RESUMEN
Aim To investigate the effect of terpinen-4-ol (T40) on inflammatory injury of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by high glucose based on the improvement of autophagic flow disorder and involved molecular signals. Methods The scratch test was used to analyze the migration ability of VSMCs, the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in cell culture supernatant were measured by ELISA, the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins NF-κb p65, p-NF-κb p65, IL-1β, IL-18 and autophagy-related proteins p62, LC3-HYLC3-I, Beclinl, p-Beclinl were de-tected by Western blot. Results T40 inhibited migration of VSMCs induced by high glucose, reduced the secretion and release of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6, inhibited the expression of p-NF-κb p65/ NF-κb p65, IL-1β, IL-18, downregulated the expression of p62, LC3-TJ/LC3- I and p-Beclinl at same time. After interfering the autophagic flux of VSMCs with autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) , T40 pre-treatment significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of the above inflammatory factors and autophagy-related signals which mediated by CQ. Conclusion T40 inhibits the inflammatory injury of VSMCs induced by high glucose through improving the autophagic flow disorder.
RESUMEN
The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of terpinen-4-ol (T4O) on high glucose (HG) -induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). To investigate the role of T4O on HG-induced calcium deposition, osteogenic phenotypic transformation and mitochondrial dynamics in VSMC, Mdivi-1, a mitochondrial dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp-1) inhibitor, was used to analyze the correlation between mitochondrial dynamics and VSMC calcification and the role of T4O. Alizarin red S staining was used to observe calcium salt deposition and flow cytometry to detect intracellular Ca2+ content; Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of phenotypic switching-related markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and Runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and mitochondrial dynamics-related markers mitofusin 1 (MFN1), mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and Drp-1. The results showed that low and high doses of T4O could inhibit HG-induced down-regulation of α-SMA, MFN1 and MFN2 expression levels, and up-regulation of BMP2, Runx2 and Drp-1 expression levels, reduce intracellular Ca2+ content and calcium salt deposition, and effectively inhibit HG-induced VSMC calcification and mitochondrial dynamics disorders. The T4O group, Mdivi-1 group and T4O+Mdivi-1 group were able to up-regulate the expression levels of HG-induced α-SMA, MFN1 and MFN2, down-regulate the protein expression levels of BMP2, Runx2 and Drp-1, and inhibit calcium salt deposition, and there was no significant difference between the above indexes in the T4O and T4O+Mdivi-1 groups. The above findings suggest that T4O can inhibit the expression level of Drp-1, regulate the disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics, and suppress HG-induced VSMC calcification.
RESUMEN
Aim To investigate the effect and mechanism of salidroside (SAL) on homocysteine (Hcy)-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) based on the KLF4/eNOS signaling pathway. Methods (1) Salidroside inhibited Hcy-induced EndMT. HUVECs were pretreated with different concentrations of SAL for 2 h, then followed by Hcy (1 mmol · L-l) co-incubation for 48 hours to induce EndMT. The expression levels of VE-cadherin, α-SMA, KLF4 and eNOS were detected by Western blot, scratch repair experiment was used to determin cell migration ability, the level of NO in cells was determined by nitrate reductase method, and the expression and location of KLF4 were observed by immunofluorescence technology. (2) The signal mechanism of SAL inhibiting End-MT through KLF4/eNOS signal was studied. siRNA mediated knockdown of KLF4 in HUVECs, and the protein expression levels of VE-cadherin, α-SMA, KLF4 and eNOS in each group were determined by Western blot. Results Western blotting demonstrated that SAL significantly reversed the Hcy-induced increase in α-SMA and KLF4 expression and decrease in VE-cadherin and eNOS expression. The immunofluorescence analysis suggested that SAL inhibited the translocation of KLF4 from cytoplasm to nucleus. (2) Silencing KLF4 down-regulated the expression of α-SMA and KLF4, and up-regulated the expression of VE-cadherin and eNOS. Compared with the group of SAL + siKLF4, there was no significant difference in the effect of SAL group and siKLF4 group on phenotypic markers. Conclusions Salidroside inhibits EndMT induced by Hcy, which may be related to the regulation of KLF4/eNOS signaling pathway.