Short-Term Effects of Overnight Orthokeratology on Corneal Sub-basal Nerve Plexus Morphology and Corneal Sensitivity.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of a short period of orthokeratology (OK) on corneal sub-basal nerve plexus (SBNP) morphology and corneal sensitivity. METHODS: Measurements were made in 56 right eyes of 56 subjects with low-to-moderate myopia who wore 2 OK lens designs (Group CRT: HDS 100 Paragon CRT, n=35; Group SF: Seefree; n=21) for a period of 1 month and in 15 right eyes of noncontact lens wearers as controls. The variables determined in each participant were corneal sensitivity using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer and 12 SBNP variables determined on laser scanning confocal microscopy images using 3 different software packages. Correlation between SBNP architecture and corneal sensitivity was also examined. RESULTS: Few changes were observed over the 1-month period in the variables examined in the OK treatment and control groups. However, significant reductions were detected over time in the number of nerves in the central cornea in the groups CRT (P=0.029) and SF (P=0.043) and in central corneal sensitivity in CRT (P=0.047) along with significant increases in central and midperipheral corneal Langerhans cell counts in SF (P=0.001 and 0.048, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides useful data to better understand the anatomical changes induced by OK in corneal SBNP. The different response observed to the 2 OK lens designs requires further investigation.

Tear Film Osmolarity in Response to Long-Term Orthokeratology Treatment.

PURPOSE: To compare tear film osmolarity (TFO) measurements in non-contact lens (CL) wearers and wearers of hydrogel or overnight orthokeratology (OK) CLs, and to assess possible effects of long-term OK on TFO. METHODS: Overall, 108 subjects with moderate myopia participated in 2 experiments, and TFO was measured using the TearLab osmolarity system. In experiment 1, TFO measurements were made in 77 right eyes of 23 non-CL wearers, 26 hydrogel wearers, and 28 OK wearers. Subjects in the last 2 groups had worn their CL for at least 3 years. In experiment 2, 31 individuals (habitual soft CL wearers) were enrolled for prospective long-term follow-up of OK treatment. These subjects were fitted with Paragon-CRT (n=16) or Seefree (n=15) lenses, and TFO readings were taken at baseline and after 1 month and 1 year of lens wear and after 1 month of OK treatment interruption. RESULTS: Values of TFO were within the normal limits in all 3 subject groups, although significantly lower osmolarities (P<0.01) were observed in non-CL wearers (281.7±5.9 mOsm/L) compared with hydrogel (291±16.5 mOsm/L) or OK lens wearers (301.7±10.8 mOsm/L). In experiment 2, TFO differed significantly at baseline between the Paragon-CRT and Seefree groups (P<0.05), and a significant decrease in TFO compared with baseline (P<0.01) was observed in the Paragon-CRT group after 1 month of cessation of lens wear. CONCLUSION: Higher TFO values were observed in lens wearers (hydrogel or OK) than non-CL wearers. After interruption of OK treatment, TFO returned to similar values to those found in non-CL wearers.

Long-Term Impacts of Orthokeratology Treatment on Sub-Basal Nerve Plexus and Corneal Sensitivity Responses and Their Reversibility.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of one year of overnight orthokeratology (OK) treatment on the sub-basal nerve plexus (SBNP) and corneal sensitivity and to assess the reversibility of these effects one month after treatment interruption. METHODS: Thirty-two subjects with low-moderate myopia underwent OK treatment for one year. Fifteen non-contact lens wearers served as controls. At the time points baseline, one year of treatment, and one month after removing the OK lenses, two tests were conducted: corneal sensitivity (Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer) and SBNP imaging by in vivo confocal microscopy. RESULTS: In participants wearing OK lenses, significant reductions over the year were produced in SBNP nerve density (P=0.001 and P=0.006) and number of nerves (P<0.001 and P=0.001) in the central and mid-peripheral cornea, respectively. Differences over the year were also detected in central objective tortuosity (P=0.002). After lens removal, baseline values of nerve density (P=0.024 and P=0.001) and number of nerves (P=0.021 and P<0.001) for the central and mid-peripheral cornea, respectively, were not recovered. At one month post-treatment, a difference was observed from one-year values in central corneal sensitivity (P=0.045) and mid-peripheral Langerhans cell density (P=0.033), and from baseline in mid-peripheral objective tortuosity (P=0.049). Direct correlation was detected at one year between nerve density and tortuosity both in the central (P<0.01; r=0.69) and mid-peripheral cornea (P<0.01; r=0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term OK treatment led to reduced SBNP nerve density and this was directly correlated with corneal tortuosity. After one month of treatment interruption, nerve density was still reduced.

