Food insecurity in Norway: A cross-sectional study among patients visiting their general practitioner.

AIMS: We aim to address the knowledge gap surrounding food insecurity in general practice in Norway, focusing on its prevalence among patients, sociodemographic correlates and its relationship with chronic diseases across different age groups. METHODS: This study is cross-sectional, collecting data through 69 general practice clinics in 2022 from patients >18 years old visiting their general practitioner. They answered an anonymous questionnaire with the Cornell-Radimer hunger scale. Questions addressed hunger, concerns about food access, financial difficulties purchasing food, impact on children, patient demographics, children, and use of medications for chronic disease. We present logistic regression models with odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals to examine associations between food insecurity and patient characteristics. RESULTS: Among 2571 invited patients, 81.2% (n=2089) participated in the study. Of the participants, 40.1% were considered food insecure. The questions in the Cornell-Radimer hunger scale indicated that most had a mild degree of food insecurity. Food insecurity ranged from 28.9% among those >70 years old to 68.0% among those <30 years old. Food insecurity was associated with age <30 years, being migrant, inversely associated with higher educational levels (OR 0.60, 0.41-0.87) or having own children (OR 0.24, 0.18-0.31). Food insecurity was higher among participants using medications for chronic disease (OR 1.33, 1.05-1.68). CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the presence of food insecurity in high-income countries like Norway, particularly among specific groups such as young adults, migrants and patients with chronic diseases. These categories of patient could benefit from screening of food insecurity during medical contact.

Primary health care challenges: insights from older people with multimorbidity in Malawi - a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: The global population is undergoing a significant surge in aging leading to increased susceptibility to various forms of progressive illnesses. This phenomenon significantly impacts both individual health and healthcare systems. Low and Middle Income Countries face particular challenges, as their Primary Health Care (PHC) settings often lack the necessary human and material resources to effectively address the escalating healthcare demands of the older people. This study set out to explore the experiences of older people living with progressive multimorbidity in accessing PHC services in Malawi. METHODS: Between July 2022 and January 2023, a total of sixty in-depth interviews were conducted with dyads of individuals aged ≥ 50 years and their caregivers, and twelve healthcare workers in three public hospitals across Malawi's three administrative regions. The study employed a stratified selection of sites, ensuring representation from rural, peri-urban, and urban settings, allowing for a comprehensive comparison of diverse perspectives. Guided by the Andersen-Newman theoretical framework, the study assessed the barriers, facilitators, and need factors influencing PHC service access and utilization by the older people. RESULTS: Three themes, consistent across all sites emerged, encompassing barriers, facilitators, and need factors respectively. The themes include: (1) clinic environment: inconvenient clinic setup, reliable PHC services and research on diabetic foods; (2) geographical factors: available means of transportation, bad road conditions, lack of comprehensive PHC services at local health facility and need for community approaches; and (3) social and personal factors: encompassing use of alternative medicine, perceived health care benefit and support with startup capital for small-scale businesses. CONCLUSION: This research highlights the impact of various factors on older people's access to and use of PHC services. A comprehensive understanding of the barriers, facilitators, and specific needs of older people is essential for developing tailored services that effectively address their unique challenges and preferences. The study underscores the necessity of community-based approaches to improve PHC access for this demographic. Engaging multiple stakeholders is important to tackle the diverse challenges, enhance PHC services at all levels, and facilitate access for older people living with progressive multimorbidity.

Dietary guidance from GPs - what do patients report? / Kostholdsveiledning hos fastlegen ­ hva rapporterer pasientene?

Background: Diet can have a major impact on health. In this study, we surveyed the extent to which the subject of diet was raised by patients in general practice and which patients desired such discussions. Material and method: We conducted a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study of patients ≥ 18 years of age at GP practices in Western Norway in 2022. The questionnaire consisted of nine questions about dietary knowledge, the desire to receive dietary guidance and lose weight, and medication use. Logistic regression was used to identify groups more likely to report a desire to receive guidance on how diet affects health. Results: A total of 2105 of the 2531 (83 %) invited patients ≥ 18 years of age completed the questionnaire, and 2075 of these were included in the analysis. One in three had raised the subject of diet with their GP. A total of 96 % reported having the knowledge they needed about diet, 56 % wanted advice or guidance on how diet affects health, 62 % wanted to lose weight and 40 % reported being confused by diet/dietary advice. Younger patients, men, patients with lower levels of education, patients who wanted to lose weight and patients taking medication for chronic conditions more frequently wanted advice/guidance on how diet affects health. Interpretation: Over half of the patients in the GP practices wanted advice/guidance on how diet affects health. Knowing who is more likely to want guidance can be useful for prioritising which consultations are appropriate for providing guidance on diet and health impacts.

