[Tuberculin sensitivity in infants and preschool children with pulmonary tuberculosis]. / Tuberkulinovaia chuvstvitel'nost' u bol'nykh tuberkulezom detei rannego i doshkol'nogo vozrasta.

The tuberculin sensitivity of the skin was studied in children with tuberculosis, whose age was under 7 years, in relation to the age, the form of tuberculosis, the phases of a process, its severity, the presence of complications and concomitant disease. It was established that in infants the rate of negative reactions was 13.2 times higher and that of hyperergic reactions was 5.8 times less than those in children aged 3 to 7 years. Negative reactions were most common in the complicated and severe forms of tuberculosis and in comorbidity. Hyperergic reactions were more frequently encountered in ocular tuberculosis (44.5%), helminthic invasion (30.4%), and pulmonary tuberculosis first detected in the phase of resolution (32.4%).

[Caseous pneumonia in nursing and young infants (based on pathomorphological study data)]. / Kazeoznaia pnevmoniia u detei grudnogo i rannego vozrasta (po dannym patomorfologicheskogo issledovaniia).

Fifty-six autopsy protocols showing the presence of caseous pneumonia in babies and infants who died in 1947-1994 were examined. In the age group of children who died from caseous pneumonia (n = 88), babies and infants made up 63.6%. In 1947-1962, caseous pneumonia was found to frequently complicate a primary tuberculosis process both in babies (28.3%) and in 1-3-year-old infants (22.2%). At the same time lifetime tuberculosis was not recognized in 21.4% of cases and 26.8% died within the first 3 days of their hospital stay.

[New cases of tuberculosis of respiratory organs during phases of reverse development in children]. / Vpervye vyiavlennyi tuberkulez organov dykhaniia v faze obratnogo razvitiia u detei.

Out of 313 preschool children treated in a specialized children's hospital for local tuberculosis, 23.6% of cases were first diagnosed in phases of reverse development. 12.8% of children cured spontaneously. Local activation as infiltration of intrathoracic lymph nodes and dissemination to the lungs and other organs occurred in 8.1 cases. The activation was seen both in children with spontaneously cured tuberculosis and those after chemoprophylaxis. It is concluded that all the children with newly detected tuberculosis in reverse phase, irrespective of previous chemoprophylaxis, should be treated in hospital with subsequent observation of the phthisiologist.

[Characteristics of children infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis who previously had pneumonia]. / Kharakteristika perebolevshikh pnevmoniei detei, infitsirovannykh mikobakteriiami tuberkuleza.

Out of 674 M. tuberculosis infected children subjected to examination, 31.8% of them had pneumonia in their life. 38.3% of the latter had a repeated pneumonia. It was found that 29.9% of the children who had pneumonia were not registered by an antituberculosis dispensary. Moreover, 75% of them were infected by tuberculosis over a number of years and did not receive any preventive treatment. Among those struck off the register and examined before at an antituberculosis dispensary, 15.5% of the children required specific chemotherapy and preventive chemotherapeutic treatment under observation of a phthisio-pediatrician. It is recommended to investigate children who had pneumonia for tuberculosis at an antituberculosis dispensary.

[Detection of tuberculosis in infants and preschool children]. / Vyiavlenie tuberkuleza u detei rannego i doshko'nogo vozrasta.

The paper analyzes 367 case histories of babies, infants and preschool children treated for local tuberculosis at a specialized pediatric unit in 1977-1996. It is ascertained that tuberculosis was detected in 55% of children on their referral for medical aid and in 45% on prophylactic examinations. Prophylactic examinations detected tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes more frequently (72.7%) and primary tuberculosis less frequently (26.7%). On referrals, tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes, primary tuberculosis, and other forms of pulmonary tuberculosis were diagnosed in 68.8, 25.0, 6.2%, respectively. When tuberculosis was identified on referrals, pulmonary tuberculosis was much more commonly complicated. To form a tuberculosis risk group and to make prophylactic antituberculosis measures are an inherent condition for early detection of tuberculosis.

[Pathomorphosis of tuberculosis in children of early and preschool age (autopsy data)]. / Patomorfoz tuberkuleza u detei rannego i doskhol'nogo vozrasta (po dannym sektsionnogo materiala).

A total of 339 protocols of autopsies of babies infants, and pre-school children within 50 year (1947-1996) are analyzed. As compared with 1947-1956, in the past 3 decades the autopsies showed 14.6-, 35.7-, and 79.7-fold reductions in babies, infants, and preschool children, respectively. However, the past 5 years is marked by a reversal of more severe tuberculosis in children under 3 years, which necessitates to intensify social, prophylactic, and therapeutical antituberculosis measures among children.

[Immunologic characteristics of children with varying sensitivity to tuberculin having recovered from pneumonia]. / Immunologicheskaia kharakteristika perebolevshikh pnevmoniei detei s razlichnoi chuvstvitel'nost'iu k tuberkulinu.

The state of cellular immunity and intensity of cell tuberculin reactions were studied in tuberculin negative and tuberculin positive children recovering from pneumonia. It was shown that the state of cellular immunity in the tuberculin negative children who had had pneumonia was different and depended on the skin mark after administration of BCG vaccine. The most marked changes in T-immunity were observed in the children without the inoculation mark. The changes referred to relatively lower counts of T-lymphocytes and their inhibited functional activity. In the tuberculin sensitive children there was marked tuberculin sensitization of the immunocompetent cells independent of the presence of the postvaccinal mark which indicated increased specific reactivity in them.

[Reasons for hospital readmission of infants and preschool children with tuberculosis]. / Prichiny povtornogo postupleniia v statsionar detei, bol'nykh tuberkulezom v rannem i doshkol'nom vozraste.

As high as 12.4% of children suffering from tuberculosis are readmitted, rural children are more frequently readmitted (18.0 versus 7.2%, p < 0.01), children having tuberculosis (10.9%) and nonspecific pathology (1.5%). Among the children readmitted for tuberculosis, 75.9% had exacerbations which provoke infectious diseases in 18.2%. In 72.7% of cases, the cause of readmission was premature discharge due to their parents' noncompliance.

[Specific features of tuberculosis in children having its different contacts with patients with active tuberculosis]. / Osobennosti tuberkuleza u detei pri raznykh vidakh kontakta s bol'nymi aktivnymi formami tuberkuleza.

The specific features of tuberculosis and its causes on different contacts were examined. Severe and complicated forms of tuberculosis were found to be diagnosed on all types of contact, which suggests that there is an epidemiological hazard of contact with not only bacteria-isolating person (47.1%), but also with a patient who has been found to have no Mycobacteria tuberculosis (15.6%), as well as with an unknown source of infection (37.3%). The causes of local tuberculosis irrespective of the type of contact were ascertained to be inadequate use of preventive measures for its detection in risk groups, untimely identification of infection sources, poor implementation of preventive measures in risk groups followed by a phthisiologist, disease-burdened premorbidity in children, as well as social troubles in their families. The paper shows it necessary to enhance preventive tuberculosis controlling measures in risk groups.