Binocular function changes produced in response to overnight orthokeratology.

PURPOSE: To analyze the binocular function changes produced on subjects undergoing overnight orthokeratology (OK) treatment over short-term (3 months) and long-term (3 years) wear. METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal study on young adult subjects with low to moderate myopia was carried out. Binocular function was assessed by the following sequence of tests: Distance and near horizontal phoria (Von Graefe technique), distance and near horizontal vergence ranges (Risley rotary prisms), accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio (gradient method) and the near point of convergence (standard push-up technique). The short-term sample consisted of: 21 subjects in the control group, 26 in a corneal refractive therapy (CRT) treatment lenses group and 25 in a Seefree treatment lenses group. Those subjects were evaluated at baseline and at a 3-month follow-up visit. Twenty one subjects were old CRT wearers that attended a 3-year follow-up visit (long-term group). RESULTS: A statistically significant difference over the 3-month treatment was found for divergence at distance: the break point decreased 1.4 Δ (p = 0.0006) in the CRT group and the recovery point increased 1.2 Δ (p = 0.001) in the Seefree group. Also, the Seefree group had an exophoric trend of 2.3 Δ at near (p = 0.02) and a base-out break decrease of 2.3 Δ (p = 0.03). For the long-term group, only the base-out break point at distant vision showed a statistically significant difference of 4.9 Δ (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: OK induces minimal changes in the binocular function for either short-term or long-term periods, apart from a near exophoric trend over the short-term period.

Accommodative changes produced in response to overnight orthokeratology.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate short-term (3 months) and long-term (3 years) accommodative changes produced by overnight orthokeratology (OK). METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal study on young adult subjects with low to moderate myopia was carried out. A total of 93 patients took part in the study. Out of these, 72 were enrolled into the short-term follow-up: 21 were on a control group, 26 on a Paragon CRT contact lenses group, and 25 on a Seefree contact lenses group. The other 21 patients were old CRT wearers on long-term follow-up. Accommodative function was assessed by means of negative and positive relative accommodation (NRA / PRA), monocular accommodative amplitude (MAA), accommodative lag, and monocular accommodative facility (MAF). These values were compared among the three short-term groups at the follow-up visit. The long- and short-term follow-up data was compared among the CRT groups. RESULTS: Subjective accommodative results did not suffer any statistically significant changes in any of the accommodative tests for any of the short-term groups when compared to baseline. There were no statistically significant differences between the three short-term groups at the follow-up visit. When comparing the short- and long-term groups, only the NRA showed a significant difference (p = 0.0006) among all the accommodation tests. CONCLUSIONS: OK does not induce changes in the ocular accommodative function for either short-term or long-term periods.

Short and long term corneal biomechanical analysis after overnight orthokeratology.