How do general practitioners handle couple relationship problems in consultations? A focus group study.

BACKGROUND: Couple relationship problems are common and associated with health problems. The aim of this study was to explore general practitioners' (GPs') experiences, expectations, and educational needs when dealing with couple relationship problems in consultations. METHODS: We conducted an exploratory qualitative study by carrying out 3 semistructured focus group interviews with 18 GPs. We used systematic text condensation for the analyses. RESULTS: Participants shared their experiences of handling couple relationship problems in consultations. Three main themes emerged: (i) pragmatic case-finding: golden opportunities to reveal patients' couple relationship problems; (ii) conceptual and role confusion; (iii) professional competence and personal experience. While issues in relationships could serve as an explanation for relevant clinical problems, some GPs questioned whether relationship issues are strictly medical. All participants had engaged in individual supportive therapy, but none saw themselves as therapists. The interviews revealed that an individual supportive focus might lead to a consolidation of 1 partner's view, rather than challenging their position. Long-term doctor-patient relationships made it easier to talk about these issues. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed several paradoxes. GPs are confident in offering individual supportive therapy for couple relationship issues but should be aware of substantial pitfalls such as side-taking and constraining change. Despite dealing with relationship problems, GPs do not see themselves as therapists. They use professional and personal experience but would benefit from increasing their skills in cognitive restructuring promoting behavioural flexibility facing relationship problems.

Couple relationship problems are common and often raised in general practitioner (GP) consultations as they are associated with health problems. We lack knowledge about what experiences, expectations, and educational needs GPs have when dealing with these problems. In 2020, we interviewed 18 GPs about how they handle couple relationship problems in their practice. Three main themes emerged: (i) Patients seldom present their relationship as the main problem. GPs conduct pragmatic case-finding to reveal relational problems that might be connected to, or be a risk factor for, health problems. (ii) GPs deal with couple relationship problems in several ways. Some think that they are not a medical problem, while others take a more holistic approach. In both cases, GPs lack the tools to assess couple relationship problems and to offer brief interventions. (iii) The most experienced doctors emphasized that their professional and personal experience qualified them to support their patients. Continuity in the doctor­patient relationship was also considered important. We revealed that taking a biopsychosocial approach can be challenged by searching for biomedical causes for problems. GPs should be aware of the pitfalls of individual supportive therapy in dealing with couple relationship issues, such as taking sides and impeding change.

Couple relationship problems-a task for the general practitioner? A cross-sectional survey from Norway.

BACKGROUND: A healthy couple relationship is a predictor of good health. There is a lack of knowledge about what role family and couples counselling should have in general practice. OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence of patients who have talked, or want to talk, with their general practitioner (GP) about their couple relationship, to investigate what characterizes these patients and to explore whether they believe that couple relationship problems should be dealt with in general practice. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 70 general practices in Norway during spring 2019. A questionnaire was answered by 2178 consecutive patients (response rate 75%) in GP waiting rooms. Data were examined using frequencies and linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: We included 2097 responses. Mean age was 49.0 years and 61.3% were women. One in four (25.0%) had already talked with their GP about couple relationship problems, while one in three (33.5%) wanted to talk with their GP about their couple relationship problems. These patients more frequently had experience of divorce, poor self-rated health, an opinion that their couple relationship had a significant impact on their health and lower couple relationship quality when adjusted for age, sex, present marital status and children living at home. We found that 46.4% of patients believed that GPs should be interested in their couple relationship problems. CONCLUSION: Relationship problems are frequently addressed in general practice. GPs should be prepared to discuss this issue to facilitate help for couples earlier than they might otherwise expect.

How are body mass and body attitude impacted by a behaviour change intervention in primary care? A pragmatic randomised controlled trial.

