Isolation of Schistosoma haematobium in Bronchoalveolar Lavage in an Immunocompromised Individual: A Case Report.

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematodes (body flukes), affecting millions worldwide. However, its pulmonary manifestations are rare. We report a rare case of a 51-year-old People Living with HIV male, managed in a tertiary care hospital in west India in May 2023, vegetable vendor who was admitted with complaints of dysphagia, odynophagia, fever and chest pain for 3 days, cough and breathlessness for 1 month. Chest x-ray and CT scan were suggestive of hypodense fluid collection with rim enhancement along right lateral and posterior aspect of thoracic esophagus. All routine investigations and urine cultures were sent, which turned to be inconclusive. Upper Gastrointestinal scopy was suggestive of pangastritis. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was done with no structural abnormality or endobronchial mass. Bronchoalveolar lavage from right lower lobe was sent for CBNAAT, Gram and Ziehl Nelson staining and cultures, acid fast bacilli cultures and cytology which revealed parasitic infection with Schistosoma haematobium. The patient was treated with tablet praziquantel P/O 2400 mg in divided doses for 1 day followed up after two weeks when he experienced reduced symptoms. Sputum examination was repeated showed Schistosoma on wet mount and hence a repeat dose of tablet praziquantel 3000 mg in divided doses was given and was advised to follow up 2 weeks later, which showed resolution of right lower zone opacities.

Cavitary Consolidation in Pulmonary Infarct Secondary to Embolism: A Rare Presentation.

Obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches, often due to thrombi from the deep veins of the lower extremities can result in a life-threatening condition known as pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary infarction, an unusual complication of pulmonary embolism occurs when the blood supply to lung tissue is obstructed, leading to tissue necrosis. An 80-year-old man presented with a cough, breathlessness, and generalized weakness. He was vitally stable with no oxygen requirement, which could have suggested an infective etiology like pneumonia or tuberculosis. However, the presence of calf tenderness prompted us to perform a venous Doppler ultrasonography, which revealed deep venous thrombosis. This, combined with right atrial and ventricular dilation and moderate pulmonary artery hypertension observed on transthoracic echocardiography (2D ECHO), led us to recommend a CT pulmonary angiography. The angiography revealed an uncommon presentation of pulmonary embolism with multiple pulmonary infarcts. Here, we chronicle an unusual case of pulmonary infarction secondary to pulmonary embolism, which presented radiologically as consolidation with an aseptic cavity, a rare and atypical triple occurrence.

Massive generalised lymphadenopathy: a rare presentation of tuberculosis with a favourable outcome.

We present a case of massive generalised necrotic lymphadenopathy due to tuberculosis (TB) without any solid organ involvement. An immunocompetent man in his early 30s presented 1 year ago with weight loss, cough and a solitary cervical node. Contrast-enhanced CT scan thorax showed massive enlargement of almost all groups of mediastinal nodes with large areas of necrosis. Ultrasound examination revealed multiple necrotic abdominal nodes. Core biopsy of the supraclavicular node confirmed TB by histopathology and molecular testing. His Mantoux test was negative suggesting tuberculin anergy. Biopsy of deep nodes was avoided. He responded well to standard antitubercular treatment in weight-corrected doses along with systemic steroids which were prescribed to prevent further breakdown/rupture of nodes. After the extended TB treatment for 12 months, he is asymptomatic and has gained weight, with complete resolution of cervical node and near complete resolution of all deep nodes.

Glue ablation of Rasmussen's aneurysm in a case of epituberculosis.

A woman in her 40s presented with massive haemoptysis and breathlessness for 1 day. She had been diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis based on sputum CBNAAT (Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test) and was on antitubercular treatment for previous 2 weeks. Her chest X-ray showed right middle lobe lateral segment dense consolidation with bilateral nodular infiltrates. CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) revealed a well-defined homogenously enhancing vascular lesion of size 10×11×13 mm in the right hilar region communicating with the descending branch of right pulmonary artery, suggesting a Rasmussen's aneurysm. It was in close proximity to the segmental bronchus that was almost completely occluded, suggesting epituberculosis. Transvenous pulmonary artery glue embolisation successfully achieved complete ablation of the aneurysm with preserved arterial flow. She has later completed 6 months of antitubercular treatment and is cured with no recurrence of haemoptysis. Her lung infiltrates have resolved with some lung scarring.

Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in Pune, India.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease. Knowledge of the impact of DM on TB treatment outcomes is primarily based on retrospective studies. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of new pulmonary TB patients with and without DM (TB-DM and TB only) in India. The association of DM with a composite unfavorable TB treatment outcome (failure, recurrence, mortality) over 18 months was determined, and the effect of DM on all-cause mortality and early mortality (death during TB treatment) was assessed. RESULTS: Of 799 participants, 574 (72%) had TB only and 225 (28%) had TB-DM. The proportion of patients with DM who experienced the composite outcome was 20%, as compared with 21% for TB-only participants (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.13; 95% CI, 0.75-1.70). Mortality was higher in participants with DM (10% vs 7%), and early mortality was substantially higher among patients with DM (aHR, 4.36; 95% CI, 1.62-11.76). CONCLUSIONS: DM was associated with early mortality in this prospective cohort study, but overall unfavorable outcomes were similar to participants without DM. Interventions to reduce mortality during TB treatment among people with TB-DM are needed.