Ovarian Cancer Risk Prediction - a Clinical Epidemiology Perspective.

Ovarian cancer is a rare and highly heterogeneous disease usually detected at late stages when outcomes are poor. Population-based screening approaches have not been successful at reducing ovarian cancer mortality, but preventive bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is highly effective at preventing ovarian cancer in high-risk populations. Ovarian cancer risk prediction models may allow identification of populations at increased risk of ovarian cancer for preventive interventions or targeted early detection. We propose a life-course approach to ovarian cancer risk prediction based on the time at which a risk model should be applied and the risk factors that are available. The discriminative ability of ovarian cancer risk prediction models published so far is limited, with areas under the curve ranging from 0.58-0.65 for different combinations of risk factors and genetic susceptibility markers. Currently proposed absolute risk thresholds for preventive surgery are around 4% lifetime risk. The absolute risk predicted by ovarian cancer risk models ranges from 0.6-2.5% lifetime risk in the general population, highlighting the need to improve ovarian cancer risk prediction models and evaluating new preventive approaches that can be offered to individuals at lower risk.

Association between Asian race and perioperative outcomes after carotid revascularization varies with Asian procedure density.

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative outcomes following carotid revascularization are understudied in Asian patients. We aimed to assess whether disease severity and postoperative outcomes following carotid revascularization differ between Asian and White patients, and whether this varies with Asian procedure density. METHODS: We analyzed the Vascular Quality Initiative Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Artery Stenting datasets from 2003 to 2021. Regions were divided into tertiles based on Asian procedure density. Propensity scores were used to match Asian and White patients based on patient factors and procedure type. The primary outcome variable was a collapsed composite of in-hospital ipsilateral stroke/death/myocardial infarction. χ2 tests were used to assess association between Asian race and disease severity, center and surgeon volume, and 1-year outcomes. Logistic and Cox regressions were performed between the matched cohorts. RESULTS: A total of 1766 Asian and 159,608 White patients underwent carotid revascularization, and we identified 2704 patients (1352 Asian and 1352 White) in the matched cohorts. Among propensity matched patients, all-comer Asian patients more commonly had >80% ipsilateral stenosis (63% vs 52%; P < .001) and a moderate/severe preoperative Rankin score (7.6% vs 5.1%; P = .007). The rate of in-hospital stroke/death/myocardial infarction was higher in Asian patients (2.6% vs 1.3%; P = .012), and this disparity was more pronounced in the lowest tertile of Asian procedure density (4.3% vs 0.5%; P < .001). Logistic regression in the propensity-matched cohort demonstrated Asian race was associated with lower odds of intervention at highest volume centers (odds ratio [OR], 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-0.3; P < .001) and by highest volume surgeons (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.3-0.4; P < .001). Asian race was associated with higher odds of in-hospital stroke/death/myocardial infarction (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.8; P = .031), and there was a significant interaction between Asian procedure density and the relationship between Asian race and this outcome (interaction P = .001). After accounting for center and surgeon volume, the association of Asian race and the composite outcome was mitigated (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.7-3.3; P = .300). Cox regression between the matched cohorts demonstrated that Asian race was associated with lower 1-year mortality (hazard ratio, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.7; P = .001) and higher risk of 1-year reintervention (hazard ratio, 16; 95% CI, 1.8-142; P = .013). CONCLUSIONS: Asian patients are more likely to present with a higher degree of carotid stenosis, higher preoperative risk, and experience worse perioperative outcomes. The association of Asian race with perioperative stroke/death/myocardial infarction varies with Asian procedure density and is also confounded by center and surgeon volume. These results highlight the importance of understanding referral patterns and cultural effects on outcomes disparities in Asian patients.