Aims:This study evaluated the effect of behaviour change interventions at Norwegian Healthy Life Centres on change in body mass index (BMI) and body attitude, and explored the predictors for change after 6 months. Methods: We randomised 118 participants to either an intervention or a control group. Eligible participants: ⩾18 years and able to take part in group-based interventions. Body attitude, weight, and height were assessed at inclusion and after 6 months. We analysed the data using simple and multiple regression. Results: Eighty-six participants completed 6-month follow-up. The study found no intervention effect on BMI or body attitude across the two groups. However, an interaction effect indicated that the leaner participants in the intervention group reduced their weight significantly (b 0.94, p < 0.001). BMI reduction was predicted by self-efficacy for physical activity and autonomous motivation for change. Weight loss was associated with impaired body attitude, body shape concern, impaired weight-related self-esteem, weight cycling, and controlled motivation for change. Improvement in body attitude was positively impacted by self-rated health, the experience of childhood respect, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy for physical activity. Impaired body attitude was predicted by body shape concern, impaired weight-related self-esteem, and controlled motivation. Conclusions: The interventions did not affect body mass on average, but promoted weight loss among the leaner participants. Because weight reduction was associated body shape concern and impaired body attitude, the study supports the claim that interventions should be weight neutral and aim to improve body image and psychological well-being rather than weight reduction.

Patients want their doctors' help to increase physical activity: a cross sectional study in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Inactivity is prevalent in patients presenting in general practice, and the health benefits of increased physical activity (PA) are well known. Few studies have explored whether patients want their general practitioner's (GPs) contribution in facilitating a lifestyle change. OBJECTIVE: To identify the characteristics of patients who expect help from their doctor in increasing levels of PA. DESIGN: We collected data via questionnaires for this cross-sectional study from general practices. SETTING: General practices in Norway, during Spring 2019. SUBJECTS: A total of 2104 consecutive patients (response rate 75%) participated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The questionnaire included questions about self-rated health, level of physical activity, the desire to become more physically active, and questions about the role of the GP in increasing the level of physical activity in their patients. We analysed our data using Pearson chi-square and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Female patients were less active, but their motivation to increase activity and their expectations of receiving help from their doctor were similar to males. Younger patients were more motivated for increased activity, and to manage without help from their doctors. Impaired self-rated health (SRH) was associated with inactivity and, at the same time, with the motivation to become more active with help from general practitioners. CONCLUSION: Most patients in the GPs' office are physically inactive. This study revealed an important message for GPs: in clinical work, emphasise physical activity for health gains, especially for patients with impaired SRH.Key PointsFour out of five patients attending Norwegian general practice are inactiveMore than 85% of these patients want to increase their physical activity levelMore than 50% would like help from their GP to achieve this goal.

How is motivational interviewing (un)related to self-determination theory: An empirical study from different healthcare settings.

To explore how quality aspects and clients' verbal behaviors in Motivational Interviewing sessions correspond with counsellors' support of basic psychological needs described in Self-determination Theory, we conducted a mixed method study with quantitative analyses of transformed qualitative data from counselling sessions. Coding manuals identified if the counselling was consistent with Motivational Interviewing and the support of basic psychological needs. The study supported a conceptual relationship between motivational interviewing (MI) and self-determination theory (SDT), except for autonomy support which was conceptualized differently in the two approaches. Relational support in SDT and MI were closely linked to each other and were also strongly related to other MI-congruent and promotive counselors' verbal behavior. Client amotivation in SDT and change talk in MI were negatively correlated, and clients' autonomous motivation in SDT was related to change talk in MI. Counselors emphasized relational support, using decisional balance comprehensively, but offered competence support less often. The counseling was, however, sensitive to the clients' motivational regulation of behavior change.

How can we improve specialist health services for children with multi-referrals? Parent reported experience.