AIM: To investigate the short and long term corneal biomechanical changes after overnight orthokeratology (OK) and compare them with those occurring in subjects not wearing contact lenses. METHODS: Retrospective case control study enrolling 54 subjects that were divided into three groups 18 subjects each: control group (CG), short term (15 nights) OK (STOK) group, and long term (more than 1y of OK wear) OK (LTOK) group. Corneal biomechanics were characterized using the CorVis® ST system (Oculus), recording parameters such as time [first/second applanation time (AT1, AT2)], speed [velocity of corneal apex at the first/second applanation time (AV1, AV2)], and amplitude of deformation (AD1, AD2) in the first and second corneal flattening, corneal stiffness (SPA1), biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure (bIOP) and corneal (CBI) and tomographic biomechanical indices (TBI). RESULTS: Significantly lower AD1 and standard deviate on of Ambrosio's relational average thickness related to the horizontal profile (ARTh) values were found in the OK groups compared to CG (P<0.05). Likewise, significantly higher values of CBI were found in STOK and LTOK groups compared to CG (P<0.01). No significant differences between groups were found in integrated radius index (P=0.24), strain stress index (P=0.22), tomographic biomechanical index (P=0.91) and corneal stiffness parameter (SPA1, P=0.97). Significant inverse correlations were found between corneal thickness and CBI in STOK (r=-0.90, P<0.01) and LTOK groups (r=-0.71, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: OK does not seem to alter significantly the corneal biomechanical properties, but special care should be taken when analyzing biomechanical parameters influenced by corneal thickness such as amplitude of deformation, ARTh or CBI, because they change significantly after treatment but mainly due to the reduction and pachymetric progression induced by the corneal molding secondary to OK treatment.

Straylight and contrast sensitivity after corneal refractive therapy.

PURPOSE: To compare intraocular straylight and contrast sensitivity determined before corneal refractive therapy and after 15 days and 1 month of treatment. METHODS: A single-center, prospective, and longitudinal study was performed in 30 subjects undergoing corneal refractive therapy. In each subject, high-contrast visual acuity (HCVA), low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA), straylight, and contrast sensitivity were determined at baseline and after 15 days and 1 month after the treatment. Straylight was measured using the van den Berg straylight meter (third generation). Contrast sensitivity was determined under both photopic and mesopic conditions using the VCTS 6500 instrument (Vision Contrast Test System). EDTRS charts (logMAR units) were used to measure HCVA and LCVA. RESULTS: Straylight (mean ± standard deviation) significantly fell from baseline (0.94 ± 0.14) to the values recorded at 1 month (0.85 ± 0.11, p = 0.009). Photopic contrast sensitivity remained stable yet mesopic contrast sensitivity measured at high spatial frequencies was significantly reduced. No correlations between intraocular straylight and contrast sensitivity, HCVA, or LCVA were observed 15 days and 1 month after corneal refractive therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest improved intraocular straylight readings 1 month after starting the treatment, although the changes observed in straylight could not be related to changes in mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity or HCVA and LCVA. Mesopic contrast sensitivity was more affected by the treatment intervention than photopic contrast sensitivity.

Intraocular straylight and contrast sensitivity (1/2) and 6 months after laser in situ keratomileusis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare intraocular straylight and contrast sensitivity determined before and 15 days and 6 months after laser keratomileusis. METHODS: A single-centre, prospective, longitudinal randomized trial was performed on 20 subjects undergoing refractive surgery. In each subject, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) and straylight and contrast sensitivity were determined preoperatively (on the day of refractive surgery) and then after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery in the 15-day and 6-month follow-up visits. Straylight was measured using the van den Berg straylight meter (third generation). Contrast sensitivity was determined under photopic and mesopic conditions using the VCTS 6500 (Vision Contrast Test System). BSCVA was measured using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts (LogMAR units). All measurements were obtained over time and compared. RESULTS: Straylight values (mean +/- SD) were 0.99 +/- 0.03, 0.88 +/- 0.03, and 0.93 +/- 0.03 before and (1/2) and 6 months after LASIK surgery. These values significantly fell from preoperative levels to those recorded 15 days after LASIK (P = 0.03) although values at 6 months failed to differ from baseline (P>0.05). Photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity measured at several spatial frequencies remained stable. No correlations between contrast sensitivity or BSCVA and intraocular straylight were observed 15 days and 6 months after LASIK. CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular straylight was reduced 15 days after surgery although by 6 months values returned to preoperative levels. These changes in straylight values could not be related to changes in mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity or BSCVA during the follow-up period.

Relationship between anterior corneal asphericity and refractive variables.

