Solution-processable polytriazoles from spirocyclic monomers for membrane-based hydrocarbon separations.

The thermal distillation of crude oil mixtures is an energy-intensive process, accounting for nearly 1% of global energy consumption. Membrane-based separations are an appealing alternative or tandem process to distillation due to intrinsic energy efficiency advantages. We developed a family of spirocyclic polytriazoles from structurally diverse monomers for membrane applications. The resulting polymers were prepared by a convenient step-growth method using copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, providing very fast reaction rates, high molecular weights and solubilities in common organic solvents and non-interconnected microporosity. Fractionation of whole Arabian light crude oil and atmospheric tower bottom feeds using these materials enriched the low-boiling-point components and removed trace heteroatom and metal impurities (comparable performance with the lighter feed as the commercial polyimide, Matrimid), demonstrating opportunities to reduce the energy cost of crude oil distillation with tandem membrane processes. Membrane-based molecular separation under these demanding conditions is made possible by high thermal stability and a moderate level of dynamic chain mobility, leading to transient interconnections between micropores, as revealed by the calculations of static and swollen pore structures.

A Brief Review on the Novel Therapies for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Almost half of people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus will develop painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN), a condition greatly impacting quality of life with complicated pathology. While there are different FDA approved forms of treatment, many of the existing options are difficult to manage with comorbities and are associated with unwanted side effects. Here, we summarize the current and novel treatments for PDN. RECENT FINDINGS: Current research is exploring alternative pain management treatments from the first line options of pregabalin, gabapentin, duloxetine, and amitriptyline which often have side effects. The use of FDA approved capsaicin and spinal cord stimulators (SCS) has been incredibly beneficial in addressing this. In addition, new treatments looking at different targets, such as NMDA receptor and the endocannabinoid system, show promising results. There are several treatment options that have been shown to be successful in helping treat PDN, but often require adjunct treatment or alterations due to side effects. While there is ample research for standard medications, treatments such as palmitoylethanolamide and endocannabinoid targets have extremely limited clinical trials. We also found that many studies did not evaluate additional variables other than pain relief, such as functional changes nor were there consistent measurement methods. Future research should continue trials comparing treatment efficacies along with more quality of life measures.

Contralateral C7 nerve transfer for severe pediatric brachial plexus injuries: donor site morbidity.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric brachial plexus injuries (BPI) can have a devastating impact on upper extremity function. With localized lesions, nerve grafting and transfers are well-described. However, reconstruction of pan-plexus (C5-T1) injuries (PPI) requires donor nerves outside of the brachial plexus. The cross C7 (CC7) nerve transfer extended with sural nerve grafts to the contralateral recipient nerve offers the advantage of supplying robust donor axons. Though controversial in the West, CC7 transfer is routine in many Asian centers. We present a case series of pediatric patients who underwent CC7 transfer for BPI. Our objective was to catalog donor site morbidity incurred by transferring the C7 nerve root. METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of our university. INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients under 18 years old that underwent CC7 nerve transfer for BPI at our health system between 2021 and 2022. A chart review was completed to collect demographic and outcomes data. RESULTS: Three patients underwent a complete CC7 transfer between 2021 and 2022 for BPI reconstruction. All patients underwent concomitant additional nerve transfers. Post-operative donor site sensory deficits were minimal and transient in all but one patient, who reported mild but persistent paresthesia of the donor side hand with movement of recipient side digits; however, no patients suffered donor site motor deficits (Table 1). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that CC7 nerve transfer is a safe surgical option to provide additional donor motor axons for PPI in pediatric patients.

Dishonest Physician Reviews: Challenging Physician Online Reviews and the Appeals Process.

Physician reviews influence how patients seek care, but dishonest reviews can be detrimental to a physician practice. It is unclear if reviews can be challenged, and processes differ and are not readily apparent. The objective of this observational study was to determine the ability to challenge dishonest negative reviews online. Commonly used websites for physician reviews as of August 2021 were utilized: Healthgrades, Vitals, RateMDs, Zocdoc, Yelp, and Google Business. Each review platform's website was tested for leaving a physician review and process of appeal and possible removal of a negative review. The process for appeal and the steps involved in posting and appealing a review were determined, whether individuals are verified patients and criteria for verification, how physicians can respond, and the process of appealing false or defamatory reviews.Any individual can leave reviews by searching for a physician's name or practice and visiting their profile page and can then provide a rating and written review of their experience with the physician. Many require verification to prevent suspicious activity but not proof of a medical visit, allowing significant potential for inaccurate review postings. Posting a review can be done by anyone without verification of a visit. It is challenging for physicians to remove negative online reviews, as most review platforms have strict policies against. This review concludes that physicians should be aware of their online presence and the steps that can be taken to address issues to mitigate adverse effects on their practices.