Long-term costs to Medicare associated with endovascular and open repairs of infrarenal and complex abdominal aortic aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: The vast majority of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) undergoing repairs receive endovascular interventions (EVARs) instead of open operations (OARs). Although EVARs have better short-term outcomes, OARs have improved longer-term durability and require less radiographic follow-up and monitoring, which may have significant implications on health care economics surrounding provision of AAA care nationally. Herein, we compared costs associated with EVAR and OAR of both infrarenal and complex AAAs. METHODS: We examined patients undergoing index elective EVARs or OARs of infrarenal and complex AAAs in the 2014-2019 Vascular Quality Initiative-Vascular Implant Surveillance and Interventional Outcomes Network (VQI-VISION) dataset. We defined overall costs as the aggregated longitudinal costs associated with: (1) the index surgery; (2) reinterventions; and (3) imaging tests. We evaluated overall costs up to 5 years after infrarenal AAA repair and 3 years for complex AAA repair. Multivariable regressions adjusted for case-mix when evaluating cost differences between EVARs vs OARs. RESULTS: We identified 23,746 infrarenal AAA repairs (8.7% OAR, 91% EVAR) and 2279 complex AAA repairs (69% OAR, 31% EVAR). In both cohorts, patients undergoing EVARs were more likely to be older and have more comorbidities. The cost for the index procedure for EVARs relative to OARs was lower for infrarenal AAAs ($32,440 vs $37,488; P < .01) but higher among complex AAAs ($48,870 vs $44,530; P < .01). EVARs had higher annual imaging and reintervention costs during each of the 5 postoperative years for infrarenal aneurysms and the 3 postoperative years for complex aneurysms. Among patients undergoing infrarenal AAA repairs who survived 5 years, the total 5-year cost of EVARs was similar to that of OARs ($35,858 vs $34,212; -$223 [95% confidence interval (CI), -$3042 to $2596]). For complex AAA repairs, the total cost at 3 years of EVARs was greater than OARs ($64,492 vs $42,212; +$9860 [95% CI, $5835-$13,885]). For patients receiving EVARs for complex aneurysms, physician-modified endovascular grafts had higher index procedure costs ($55,835 vs $47,064; P < .01) although similar total costs on adjusted analyses (+$1856 [95% CI, -$7997 to $11,710]; P = .70) relative to Zenith fenestrated endovascular grafts among those that were alive at 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Longer-term costs associated with EVARs are lower for infrarenal AAAs but higher for complex AAAs relative to OARs, driven by reintervention and imaging costs. Further analyses to characterize the financial viability of EVARs for both infrarenal and complex AAAs should evaluate hospital margins and anticipated changes in costs of devices.

National trends in utilization of surgeon-modified grafts for complex and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

INTRODUCTION: Custom-branched/fenestrated grafts are widely available in other countries, but in the United States, they are limited to a handful of centers, with the exception of a 3-vessel juxtarenal device (ZFEN). Consequently, many surgeons have turned to alternative strategies such as physician-modified endografts (PMEGs). We therefore sought to determine how widespread the use of these grafts is. METHODS: We studied all complex endovascular repairs of complex and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms in the Vascular Quality Initiative from 2014 to 2022 to examine temporal trends. RESULTS: A total of 5826 repairs were performed during the study period: 1895 ZFEN, 3241 PMEG, 595 parallel grafting, and 95 where parallel grafting was used in addition to ZFEN, with a mean of 2.7 ± 0.98 vessels incorporated. Over time, the number of PMEGs steadily increased, both overall and for juxtarenal aneurysms, whereas the number of ZFENs essentially leveled off by 2017 and has remained steady ever since. In the most recent complete year (2021), PMEGs outnumbered ZFENs by over 2:1 overall (567 to 256) and nearly twofold for juxtarenal repairs. In three-vessel cases involving juxtarenal aneurysms, PMEGs were used as frequently as ZFENs (43% vs 43%), whereas the proportion of juxtarenal aneurysms repaired using a four-vessel graft configuration increased from 20% in 2014 to 29% in 2021 (P < .001). The differences in PMEG use were more pronounced as surgeon volume increased. Surgeons in the lowest quartile of volume performed <2 complex repairs annually, evenly split between PMEGs and ZFENs. However, surgeons in the highest quartile of volume performed a median of 18 (interquartile range: 10-21) PMEGs/y, but only 1.6 (interquartile range: 0.8-3.4) ZFENs/y. The number of physician-sponsored investigational device exemption trials of PMEGs has expanded from 1 in 2012 to 8 currently enrolling. As those data are not included in the Vascular Quality Initiative, the true number of PMEGs is likely substantially higher. CONCLUSIONS: PMEGs have become the dominant endovascular repair modality of complex abdominal and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms outside of investigational device exemptions. The field of endovascular aortic surgery and patients with complex aneurysms would benefit from broader publication of PMEG techniques, outcomes, and comparisons to custom-manufactured grafts.