BACKGROUND: The anterior corneal surface is closely modelled by a conic section that is fully described by asphericity (Q) and the apical radius of curvature. Computerized corneal topographers have allowed for more accurate and complete descriptions of corneal shape. Our objective was to compare anterior corneal asphericity (Q) values determined for different corneal diameters in eyes of different refractive state. METHODS: Q-values were determined in 118 eyes of 118 subjects using both a videokeratoscope (Atlas Mastervue, Humphrey Instruments-Zeiss) and Vol-CT 6.89 software (Sarver & Associates Inc.), which estimates Q-values for several corneal diameters (3.0 mm, 4.0 mm, 5.0 mm, 6.0 mm, 7.0 mm and 8.0 mm) using topographic data obtained with the instrument. For comparisons, Q-values were stratified three ways: by refractive error (myopic, emmetropic or hyperopic eyes), corneal power (low, intermediate and high) and corneal astigmatism (low, intermediate and high). RESULTS: Mean corneal asphericity was -0.35 +/- 0.03, differing significantly from reported data (Student's t-test). Asphericities determined using both methods did not vary significantly with regard to refractive error or corneal power, but did differ among the corneal astigmatism groups (p < 0.01). A trend was observed towards more negative Q-values with increasing corneal diameter, but differences in corneal asphericity according to corneal diameter were only significant in the astigmatism group (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Q-values varied according to the refractive properties examined. However, the relationship between refractive state and corneal asphericity was found to be determined more by the geometric properties of the eye (corneal power and axial length) than by manifest refraction.

Long-term changes in straylight induced by corneal refractive therapy: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: To assess long-term intraocular straylight changes induced by corneal refractive therapy (CRT) and to determine whether these changes persist after cessation of CRT lens wear. METHODS: A single-center, prospective, longitudinal study was performed in 22 subjects (group 1) undergoing overnight corneal refractive therapy for 1 year. Ten right eyes of 10 subjects (group 2) with emmetropia served as controls. In each subject, high contrast visual acuity (HCVA), manifest refraction and intraocular straylight were determined at several time points during treatment and 1 month after discontinuing treatment. Straylight was measured using the van den Berg straylight meter (third generation). EDTRS charts (logMAR units) were used to assess HCVA. For both groups, only data for the right eyes were analyzed. RESULTS: Straylight (mean ± standard deviation) significantly fell from baseline (0.98 ± 0.13) to values recorded after 1 month (0.88 ± 0.13, p=0.011), 3 months (0.88 ± 0.13, p=0.004), 6 months (0.88 ± 0.13, p=0.000) and 12 months (0.76 ± 0.12, p=0.003) of treatment. One month after discontinuing CRT lens wear, straylight was still significantly lower than baseline (0.89 ± 0.13, p=0.003). No correlations were observed between intraocular straylight and HCVA. CONCLUSIONS: Good refractive outcomes and reductions in straylight were observed in response to corneal refractive therapy for myopia. The reduction in straylight observed after discontinuing CRT warrents further investigation.

Corneal cross-linking for Acanthamoeba keratitis in an orthokeratology patient after swimming in contaminated water.

PURPOSE: To report a case of Acanthamoeba keratitis diagnosed using confocal microscopy in a patient corrected by orthokeratology and treated with corneal crosslinking (CXL) after failure to respond to medical treatment. METHODS: After diagnosis, the patient was treated with several medications until CXL was applied during one 30-min session using ultraviolet A radiation and application of riboflavin. The clinical signs of the disease observed using slit-lamp biomicroscopy and confocal microscopy were evaluated and the visual acuity was measured during the course of the infection and treatment over a period of 30 months including 12 months of medical treatment, 9 months after cross-linking and amniotic membrane transplant and 9 months after penetrating keratoplasty and cataract extraction. RESULTS: In this case, confocal microscopy facilitated early diagnosis of an Acanthamoeba infection even if other signs and symptoms might be confounding. CXL was more effective than aggressive medication against the microorganism. After CXL, the symptoms and the corneal appearance improved significantly but the ulcer did not heal completely. After amniotic membrane transplantation, the patient underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PK) with no rejection, and the visual function substantially improved over 9 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Swimming in contaminated water might represent a risk for orthokeratology patients. CXL was effective for treating Acanthamoeba keratitis in an orthokeratology patient to eliminate active and cystic forms of the microorganism. Confocal microscopy was useful to confirm the diagnosis in the presence of confounding clinical signs observed during a conventional slit-lamp examination. Both CXL and confocal microscopy are essential to the outcome of PK.