A Comprehensive Review: Chronic Pain Sequelae in the Presence of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patients diagnosed with Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS), and especially those with the hypermobility subtype, often experience a diverse range of acute and chronic pain conditions throughout their lifetime. These can present in a variety of different phenotypes and comorbidities, making it difficult to develop structured treatment protocols. This review seeks to summarize the current literature to address old and novel treatments for EDS. RECENT FINDINGS: Historically, medications and surgery have been used to treat patients with EDS but with low efficacy. Newer therapies that have shown promising effects for both decreasing pain and increasing quality of life include physical/occupational therapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation units, trigger point injections, low-dose naltrexone, and laser therapy. In addition, addressing the psychosocial aspects of pain with EDS through methods like cognitive behavioral therapy and patient education has shown to be vital in minimizing pain. Most research also emphasizes that pain management should not only focus on pain reduction, but on helping reduce symptoms of hypermobility, central sensitization, and fatigue to make an impactful difference. Research on pain in EDS is still limited with good clinical practice guidelines often limited by poor sample size and lack of clinical studies. Treatment options should be structured based on the specific type of pain pathology and presenting symptoms of each patient and their comorbidities. Future research should attempt to prioritize larger sample sizes, clear definitions of EDS subtypes, randomized trials for treatment efficacy, and more studies dedicated to non-musculoskeletal forms of pain.

Radiology Case of the Month: Idiopathic CD4 Lymphocytopenia.

A 39 year-old male with a history of diabetes, retinitis pigmentosa, and genital warts presented with intractable occipital headaches accompanied with nausea and vomiting. The patient had markedly depressed CD4 counts. Furthermore the patient tested negative for HIV and HTLV 1/2 and had normal immunoglobulin levels. During hospital course the patient underwent a lumbar puncture and multiple imaging exams, including both CT and MR. Except for occasional nausea and vomiting controlled by therapeutic lumbar punctures, phenergan, and dilaudid the patient's hospital course was uncomplicated.

Computational Assessment of the Relation Between Embolism Source and Embolus Distribution to the Circle of Willis for Improved Understanding of Stroke Etiology.

Stroke caused by an embolism accounts for about a third of all stroke cases. Understanding the source and cause of the embolism is critical for diagnosis and long-term treatment of such stroke cases. The complex nature of the transport of an embolus within large arteries is a primary hindrance to a clear understanding of embolic stroke etiology. Recent advances in medical image-based computational hemodynamics modeling have rendered increasing utility to such techniques as a probe into the complex flow and transport phenomena in large arteries. In this work, we present a novel, patient-specific, computational framework for understanding embolic stroke etiology, by combining image-based hemodynamics with discrete particle dynamics and a sampling-based analysis. The framework allows us to explore the important question of how embolism source manifests itself in embolus distribution across the various major cerebral arteries. Our investigations illustrate prominent numerical evidence regarding (i) the size/inertia-dependent trends in embolus distribution to the brain; (ii) the relative distribution of cardiogenic versus aortogenic emboli among the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries; (iii) the left versus right brain preference in cardio-emboli and aortic-emboli transport; and (iv) the source-destination relationship for embolisms affecting the brain.

Radiology Case of the Month: Persistent Lateral Foot Pain.

A 33-year-old female presents with persistent lateral foot pain. Patient does not recall prior trauma that may have led to injury. Symptoms are significantly improved with rest and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications.

Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) modulates ocular surface chloride transport and its inhibition promotes ocular surface hydration.