One-year aneurysm-sac dynamics are associated with reinterventions and rupture following infrarenal endovascular aneurysm repair.

OBJECTIVE: One-year aneurysm sac changes have previously been found to be associated with mortality and may have the potential to guide personalized follow-up following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). In this study, we examined the association of these early sac changes with long-term reintervention and rupture. METHODS: We identified all patients undergoing first-time EVAR for intact abdominal aortic aneurysm between 2003 and 2018 in the Vascular Quality Initiative with linkage to Medicare claims for long-term outcomes. We included patients with an imaging study at 1 year postoperatively. Aneurysm sac behavior was defined as per the Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines: stable sac (<5 mm change), sac regression (≥5 mm), and sac expansion (≥5 mm). Outcomes included mortality, reintervention, and rupture within 8 years, which were assessed with Kaplan-Meier methods and multivariable Cox regression analysis. Secondarily, we utilized polynomial spline interpolation to demonstrate the continuous relationship of diameter change to 8-year hazard of reintervention, rupture, or mortality as a composite outcome. RESULTS: Of 31,185 EVAR patients, 16,102 (52%) had an imaging study at 1 year and were included in this study. At 1 year, 44% of sacs remained stable, 49% regressed, and 6.2% displayed expansion. Following risk adjustment, compared with a stable sac at 1 year, sac regression was associated with lower 8-year mortality (49% vs 53%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-0.99; P = .036), reintervention rate (8.9% vs 15%; HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.50-0.68; P < .001), and rupture rate (2.0% vs 4.0%; HR, 0.45; 95%CI, 0.29-0.69; P < .001). Conversely, compared with a stable sac, sac expansion was associated with higher 8-year mortality (64% vs 53%; HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.14-1.51; P < .001) and reintervention rate (27% vs 15%; HR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.57-2.51; P < .001), but similar risk of rupture (7.2% vs 4.0%; HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.88-2.96; P = .12). Polynomial spline interpolation demonstrated that, compared with no diameter change at 1 year, increased sac regression was associated with an incrementally lower risk of late outcomes, whereas increased sac expansion was associated with an incrementally higher risk of late outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Following EVAR, compared with a stable sac at 1-year imaging, sac regression and expansion are associated with a lower and higher risk respectively of long-term mortality, reinterventions, and ruptures. Moreover, the amount of regression or expansion seems to be incrementally associated with these late outcomes, too. Future studies are needed to determine how to improve 1-year sac regression, and whether it is safe to extend follow-up intervals for patients with regressing sacs.

Retroperitoneal vs transperitoneal approach for nonruptured open conversion after endovascular aneurysm repair.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies comparing the transperitoneal (TP) and retroperitoneal (RP) approach for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair suggest that the RP approach may result in lower rates of perioperative mortality and morbidity. However, data comparing these approaches for open conversion are lacking. This study aims to evaluate the association between the type of approach and outcomes following open conversion after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). METHODS: We included all patients who underwent open conversion after EVAR between 2010 and 2022 in the Vascular Quality Initiative. Patients presenting with rupture were excluded. The primary outcome was perioperative mortality. The secondary outcomes included perioperative complications and 5-year mortality. Inverse probability weighting was used to adjust for factors with statistical or clinical significance. Logistic regression was used to assess perioperative mortality and complications in the weighted cohort. The 5-year mortality was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. RESULTS: We identified 660 patients (39% RP) who underwent open conversion after EVAR. Compared with TP, RP patients were older (75 years [interquartile range, 70-79 years] vs 73.5 years [interquartile range, 68-79 years]; P < .001), and more frequently had prior myocardial infarction (33% vs 22%; P = .002). Compared with the TP approach, the RP approach was used less frequently in cases of associated iliac aneurysm (19% vs 27%; P = .026), but more frequently with associated renal bypass (7.8% vs 1.7%; P < .001) and by high-volume physicians (highest quintile, >7 AAA annually: 41% vs 17%; P < .001) and in high-volume centers (highest quintile, >35 AAA annually: 36% vs 20%; P < .001). RP patients, compared with TP patients, were less likely to have external iliac or femoral distal anastomosis (8.2% vs 21%; P < .001), and an infrarenal clamp (25% vs 36%; P < .001). Unadjusted perioperative mortality was not significantly different between approaches (RP vs TP: 3.8% vs 7.5%; P = .077). After risk adjustment, RP patients had similar odds of perioperative mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22-1.10; P = .082), and lower odds of intestinal ischemia (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.08-0.86; P = .028) and in-hospital reintervention (aOR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.85; P = .015). No significant differences were found in the other perioperative complications or 5-year mortality (aHR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.47-1.32; P = .37). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the RP approach may be associated with a lower adjusted odds of perioperative complications compared with the TP approach. The RP approach should be considered for open conversion after EVAR when feasible.

