incidence in servicemen for 50 years and 1 year was conducted. The risk factors of pneumonia development in the troops were studied. Some of them decrease the body immunoresistance (supercooling, acute respiratory disease, adaptation to the service and new climatic-and-geographic conditions, stress, body mass deficiency, etc.). The others activate the mechanism of pneumonia agent transmission ("mixing" factor during the fresh forces admission, overcrowding, many people in the sleeping rooms, etc.). To prevent the pneumonia incidence in military collectives the prophylactic and anti-epidemic measures should reduce the influence of these factors.

[The prophylaxis of nonhospital pneumonia using 23-valent pneumococcus vaccine in the military collectives]. / Profilaktika vnebol'nichnoi pnevmonii v voinskikh kollektivakh 23-valentnoi pnevmokokkovoi vaktsinoi.

Basing on the results obtained during the study of risk factor effect and extra-hospital pneumonia (EHP) etiology in servicemen in order to prevent this nosologic form the complex of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures was developed. The effective measure of EHP pneumonia prophylaxis in military collectives proved to be the polysaccharide 23-valent pneumococcus vaccine "Pneumo-23". After immunization of about 14 000 servicemen on the average EHP incidence has 3 times decreased with vaccine efficiency coefficient up to 74.23%. The more considerable decrease in EHP incidence was observed during the combined use of pneumococcus and influenzal vaccines: the efficiency was 78.5%.

[Military ecology and military hygiene: the concept of an interaction]. / Voennaia ékologiia i voennaia gigiena: kontseptsiia vzaimodeistviia.

At the modern level of society development, on the one hand its Armed Forces are the object that requires the defense from unfavourable effect of environmental factors, on the other hand they are potential source of ecology worsening. The problem of ensuring ecological safety in the army and navy becomes urgent. In order to solve this problem first of all it is necessary to develop the conceptual bases of military ecology. Among all medical sciences the military hygiene by purpose, tasks, subject and objects is the most close to military ecology.

[A modern equipment package for conducting the thorough sanitary decontamination of personnel]. / Sovremennyi tekhnicheskii kompleks dlia provedeniia polnoi sanitarnoi obrabotki lichnogo sostava.

The authors inform that a new mobile personnel decontamination equipment site has been developed for a field sanitary treatment of troops and their battle uniforms at the same time. The authors prove the necessity of its development and provide full information on its items. They also present a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign sanitary sites that puts the new one to the best advantages as an example of a new generation of sanitary equipment for decontamination and shower of personnel. The site has been recommended to the medical service of the army to replace obsolete sites, like DDA-66, DDA-3 and DDP-2.

[The clinico-epidemiological characteristics of the "carriage" of the causative agents of blood-contact viral hepatitides]. / Kliniko-épidemiologicheskaia kharakteristika "nositel'stva" vozbuditelei gemokontaktnykh virusnykh gepatitov.

Epidemiological assessment of isolated and combined infection's rate, features and character in the RF Samara Province on the examination basis of 4869 patients with viral hepatitis symptoms in their blood. The clinico-laboratory in-depth study conducted by the Military Medical Academy with participation of 150 volunteers-servicemen proved that "healthy" carrying of hepatitis B and C was really a latent infectious process of hemocontact viral hepatitis.

[Pneumonia epidemiology and prophylaxis in servicemen in local wars and military conflicts]. / Osobennosti épidemiologii i profilaktiki pneumonii u voennosluzhashchikh v usloviiakh lokal'nykh voin i vooruzhennykh konfliktov.

The high military-and-epidemiological significance of pneumonia in servicemen during the war in Afghanistan (1979-1989) and the armed conflict in Chechnia (1995-1996) is shown and the measures for increasing the pneumonia incidence in the regions of operations are substantiated. It is established that more than 70% of pneumonia are conditioned by pneumococci that rather frequently show the pathogenic features against the background of viral (usually influenzal) respiratory infection or in association with Hemophilic bacillus, Chlamydia or Mycoplasma. The main factor leading to development of pneumonia during the period of local wars is the decreased organism resistance caused by supercooling, stresses and overwork as well as untreated acute respiratory diseases.

[Prophylaxis of viral hepatitis A in troops of the North-Caucasian Military District]. / Opyt profilaktiki virusnogo gepatita A v voiskakh Severo-Kavkazskogo voennogo okruga.

In 1999-2000 the preventative vaccination against virus hepatitis A (HA) was performed in 62 thousands of people serving in the North-Caucasian Military District. We proceeded from the data that even the single injection could provide quick protection, at least for 1 year, in 95% of the cases. After the vaccination the steady distribution of HA incidence level by months among the servicemen and decrease in the incidence indices during the period under review (approximately in 3 times) comparing the previous period were observed. Moreover the indices of HA incidence among the vaccinated were lower in 5-7 times than in the comparative groups.