PURPOSE: Ocular surface hydration is critical for eye health and its impairment can lead to dry eye disease. Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is regulator of ion transport in epithelial cells expressing cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel. CFTR is also a major ion channel in ocular surface epithelia, however the roles of CaSR in ocular surface are not well studied. This study aims to investigate expression and functional roles of CaSR in ocular surface. METHODS: CaSR immunostaining was performed in mouse and human cornea and conjunctiva. Ocular surface potential difference (OSPD) and tear fluid volume measurements were performed in mice with topically applied cinacalcet (CaSR activator) and NPS-2143 (CaSR inhibitor). RESULTS: CaSR is expressed in corneal and conjunctival epithelia of mice and humans. Topically administered CaSR activator cinacalcet inhibits cAMP agonist forskolin-induced Cl- secretion and CFTR activity up to 90 %. CaSR inhibitor NPS-2143 stimulates CFTR-mediated Cl- secretion in mouse ocular surface, after which cAMP agonist forskolin had minimal additional secretory effects. Single dose NPS-2143 treatment (as an eye drop) increases tear fluid volume in mice by ∼60 % compared to vehicle treatment. NPS-2143 effect on tear volume lasts at least 8 h after single dose. CONCLUSIONS: CaSR is a key regulator of ocular surface ion transport and CaSR inhibition promotes Cl- and tear secretion in the ocular surface. If they are found to be effective in in dry eye models, CaSR inhibitors (currently in clinical development) can potentially be repurposed as novel prosecretory treatments for dry eye disease.

Incidence and Mitigation of Corneal Pseudomicrocysts Induced by Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs).

Purpose of Review: This study is to highlight the incidence of corneal pseudomicrocysts in FDA-approved antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and success of preventive therapies for pseudomicrocysts and related ocular surface adverse events (AEs). Recent Findings: ADCs are an emerging class of selective cancer therapies that consist of a potent cytotoxin connected to a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets antigens expressed on malignant cells. Currently, there are 11 FDA-approved ADCs with over 164 in clinical trials. Various AEs have been attributed to ADCs, including ocular surface AEs (keratitis/keratopathy, dry eye, conjunctivitis, blurred vision, corneal pseudomicrocysts). While the severity and prevalence of ADC-induced ocular surface AEs are well reported, the reporting of corneal pseudomicrocysts is limited, complicating the development of therapies to prevent or treat ADC-related ocular surface toxicity. Summary: Three of 11 FDA-approved ADCs have been implicated with corneal pseudomicrocysts, with incidence ranging from 41 to 100% of patients. Of the six ADCs that reported ocular surface AEs, only three had ocular substudies to investigate the benefit of preventive therapies including topical steroids, vasoconstrictors, and preservative-free lubricants. Current preventive therapies demonstrate limited efficacy at mitigating pseudomicrocysts and other ocular surface AEs.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based Prostate Cancer Screening in Carriers of Pathogenic Germline Mutations: Interim Results from the Initial Screening Round of the Prostate Cancer Genetic Risk Evaluation and Screening Study.

BACKGROUND: The risk of early-onset and clinically aggressive prostate cancer is elevated in carriers of certain rare pathogenic germline mutations. The utility of augmenting traditional prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening measures with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in this population is not yet known. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate MRI-based screening in comparison with traditional PSA-based screening among individuals at an elevated genetic risk for prostate cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Male germline carriers of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in any of 19 prostate cancer risk genes between the ages of 35 and 74 yr with no prior history of prostate cancer were recruited. Intervention Enrolled participants underwent screening with annual PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE), and triennial multiparametric MRI. Individuals with abnormal DRE, elevated age-adjusted PSA (>1.5 ng/ml for 35-49 yr, >2.0 ng/ml for 50-54 yr, and >3.0 ng/ml for 55-74 yr), or suspicious multiparametric MRI (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System [PI-RADS] ≥3 lesion) were offered prostate biopsy. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Endpoints were diagnosis of any and clinically significant prostate cancer, and alternative screening strategies were compared by a decision curve analysis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: To date, 101 males have completed the first round of screening. The greatest proportion of participants are carriers of BRCA2 (n = 44), BRCA1 (n = 35), and ATM (n = 7) variants. Twenty-one have undergone biopsy, resulting in the detection of nine cases of cancer (seven clinically significant). For the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer, abnormal MRI (PI-RADS ≥3) demonstrated 100% sensitivity (7/7) with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%, whereas PSA-based screening alone had 57% (4/7) sensitivity with an NPV of 73%. Of six screening strategies evaluated in the decision curve analysis, MRI-based screening alone achieved superior net benefit at all threshold probabilities compared with PSA screening-detecting one additional cancer case per 7.5 patients, while avoiding more unnecessary biopsies at the same threshold probability. CONCLUSIONS: Disease prevalence is high among carriers of prostate cancer-associated pathogenic germline mutations. Early results suggest that MRI-based screening enhances early detection of clinically significant disease beyond PSA screening alone. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this study, we present the interim results from the PROGRESS prostate cancer screening trial. We found that in certain germline carriers of prostate cancer risk mutations, magnetic resonance imaging-based screening enhances detection of prostate cancer while reducing biopsies triggered, in comparison with traditional prostate-specific antigen screening strategies.