BACKGROUND: Children with combined mental and somatic conditions pose a challenge to specialized health services. These cases are often characterized by multi-referrals, frequent use of health services, poor clinical and cost effectiveness, and a lack of coordination and consistency in the care. Reorganizing the health services offered to these children seems warranted. Patient reported experiences give important evidence for evaluating and developing health services. The aim of the present descriptive study was to explore how to improve specialist health services for children with multiple referrals for somatic and mental health conditions. Based on parent reported experiences of health services, we attempted to identify key areas of improvement. METHODS: As part of a larger, ongoing project; "Transitioning patients' Trajectories", we asked parents of children with multiple referrals to both somatic and mental health departments to provide their experiences with the services their children received. Parents/guardians of 250 children aged 6-12 years with multi-referrals to the Departments of Pediatrics and Child and Adolescent Mental Health at Haukeland University Hospital between 2013 and 2015 were invited. Their experience was collected through a 14 items questionnaire based on a generic questionnaire supplied with questions from parents and health personnel. Possible associations between overall experience and possible predictors were analyzed using bivariate regression. RESULTS: Of the 250 parents invited, 148 (59%) responded. Mean scores on single items ranged from 3.18 to 4.42 on a 1-5 scale, where five is the best possible experience. In the multiple regression model, perception of wait time (r = .56, CI = .44-.69 / ß = 0.16, CI = .05-.28), accommodation of consultations (r = .71, CI = .62-.80 / ß = 0.25, CI = .06-.45 / ß = 0.27, CI = .09-.44), providing adequate information about the following treatment (r = .66, CI = .55-.77 / ß = 0.26, CI = .09-.43), and collaboration between different departments at the hospital (r = .68, CI = .57-.78 / ß = 0.20, CI = -.01-.40) were all statistically significantly associated with parents overall experience of care. CONCLUSIONS: The study support tailored interdisciplinary innovations targeting wait time, accommodation of consultations, communication regarding the following treatment and collaboration within specialist health services for children with multi-referrals to somatic and mental specialist health care services.

The Norwegian Healthy Life Centre Study: A pragmatic RCT of physical activity in primary care.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of behaviour change interventions at Norwegian Healthy Life Centres (HLCs) on participants' moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) six months after baseline. We also explore predictors of change in MVPA, and if level of education and MVPA at baseline modify the effect. METHODS: A randomised controlled trial with inclusion criteria age ⩾ 18 years and ability to participate in group-based physical activity. Participants were randomised to either behaviour change interventions or a waiting list (control). Objective recordings of physical activity were the main outcome, analysed with simple and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: We recruited 118 participants from six HLCs. Participants with mental, musculoskeletal, or chronic somatic disease were more likely to drop out. We revealed no differences in MVPA or sedentary time between the groups. Types of motivation or several characteristics of disadvantage at baseline could not explain changes in MVPA. Across both groups, 83% achieved the recommended 150 minutes of MVPA per week, and participants with a lower level of education were less likely to improve. Participants in the intervention group who were least active at baseline significantly increased their MVPA. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that the intervention had no short-term effect on time spent on MVPA or sedentary. This study does not support a strong emphasis on behaviour change on an individual level as a way of targeting general health and risk reduction at a population level. Although less active people benefitted more from the HLC intervention, the intervention was unable to counteract widening of inequity across educational groups.

Participants at Norwegian Healthy Life Centres: Who are they, why do they attend and how are they motivated? A cross-sectional study.

AIMS: We examine the characteristics of participants entering Norwegian Healthy Life Centres, their reasons for attending and whether socio-economic status, motivation, self-efficacy and social support relate to physical activity and sedentary behaviour. METHODS: This cross-sectional study is part of a randomised controlled trial. Inclusion criteria are that participants should be ≥ 18 years old and able to take part in a physical activity group intervention. Exclusion criteria are severe mental illness and general learning disability. We analysed data using simple and multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS: We recruited 118 participants from eight Norwegian municipalities between June 2014 and September 2015. Of these, 77% were female, mean (standard deviation) age 48.6 (13.4) years, body mass index 34.0 (5.8) kg/m2 and mean gross family income €61,000. The proportion of participants with upper-secondary school or less as their highest level of education was 55%. The most frequent reasons given for attendance at Healthy Life Centres were being overweight, increasing physical activity, improving diet and having musculoskeletal health challenges. Participants had high levels of autonomous motivation and 79% achieved national recommendations for physical activity. Respect and appreciation in childhood, self-esteem and self-rated health were associated with self-efficacy and social support for physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Participants were predominantly obese, physically active, female and motivated for change. A high proportion had low educational attainment and low incomes. The trial will reveal whether interventions succeed in increasing physical activity further, or in decreasing sedentary behaviour, and whether health inequalities narrow or widen across groups.

Quality of primary care from patients' perspective: a cross sectional study of outpatients' experience in public health facilities in rural Malawi.