Operative Times and Outcomes of Complex Endovascular Repairs of Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms.

INTRODUCTION: Owing to the significant morbidity and mortality of open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery, complex endovascular repairs (eTAAA) have become increasingly common, but still carry substantial risk. These repairs require large bore access, with resultant pelvic and lower extremity ischemia. We therefore hypothesized that operative timing would be associated with outcomes, as efficient surgery would limit the ischemic time as well as anesthesia time. METHODS: We studied all eTAAA repairs (Crawford Types 1-3, 5) incorporating at least one branch vessel from 2014 to 2021 in the Vascular Quality Initiative, and categorized them into quartiles of total operating time. To account for variations in case complexity and intraoperative events, we performed a sub-analysis stratifying each surgeon by their median operating time. Multilevel logistic regression was employed to compare perioperative outcomes including mortality, thoracoabdominal life altering events (TALE:composite of perioperative death, stroke, permanent paralysis and/or dialysis), spinal cord ischemia (SCI), acute kidney injury (AKI), major adverse cardiac events (MACE), myocardial infarction, and dialysis. RESULTS: There were 2,925 eTAAA repairs during the study period. Procedure times ranged from <204 minutes in the first quartile to >365 minutes in the fourth. Longer cases more commonly involved older patients who were more often female, and higher rates of prior stroke, and preoperative anemia. They involved larger, more extensive aneurysms, with higher rates of prior aortic surgery, and more commonly employed PMEGs or parallel grafting to incorporate more branch vessels. In addition, they were less often staged procedures, and used more spinal drains, femoral cutdowns, and upper extremity access. Operating time decreased as experience increased. In adjusted analyses, the odds of mortality and every morbidity studied increased stepwise with operating time, with 4 to 13-fold higher odds in the highest quartiles. Spinal cord ischemia had the strongest association with procedure times, with seven-fold higher odds (OR 7.2 [2.9-17.9], P<.001) of any SCI in the highest quartile compared to the lowest, and 13-fold higher odds of permanent SCI (OR 13.1 [3.9-44.7], P<.001). These results were consistent when surgeons were grouped into quartiles by their median operating times. Medium-term mortality was also higher in the upper quartile of operating time (HR 2.7 [1.4-5.1], P=.002). CONCLUSION: Longer operating times for complex eTAAA repairs were associated with markedly higher rates of morbidity and mortality, especially spinal cord ischemia. These results emphasize the importance of expeditious repairs by experienced teams.

Psychiatric risk gene Transcription Factor 4 (TCF4) regulates the density and connectivity of distinct inhibitory interneuron subtypes.

Transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is implicated in a variety of psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depression, and schizophrenia. Autosomal dominant mutations in TCF4 are causal for a specific ASD called Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS). However, our understanding of etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms downstream of TCF4 mutations is incomplete. Single cell sequencing indicates TCF4 is highly expressed in GABAergic interneurons (INs). Here, we performed cell-type specific expression analysis (CSEA) and cellular deconvolution (CD) on bulk RNA sequencing data from 5 different PTHS mouse models. Using CSEA we observed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in parvalbumin expressing (PV+) INs and CD predicted a reduction in the PV+ INs population. Therefore, we investigated the role of TCF4 in regulating the development and function of INs in the Tcf4+/tr mouse model of PTHS. In Tcf4+/tr mice, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of subtype-specific IN markers and reporter mice identified reductions in PV+, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP+), and cortistatin (CST+) expressing INs in the cortex and cholinergic (ChAT+) INs in the striatum, with the somatostatin (SST+) IN population being spared. The reduction of these specific IN populations led to cell-type specific alterations in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs onto PV+ and VIP+ INs and excitatory pyramidal neurons within the cortex. These data indicate TCF4 is a critical regulator of the development of specific subsets of INs and highlight the inhibitory network as an important source of pathophysiology in PTHS.