Imaging of photonic modes in an AlN-based photonic crystal probed by an ultra-violet internal light source.

The spatial distribution of photon modes confined in a 0D cavity and a 1D W1 waveguide is investigated on AlN-based photonic crystal (PC) membranes by spectrally resolved scanning confocal microscopy in the ultra-violet spectral range. The influence of the fabrication-induced disorder of the PC on the photon modes is analyzed. The cavity modes are shown to be robust with respect to disorder, whereas the 1D modes of the W1 waveguide are localized near its cut-off frequency. Those modifications of the lowest energy photonic modes are compared to simulations of weakly disordered photonic structures.

Keratoconus Diagnosis and Treatment: Recent Advances and Future Directions.

Keratoconus is a disorder characterized by progressive corneal thinning and steepening that may result in significant visual impairment secondary to high astigmatism, corneal scarring, or even corneal perforation. Early detection and screening of keratoconus are essential for effective management and treatment. Several screening methods, such as corneal topography and tomography, corneal biomechanics, and genetic testing, are being developed to detect keratoconus at an early stage. Once detected, prevention of progression is the mainstay of keratoconus management. Corneal collagen cross-linking is a minimally invasive treatment option that can slow or halt the progression of keratoconus. Additionally, recent studies have investigated the potential use of copper sulfate eye drops (IVMED-80) and extracellular vesicles to prevent the progression of keratoconus as non-invasive treatment options. For visual rehabilitation, currently available treatments include scleral lenses, intracorneal ring segments, corneal allogenic intrastromal ring segments, and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. The safety and efficacy of these emerging treatment options for keratoconus are currently being investigated.

Surgical Management of Sirenomelia: A Case Study.

Background: Sirenomelia is a rare congenital condition characterized by fusion of the lower limbs. Patients with sirenomelia generally do not survive long after birth because the condition is associated with multisystem organ dysfunction due to developmental anomalies. Considering the low incidence and few cases surviving the neonatal period, there is minimal understanding regarding the surgical management of sirenomelia. We present a unique case of an infant born with type 1 sirenomelia, absence of external genitalia, presence of a cloaca, absence of the bladder, and presence of an imperforate and vestigial anus, who not only survived the birth process, but, at the age of 11 months, was determined to be a candidate for surgical separation of the lower extremities. Methods: This case was approached much like a dorsal rectangular flap syndactyly release. Large Z-plasty flaps were designed and raised, and the soft tissue within the skin bridge was meticulously dissected to preserve anatomy and to provide adequate skin flaps without perineal skin grafting. A quadrangular flap was designed to reconstruct the perineum and produce a neo-vulva using de-epithelialization. Results: Successful lower extremity separation was achieved. There were no major postoperative complications. The patient progressed with lower extremity function, and eventually achieved independent ambulation. Conclusions: Management of sirenomelia is incredibly challenging, and data to guide surgical management are limited. This report details our approach to a successful lower extremity separation, repair, and neo-vulvar reconstruction in a case of type I sirenomelia.

Socioeconomic Correlates of Keratoconus Severity and Progression.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the social determinants of health for keratoconus. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study of patients with keratoconus, the electronic health record was reviewed for keratometry, treatments received, clinical comorbidities, and social characteristics. Outcomes included severe keratoconus at presentation (steep keratometry ≥52 diopters), disease progression (≥0.75 diopters increase from the first to the most recent clinical visit), and corneal transplantation. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with severity at presentation and corneal transplantation. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to evaluate progression. RESULTS: A total of 1038 patients with keratoconus were identified, 725 (70%) of whom had baseline imaging. Compared with commercially insured patients, Medicaid recipients were more likely to have severe keratoconus, independent of social and clinical confounders [odds ratio (OR) 1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12-3.35, P = 0.017]. Male sex was independently associated with progression (hazard ratio = 1.38, 95% CI, 1.03-1.84, P = 0.030). Medicare and Medicaid recipients were more likely to require transplantation compared with commercially insured patients (OR 2.71, 95% CI, 1.65-4.46, P < 0.001 and OR 1.74, 95% CI, 1.08-2.80, P = 0.022, respectively). Other social determinants of health, including non-White race/ethnicity, limited English proficiency, and unemployment, were associated with the outcomes only in univariate analysis. Obstructive sleep apnea, atopy, body mass index, and tobacco use were not associated with any outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic factors were more consistent predictors of keratoconus severity and corneal transplantation compared with clinical factors that have received relatively greater attention in the keratoconus literature.