Recovery evaluation of induced changes in higher order aberrations from the anterior surface of the cornea for different pupil sizes after cessation of corneal refractive therapy.

PURPOSE: To assess corneal aberration changes induced by corneal refractive therapy (CRT) for different pupil sizes and to examine the recovery after cessation of contact lens wear. METHODS: A single-center, prospective, and longitudinal study was performed. Thirty-four subjects who underwent CRT for 1 year were included. High-contrast corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction, and corneal topography were determined during the treatment and 1 month after the discontinuation of the treatment. Corneal aberrations were calculated using the Vol-CT 6.89 software. Corneal spherical aberration, Z(4,0), and root mean square values (RMS) for coma-like, trefoil, tetrafoil, and higher order aberrations (HOAs) were estimated for different pupil sizes (3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-mm diameters). Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts were used to measure CDVA. RESULTS: The CRT treatment induced a statistically significant increase of all aberrations studied for all pupil diameters. RMS values for coma-like, trefoil, and tetrafoil aberrations and HOAs after cessation of contact lens wear were not statistically significantly different for any of the different pupil diameters studied at baseline. However, Z(4,0) significantly increased from baseline to 1 month after discontinuation of the CRT lens wear for 5-, 6-, and 7-mm diameter pupils. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that CRT is a treatment completely reversible at 1 month after cessation of contact lens wear in terms of CDVA, refractive error, and RMS of coma-like aberrations and HOAs for all pupil sizes. However, for spherical aberration, 1 month is not enough to recover to the baseline level.

Anterior segment changes produced in response to long-term overnight orthokeratology.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of overnight orthokeratology (OK) on anterior chamber depth (ACD), posterior radius of corneal curvature (PRCC) and axial length (AL) over one year. METHODS: In this prospective longitudinal study, measurements were made in 34 right eyes of 34 subjects at baseline, 15 days, 1 and 12 months after starting OK treatment. ACD and PRCC measurements were obtained using a Pentacam system and AL was measured using an IOL-Master. ACD and PRCC were measured along the horizontal and vertical meridians at 1 mm intervals. These measurements were expressed as the distance from the center in the nasal (N), temporal (T), superior (S) and inferior (I) directions. RESULTS: A significant reduction in ACD was observed in both meridians during treatment. PRCC flattened significantly in the (T) direction after 15 d (1 mm, p < 0.05), at the corneal center after 15 d (p < 0.01), in the (T) direction after 1 month (1 mm, p < 0.05), in the (S) direction after 12 months (1 mm p < 0.05), in the (N) direction after 12 months (1 mm p < 0.05), in the (N) and (T) directions after 12 months (3 mm, p < 0.05) and in the (T) direction after 12 months (4 mm p < 0.05), at the corneal center after 12 months (p < 0.01). AL was significantly reduced during treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A long period of OK reduces ACD and AL and changes PRCC.

Short-term effects of overnight orthokeratology on corneal cell morphology and corneal thickness.