BACKGROUND: Assessing patients' experience with primary care complements measures of clinical health outcomes in evaluating service performance. Measuring patients' experience and satisfaction are among Malawi's health sector strategic goals. The purpose of this study was to investigate patients' experience with primary care and to identify associated patients' sociodemographic, healthcare and health characteristics. METHODS: This was a cross sectional survey using questionnaires administered in public primary care facilities in Neno district, Malawi. Data on patients' primary care experience and their sociodemographic, healthcare and health characteristics were collected through face to face interviews using a validated Malawian version of the primary care assessment tool (PCAT-Mw). Mean scores were derived for the following dimensions: first contact access, continuity of care, comprehensiveness, community orientation and total primary care. Linear regression models were used to assess association between primary care dimension scores and patients' characteristics. RESULTS: From 631 completed questionnaires, first contact access, relational continuity and comprehensiveness of services available scored below the defined minimum. Sex, geographical location, self-rated health status, duration of contact with facility and facility affiliation were associated with patients' experience with primary care. These factors explained 10.9% of the variance in total primary care scores; 25.2% in comprehensiveness of services available and 29.4% in first contact access. CONCLUSION: This paper presents results from the first use of the validated PCAT-Mw. The study provides a baseline indicating areas that need improvement. The results can also be used alongside clinical outcome studies to provide comprehensive evaluation of primary care performance in Malawi.

Development and validation of a Malawian version of the primary care assessment tool.

BACKGROUND: Malawi does not have validated tools for assessing primary care performance from patients' experience. The aim of this study was to develop a Malawian version of Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT-Mw) and to evaluate its reliability and validity in the assessment of the core primary care dimensions from adult patients' perspective in Malawi. METHODS: A team of experts assessed the South African version of the primary care assessment tool (ZA-PCAT) for face and content validity. The adapted questionnaire underwent forward and backward translation and a pilot study. The tool was then used in an interviewer administered cross-sectional survey in Neno district, Malawi, to test validity and reliability. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on a random half of the sample to evaluate internal consistency, reliability and construct validity of items and scales. The identified constructs were then tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Likert scale assumption testing and descriptive statistics were done on the final factor structure. The PCAT-Mw was further tested for intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. RESULTS: From the responses of 631 patients, a 29-item PCAT-Mw was constructed comprising seven multi-item scales, representing five primary care dimensions (first contact, continuity, comprehensiveness, coordination and community orientation). All the seven scales achieved good internal consistency, item-total correlations and construct validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.66 to 0.91. A satisfactory goodness of fit model was achieved (GFI = 0.90, CFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.05, PCLOSE = 0.65). The full range of possible scores was observed for all scales. Scaling assumptions tests were achieved for all except the two comprehensiveness scales. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.90 (n = 44, 95% CI 0.81-0.94, p < 0.001) for intra-rater reliability and 0.84 (n = 42, 95% CI 0.71-0.96, p < 0.001) for inter-rater reliability. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive metric analyses supported the reliability and validity of PCAT-Mw in assessing the core concepts of primary care from adult patients' experience. This tool could be used for health service research in primary care in Malawi.

Factors associated with self-rated health in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Self-rated health (SRH) measures one's current general health and is a widely used health indicator. Sleep problems, somatic health complaints, and unmet needs in interpersonal relationships are suspected to influence SRH, but studies in primary health care settings are sparse. OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between patients' self-rated health and their sleep problems, somatic health complaints, and unmet needs in interpersonal relationships. DESIGN: We collected data via questionnaires for this cross-sectional study from general practice. SETTING: Primary health care in Norway. SUBJECTS: 1302 consecutive patients participated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The questionnaire included a single question about SRH, the Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS), five questions on somatic health complaints, and three questions from the Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS) pertaining to the relationships domain. We analyzed our data using ordinal logistic regression models. RESULTS: Our response rate was 74%. The prevalence of fair/poor SRH was 26%, with no gender differences. We revealed a significant association between increasing age and reduced SRH. The study showed that sleep problems and somatic health complaints were strongly associated with SRH, and unmet needs in relationships were also significantly and independently associated with reduced SRH in a full model analysis. CONCLUSION: Sleep problems, somatic health complaints, and unmet needs in interpersonal relationships were all associated with reduced SRH. These factors are all modifiable and could be managed both within and outside a primary care setting in order to improve SRH. Key Points There was a high prevalence of reduced SRH in clinical general practice Sleep problems, somatic health complaints, and unmet needs in interpersonal relationships were all associated with reduced SRH These predictors are all modifiable with a potential to improve SRH.