Needs-based novel digital curriculum for the neuromodulation training deficit: Pain Rounds.

This study reports the needs-based development, effectiveness and feasibility of a novel, comprehensive spinal cord stimulation (SCS) digital curriculum designed for pain medicine trainees. The curriculum aims to address the documented systematic variability in SCS education and empower physicians with SCS expertise, which has been linked to utilization patterns and patient outcomes. Following a needs assessment, the authors developed a three-part SCS e-learning video curriculum with baseline and postcourse knowledge tests. Best practices were used for educational video production and test-question development. The study period was from 1 February 2020 to 31 December 2020. A total of 202 US-based pain fellows across two cohorts (early-fellowship and late-fellowship) completed the baseline knowledge assessment, while 122, 96 and 88 participants completed all available post-tests for Part I (Fundamentals), Part II (Cadaver Lab) and Part III (Decision Making, The Literature and Critical Applications), respectively. Both cohorts significantly increased knowledge scores from baseline to immediate post-test in all curriculum parts (p<0.001). The early-fellowship cohort experienced a higher rate of knowledge gain for Parts I and II (p=0.045 and p=0.027, respectively). On average, participants viewed 6.4 out of 9.6 hours (67%) of video content. Self-reported prior SCS experience had low to moderate positive correlations with Part I and Part III pretest scores (r=0.25, p=0.006; r=0.37, p<0.001, respectively). Initial evidence suggests that Pain Rounds provides an innovative and effective solution to the SCS curriculum deficit. A future controlled study should examine this digital curriculum's long-term impact on SCS practice and treatment outcomes.

Data-driven predictions of complex organic mixture permeation in polymer membranes.

Membrane-based organic solvent separations are rapidly emerging as a promising class of technologies for enhancing the energy efficiency of existing separation and purification systems. Polymeric membranes have shown promise in the fractionation or splitting of complex mixtures of organic molecules such as crude oil. Determining the separation performance of a polymer membrane when challenged with a complex mixture has thus far occurred in an ad hoc manner, and methods to predict the performance based on mixture composition and polymer chemistry are unavailable. Here, we combine physics-informed machine learning algorithms (ML) and mass transport simulations to create an integrated predictive model for the separation of complex mixtures containing up to 400 components via any arbitrary linear polymer membrane. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of the model by predicting the separation of two crude oils within 6-7% of the measurements. Integration of ML predictors of diffusion and sorption properties of molecules with transport simulators enables for the rapid screening of polymer membranes prior to physical experimentation for the separation of complex liquid mixtures.

Long-term efficacy of high-frequency (10 kHz) spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: 24-Month results of a randomized controlled trial.

AIMS: To evaluate the long-term efficacy of high-frequency (10 kHz) spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for treating refractory painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). METHODS: The SENZA-PDN study was a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial that compared conventional medical management (CMM) alone with 10 kHz SCS plus CMM (10 kHz SCS+CMM) in 216 patients with refractory PDN. After 6 months, participants with insufficient pain relief could cross over to the other treatment. In total, 142 patients with a 10 kHz SCS system were followed for 24 months, including 84 initial 10 kHz SCS+CMM recipients and 58 crossovers from CMM alone. Assessments included pain intensity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), sleep, and neurological function. Investigators assessed neurological function via sensory, reflex, and motor tests. They identified a clinically meaningful improvement relative to the baseline assessment if there was a significant persistent improvement in neurological function that impacted the participant's well-being and was attributable to a neurological finding. RESULTS: At 24 months, 10 kHz SCS reduced pain by a mean of 79.9% compared to baseline, with 90.1% of participants experiencing ≥50% pain relief. Participants had significantly improved HRQoL and sleep, and 65.7% demonstrated clinically meaningful neurological improvement. Five (3.2%) SCS systems were explanted due to infection. CONCLUSIONS: Over 24 months, 10 kHz SCS provided durable pain relief and significant improvements in HRQoL and sleep. Furthermore, the majority of participants demonstrated neurological improvement. These long-term data support 10 kHz SCS as a safe and highly effective therapy for PDN. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClincalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT03228420.