Editor's Choice -- Age Stratified Midterm Survival Following Endovascular Versus Open Repair of Juxtarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Age stratified mortality was examined following fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (F-EVAR) vs. open repair of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) METHODS: All patients undergoing first time elective F-EVAR and complex open aneurysm repair (c-OAR) for juxtarenal AAA in the Vascular Quality Initiative between 2014 and 2021 were identified. Open repairs were compared with commercially available fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair and physician modified endografts (PMEGs). Patients were stratified into three age groups (< 65, 65 - 75, > 75 years). Primary outcomes were peri-operative and five year mortality, and inverse probability weighted risk adjustment was performed to account for baseline differences. RESULTS: Overall, 1 961 patients underwent F-EVAR (82% commercial F-EVAR, 18% PMEG) and 3 385 patients underwent c-OAR. Across age groups, the distribution of F-EVAR (vs. c-OAR) was: < 65 years: 23%, 65 - 75 years: 33%, > 75 years: 52%. After adjustment, among patients < 65 years, compared with c-OAR, F-EVAR was associated with similar peri-operative mortality (0.9% vs. 2.1%; hazard ratio [HR] 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07 - 1.44], p = .22), and five year mortality (13% vs. 9.5%; HR 1.44, 95% CI 0.71 - 2.90, p = .31). Among patients aged 65 - 75 years, between juxtarenal AAA repair modalities, compared with c-OAR, F-EVAR was associated with a significantly lower risk of peri-operative mortality (2.2% vs. 5.0%; HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.30 - 0.79, p = .004), and five year mortality (13% vs. 13%; HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.65 - 1.36, p = .74). Similarly, among patients > 75 years, compared with c-OAR, F-EVAR was associated with lower peri-operative mortality (2.2% vs. 6.5%; HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.13 - 0.47, p < .001), but with similar five year mortality (18% vs. 21%; HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.57 - 1.20, p = .31). CONCLUSION: Among patients with a juxtarenal AAA, F-EVAR was associated with a lower peri-operative mortality compared with c-OAR in patients ≥ 65 years, but was similar in those < 65 years. At five years, F-EVAR was associated with similar mortality in all age groups, though there was a non-significant trend for a higher mortality rate in younger patients.

Photon-Counting Computed Tomography Versus Energy-Integrating Dual-Energy Computed Tomography: Virtual Noncontrast Image Quality Comparison.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the image quality of portal venous phase-derived virtual noncontrast (VNC) images from photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) with energy-integrating dual-energy computed tomography (EI-DECT) in the same patient using quantitative and qualitative analyses. METHODS: Consecutive patients retrospectively identified with available portal venous phase-derived VNC images from both PCCT and EI-DECT were included. Patients without available VNC in picture archiving and communication system in PCCT or prior EI-DECT and non-portal venous phase acquisitions were excluded. Three fellowship-trained radiologists blinded to VNC source qualitatively assessed VNC images on a 5-point scale for overall image quality, image noise, small structure delineation, noise texture, artifacts, and degree of iodine removal. Quantitative assessment used region-of-interest measurements within the aorta at 4 standard locations, both psoas muscles, both renal cortices, spleen, retroperitoneal fat, and inferior vena cava. Attenuation (Hounsfield unit), quantitative noise (Hounsfield unit SD), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) (CNR vascular , CNR kidney , CNR spleen , CNR fat ), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (SNR vascular , SNR kidney , SNR spleen , SNR fat ), and radiation dose were compared between PCCT and EI-DECT with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. A P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients (27 men; mean ± SD age, 63 ± 13 years) were included. Computed tomography dose index volumes for PCCT and EI-DECT were 9.2 ± 3.5 mGy and 9.4 ± 9.0 mGy, respectively ( P = 0.06). Qualitatively, PCCT VNC images had better overall image quality, image noise, small structure delineation, noise texture, and fewer artifacts (all P < 0.00001). Virtual noncontrast images from PCCT had lower attenuation (all P < 0.05), noise ( P = 0.006), and higher CNR ( P < 0.0001-0.04). Contrast-enhanced structures had lower SNR on PCCT ( P = 0.001, 0.002), reflecting greater contrast removal. The SNRfat (nonenhancing) was higher for PCCT than EI-DECT ( P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: Virtual noncontrast images from PCCT had improved image quality, lower noise, improved CNR and SNR compared with those derived from EI-DECT.

