RESUMEN
A bent crystal Laue analyser (BCLA) is an X-ray energy analyser used for fluorescence X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) spectroscopy to separate the fluorescence X-ray emission line of a target atom from the elastic scattering X-rays and other fluorescence emission lines. Here, the feasibility of the BCLA for total reflection fluorescence XAFS (TRF-XAFS), which has a long X-ray footprint on the substrate surface owing to grazing incidence, was tested. The focal line of the BCLA was adjusted on the X-ray footprint and the XAFS signal for one monolayer of Pt deposited on a 60â nm Au film with high sensitivity was obtained. Although range-extended XAFS was expected by the rejection of Au fluorescence arising from the Au substrate, a small glitch was found in the Au L3 edge because of the sudden change of the complex refraction index of the Au substrate at the Au edge. This abnormal spectrum feature can be removed by reflectivity correction using Au foil absorption data. BCLA combined with TRF-XAFS spectroscopy (BCLA + TRF-XAFS) is a new technique for the in situ surface analysis of highly dispersed systems even in the presence of a liquid overlayer.
RESUMEN
Surface fluorescence X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy using a Laue-type monochromator has been developed to acquire structural information about metals with a very low concentrate on a flat highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface in the presence of electrolytes. Generally, surface fluorescence XAFS spectroscopy is hindered by strong scattering from the bulk, which often chokes the pulse counting detector. In this work, we show that a bent crystal Laue analyzer (BCLA) can efficiently remove the scattered X-rays from the bulk even in the presence of solution. We applied the technique to submonolayer (â¼1014 â atoms cm-2 ) Pt on HOPG and successfully obtained high signal/noise inâ situ XAFS data in combination with back-illuminated fluorescence XAFS (BI-FXAFS) spectroscopy. This technique allows inâ situ XAFS measurements of flat electrode surfaces to be performed in the presence of electrolytes.
RESUMEN
Acidic-alkaline stresses caused by ischemia and hypoglycemia induce neuronal cell death resulting from intracellular pH disturbance. The effects of acidic-alkaline disturbance on the trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons of the embryonic mouse were investigated by caspase-3-immunohistochemistry and Nissl staining. TG neurons exhibited apoptosis in 3.08 ± 0.55% of neurons in intact embryos at day 16. Intraperitoneal injection of alkaline solution (pH 8.97; 0.005-0.1 M K2HPO4 or 0.01-0.04 M KOH) into the embryo at embryonic day 15 significantly increased the number of apoptotic neurons in the TG at embryonic day 16 with dependence on concentration (3.40-6.05 and 2.93-5.55%, respectively). On the other hand, acidic solutions (pH 4.4; 0.01-0.2 M KH2PO4 slightly, but not significantly, increased the number of apoptotic cells (3.64-5.15%, without dependence on concentration). Neutral solutions (pH 7.4; 0.01-0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer) had no effect on neuronal survival in the TG (2.89-3.48%). The results indicated that alkaline stress significantly increased apoptosis in the developing nervous system, but acidic stress did not.
Asunto(s)
Desequilibrio Ácido-Base/patología , Embrión de Mamíferos/patología , Neuronas/patología , Estrés Fisiológico , Ganglio del Trigémino/patología , Desequilibrio Ácido-Base/inducido químicamente , Desequilibrio Ácido-Base/metabolismo , Acidosis/inducido químicamente , Acidosis/patología , Alcalosis/inducido químicamente , Alcalosis/patología , Animales , Apoptosis , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Femenino , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neuronas/metabolismo , Embarazo , Ganglio del Trigémino/embriología , Ganglio del Trigémino/metabolismoRESUMEN
We present the design and performance of a high-temperature in situ cell with a large solid angle for fluorescence X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. The cell has a large fluorescence XAFS window (116 mm(Ï)) near the sample in the cell, realizing a large half-cone angle of 56°. We use a small heater (25 × 35 mm(2)) to heat the sample locally to 873 K. We measured a Pt-SnO2 thin layer on a Si substrate at reaction conditions having a high activity. In situ measurement enables the analysis of the difference XAFS spectra between before and during the reaction to reveal the structure change during the operation.