First four years of operation of a municipal acute bed unit in rural Norway.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of a small municipality acute bed unit (MAU) in rural Norway resulting from the Coordination reform regarding occupancy-rate, patient characteristics and healthcare provided during the first four years of operation. Further, to investigate whether implementation of the new municipal service avoided acute hospital admissions. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: A two-bed municipal acute bed unit. SUBJECTS: All patients admitted to the unit between 2013 and 2016. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographics, comorbidity, main diagnoses and level of municipal care on admission and discharge, diagnostic and therapeutic initiatives, MAU occupancy rate, and acute hospital admission rate. RESULTS: Altogether, 389 admissions occurred, 215 first-time admissions and 174 readmissions. The mean MAU bed occupancy rate doubled from of 0.26 in 2013 to 0.50 in 2016, while acute hospital admission rates declined. The patients (median age 84.0 years, 48.9% women at first time admission) were most commonly admitted for infections (28.0%), observation (22.1%) or musculoskeletal symptoms (16.2%). Some 52.7% of the patients admitted from home were discharged to a higher care level; musculoskeletal problems as admission diagnosis predicted this (RR =1.43, 95% CI 1.20-1.71, adjusted for age and sex). CONCLUSION: Admission rates to MAU increased during the first years of operation. In the same period, there was a reduction in acute hospital admissions. Patient selection was largely in accordance with national and local criteria, including observational stays. Half the patients admitted from home were discharged to nursing home, suggesting that the unit was used as pathway to a higher municipal care level. Key Points Evaluation of the first four years of operation of a municipality acute bed unit (MAU) in rural Norway revealed: • Admission rates to MAU increased, timely coinciding with decreased acute admission rates to hospital medical wards. • Most patients were old and had complex health problems. • Only half the patients were discharged back home; musculoskeletal symptoms were associated with discharge to a higher care level.

High prevalence of insomnia and hypnotic use in patients visiting their general practitioner.

BACKGROUND: Sleep problems are common in the general population, but there are few prevalence studies among patients visiting their GP. Since sleep problems frequently co-occur with existing psychological and somatic conditions, the prevalence is likely to be higher in patients visiting their GPs compared to the prevalence in the general population. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of insomnia [based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental disorders (DSM)-version IV] and hypnotic use among patients in general practice and to evaluate whether the prevalence depended on sex and age. METHODS: Questionnaire data were collected by 66 medical students while deployed in different general practices during their last year of school. A total of 1346 (response rate 74%) consecutive and unselected patients visiting their GPs answered the validated Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS) and single questions on self-reported sleep problems and hypnotic use. RESULTS: The prevalence of insomnia according to BIS was 53.6%. Sleep problems (based on the single question) were self-reported by 55.8%, with 18.0% reporting to experience sleep problems a lot/very much. Hypnotic use was reported by 16.2% (daily use by 5.5%). Insomnia and hypnotic use were all more prevalent in females compared with males. Hypnotic use increased with age, whereas the prevalence of insomnia was highest in the younger age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia and hypnotic use were very prevalent among patients visiting their GPs. As insomnia can be effectively treated, we maintain that the diagnosis has a high pay-off and should earn greater awareness in GP's diagnostic evaluation and management.

The Norwegian Healthy Life Study: protocol for a pragmatic RCT with longitudinal follow-up on physical activity and diet for adults.

BACKGROUND: The Norwegian Directorate of Health recommends that Healthy Life Centres (HLCs) be established in primary health care to support behaviour change and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. The aim of the present study protocol is to present the rationale, design and methods of a combined pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT) and longitudinal cohort study of the effects of attending HLCs concerning physical activity, sedentary behaviour and diet and to explore how psychological well-being and motivational factors may mediate short- and long-term effects. METHODS: The present study will combine a 6-month RCT with a longitudinal cohort study (24 months from baseline) conducted at six HLCs from June 2014 to Sept 2017. Participants are randomized to behavioural change interventions or a 6-month waiting list control group. DISCUSSION: A randomized trial of interventions in HLCs has the potential to influence the development of policy and practice for behaviour change interventions and patient education programmes in Norway. We discuss some of the important preconditions for obtaining valid results from a complex intervention and outline some of the characteristics of ecological approaches in health care research that can enable a pragmatic intervention study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was retrospectively registered on September 19, 2014 and is available online at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT02247219 ).