PURPOSE: To examine the morphological and biometric corneal changes produced over periods of 15 days and 1 month after overnight orthokeratology (OK). METHODS: Prospective, single-center, longitudinal trial. Twenty-seven right eyes of 27 subjects (group 1) with low to moderate myopia wore OK lenses for 1 month. Ten right eyes of 10 subjects (group 2) with emmetropia to low myopia who did not wear any type of contact lens served as controls. Corneal morphometric measurements were obtained in vivo using a confocal microscope to examine the central and midperipheral cornea. Thickness measurements in the peripheral cornea were obtained by optical coherence tomography. Changes in visual acuity, refractive error, and corneal topography were also analyzed. RESULTS: No significant changes in either endothelial cell or stromal cell density were observed after 1 month of OK. Basal epithelial cells were, however, significantly reduced (P < 0.01), and epithelial wing and superficial cells showed enhanced visibility (P < 0.05). Superficial cells increased in height and width, the width increase after 1 month being significant (P < 0.01). Epithelial thickness was significantly reduced in the central cornea and 2 mm around the center. Corneal pachymetry increased significantly in the band from 5 to 10 mm from the corneal apex (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: OK lenses for myopia induce significant structural and optical changes particularly in the central epithelium after 15 days or 1 month of wear. The central corneal epithelium responds to OK wear by undergoing significant epithelial cell shape and size alterations with no effects, however, on the cells of the corneal endothelium or the corneal stroma. Peripheral corneal thickness increased with respect to baseline values. These findings suggest that the corneal epithelium is the principal structure affected by the mechanical forces exerted by the OK lenses.

Long-term changes in corneal morphology induced by overnight orthokeratology.

PURPOSE: To assess long-term morphological and biometric corneal changes produced by overnight orthokeratology and to examine their recovery after cessation of contact lens wear. METHODS: Prospective, single-center, longitudinal trial. Fifteen right eyes with low to moderate myopia underwent overnight orthokeratology for 1 year. The central cornea was examined using a confocal microscope and changes determined in visual acuity, refractive error and corneal topography. Cell counts were performed using both the confocal microscope's software and the image analysis software of the USA Health Institute. All measurements were made during orthokeratology treatment and 1 month after discontinuing treatment. RESULTS: No significant changes in endothelial cell density were observed over time but polymegethism increased significantly and baseline values were not recovered (p < 0.01). Stromal cell density remained unchanged though numbers of activated keratocytes increased during the study and returned to baseline when lens wear ceased. Basal epithelium cell densities significantly fell (p < 0.01) and epithelial wing and superficial cells showed enhanced visibility (p < 0.05). Superficial cells increased in height and width; this width increase being significant after 1 year of orthokeratology (p < 0.01). All epithelial cell changes returned to baseline. Corneal thickness, Bowman layer thickness, subbasal plexus thickness and epithelial thickness were reduced in the central cornea but the stroma was thickened. Of these changes, the decrease in epithelium thickness reached statistical significance (p < 0.01) and baseline values were not recovered. CONCLUSION: Overnight orthokeratology induces structural and optical changes particularly in the central corneal epithelium during myopia treatment. If confirmed, the irreversible changes detected indicate a need for further investigation.

Intraocular straylight and corneal morphology six months after LASIK.

PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between changes in human corneal morphology and intraocular straylight produced over time after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS: Thirty subjects who underwent LASIK surgery were enrolled in this single-center, prospective and longitudinal trial. Twenty-five eyes were included in the study. A scanning, slit white light confocal microscope using a ConfoScan 4 equipped with 40x front lenses and a sensor called "z-ring" was used to examine structural changes in a cornea. Endothelial and stromal cellular count was randomized and masked at observer. Straylight was determined using the van den Berg straylight meter (third generation). All measurements were obtained over time and compared. RESULTS: No significant differences were detected in the endothelial layer. Anterior keratocyte density was lower at the time points of 15 days and 6 months after refractive surgery (p < 0.01, analysis of variance) than the presurgery value, although densities at 6 months failed to differ with Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Posterior keratocyte density was reduced at 15 days post-surgery but had recovered slightly at 6 months (p < 0.05) with analysis of variance and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Intraocular straylight measurements improved after surgery with significant differences observed when presurgery values were compared to those recorded 15 days or 6 months after LASIK (p < 0.01) with analysis of variance being adjusted by the Kruskal-Wallis test. However, straylight value at 6 months failed to differ with Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Correlation was detected between diminished anterior keratocyte density and increased intraocular straylight both at 15 days (r = -0.50, p < 0.05) and 6 months (r = -0.53, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with anterior corneal cell density reduced as a consequence of LASIK, showed augmented intraocular straylight. This correlation warrants further research with larger samples.