Stakeholders' expectations of Healthy Life Centers: A focus group study.

AIMS: The aims of this study were to explore stakeholders' expectations of municipal Healthy Life Centers (HLCs) in Norway, and to evaluate whether these expectations were compatible with current guidelines and recommendations. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team of researchers arranged focus group sessions with Healthy Life Centre staff, municipality administration, county administration, general practitioners and representatives of three patient organizations. We audiotaped and transcribed the sessions verbatim. In analyses we used Systematic Text Condensation and an editing analysis style. RESULTS: Expectations spanned from primary prevention among children to rehabilitation of adults with established disease, depending on the stakeholders' assumptions of the role of HLCs. Healthcare providers emphasized person-centered advice based on the participant's willingness to change, and their impressions of the participant's presenting condition and life circumstances. Many participants represented underprivileged groups, not reached by population-based information strategies. Consistent with self-determination theory, participants who contacted the HLCs themselves more often expressed a will for lifestyle change than those referred from general practitioners, and less often dropped out. Participants with complex challenges and insufficient coping strategies often strived with follow-up. Among these, many suffered from mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS: The Norwegian HLC is still a concept in development and is trying to define its position in the public healthcare system. In accordance with national recommendations to reduce social health inequalities, the stakeholders emphasized providing effective, evidence-based HLC programs including underprivileged groups. They also expressed concern about prioritizing between an individual and population approach, and between different target groups and tasks.

How patients experience discussing couple relationship problems with general practitioners: an interview study.

BACKGROUND: Couple relationship satisfaction is related to good physical and mental health and longevity. Many patients have discussed or wish to discuss their couple relationship with their general practitioner (GP) and look for personalised care and support when discussing topics they perceive as sensitive. AIM: To explore patient experiences of discussing couple relationship problems in GP consultations. DESIGN & SETTING: Qualitative study employing semi-structured interviews with patients from general practice. METHOD: Individual interviews with 18 patients who had discussed their couple relationship with their GP. Participants were recruited through both social and traditional media, and all interviews were digitally recorded. The purposive sample comprised thirteen women and five men, representing diverse age groups, backgrounds, and relationship problems. All participants identified as heterosexual. We analysed interview data thematically using systematic text condensation. RESULTS: Three main themes emerged: (i) GPs in a facilitating role, not on an assembly line; (ii) Navigating the "elephant in the room"; (iii) GPs as biomedically competent life witnesses. GP continuity was vital in fostering the trust required to discuss sensitive topics, such as relationship issues. Participants valued a biopsychosocial approach which incorporated knowledge of close relationships into medical consultations. They appreciated both GP support and constructive challenges that prompted them to take responsibility for relationship improvements. CONCLUSION: Patients value their GPs' holistic, supportive, and direct approach in addressing couple relationship problems, although they perceive that GPs do not always have sufficient time. They welcome relevant challenges that can drive positive change.

Primary healthcare service delivery for older people with progressive multimorbidity in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

Ensuring primary healthcare (PHC) accessibility to older people with multimorbidity is vital in preventing unnecessary health deterioration. However, older people ≥50 y of age in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face challenges in effectively accessing and utilizing PHC. A systematic review was conducted adopting the Andersen-Newman theoretical framework for health services utilization to assess evidence on factors that affect access to PHC by older people. This framework predicts that a series of factors (predisposing, enabling and need factors) influence the utilization of health services by people in general. Seven publications were identified and a narrative analytical method revealed limited research in this area. Facilitating factors included family support, closeness to the PHC facility, friendly service providers and improved functional status of the older people. Barriers included long distance and disjointed PHC services, fewer health professionals and a lack of person-centred care. The following needs were identified: increasing the number of health professionals, provision of PHC services under one roof and regular screening services. There is a need for more investment in infrastructure development, coordination of service delivery and capacity building of service providers in LMICs to improve access and utilization of PHC services for older people.