Reduced Intravenous Contrast Dose Portal Venous Phase Photon-Counting Computed Tomography Compared With Conventional Energy-Integrating Detector Portal Venous Phase Computed Tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare portal venous phase photon-counting CT (PCCT) using 20 cc less than weight-based contrast dosing with energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT) using weight-based dosing by quantitative and qualitative analysis. METHODS: Fifty adult patients who underwent a reduced intravenous contrast dose portal venous phase PCCT from May 1, 2023, to August 10, 2023, and a prior portal-venous EID-CT with weight-based contrast dosing were retrospectively identified. Hounsfield units (HU) and noise (SD of HU) were obtained from region-of-interest measurements on 70-keV PCCT and EID-CT in 4 hepatic segments, the main and right portal vein, and both paraspinal muscles. Signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios were computed. Three abdominal radiologists qualitatively assessed overall image quality, hepatic enhancement, and confidence for metastasis identification on 5-point Likert scales. Readers also recorded the presence/absence of hepatic metastases. Quantitative variables were compared with paired t tests, and multiple comparisons were accounted for with a Bonferroni-adjusted α level of .0016. Ordinal logistic regression was used to evaluate qualitative assessments. Interreader agreement for hepatic metastases was calculated using Fleiss' κ. RESULTS: Fifty patients (32 women; mean [SD] age, 64 [13] years) were included. There was no significant difference in hepatic HU, portal vein HU, noise, and signal-to-noise or contrast-to-noise ratio between reduced contrast dose portal venous phase PCCT versus EID-CT (all P s > 0.0016). Image quality, degree of hepatic enhancement, and confidence for metastasis identification were not different for reduced dose PCCT 70-keV images and EID-CT ( P = 0.06-0.69). κ Value for metastasis identification was 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.70-1.00) with PCCT and 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.98) with EID-CT. CONCLUSION: Reduced intravenous contrast portal venous phase PCCT 70-keV images had similar attenuation and image quality as EID-CT with weight-based dosing. Metastases were identified with near-perfect agreement in reduced dose PCCT 70-keV images.

Outcomes of Staged Repairs of Complex Endovascular Repairs of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment allows for the staging of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs (eTAAAs) in an effort to decrease the risk of spinal cord ischemia (SCI), but data are limited. METHODS: We studied all eTAAAs in the Vascular Quality Initiative from 2014 to 2021. Inverse probability weighting was used to compare perioperative and long-term outcomes of staged and single-stage repairs. Thoracoabdominal life-altering events (TALEs) are the composite endpoint consisting of death/stroke/permanent SCI/permanent dialysis. RESULTS: There were 3,258 total operations during the study period. In total, 841 cases (26%) were staged repairs, and 2,417 (74%) were completed in a single stage, but in the cohort of patients with extensive aneurysms, 44% were staged. Staging methods included thoracic endograft (78%), branch (23%), and iliac (5%). Staged repairs were more often employed by high-volume surgeons at high-volume centers; for larger, more extensive aneurysms, with higher rates of prior aortic surgery. After adjustment, staged repair and single-stage treatment were associated with similar odds of all perioperative outcomes and including mortality, TALE, acute kidney injury, stroke, dialysis, and SCI, as well as long-term survival. This was consistent in the subgroups of patients with extensive aneurysms undergoing elective procedures. Of note, first-stage thoracic endografts were associated with 2.6% mortality, 7.3% TALE, 1.5% dialysis, and 4.1% SCI, and 25% of patients did not undergo a second stage. First-stage procedures accounted for one-third of perioperative complications including half of the deaths in the staged cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Staged eTAAA repairs were associated with similar perioperative and long-term complications to single-stage treatments. However, first stage procedures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and one-quarter of patients never complete their repairs. These data demonstrate the necessity of evaluating the outcomes of all patients planned for staged procedures, not only those who make it to the final stage. More data are needed as to the optimal method of spinal cord protection for these challenging aneurysms.

Asian race is associated with peripheral arterial disease severity and postoperative outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The nature of peripheral arterial disease and postoperative outcomes are understudied in Asian patients. We aimed to determine if there are disparities in disease severity at the time of presentation and postoperative outcomes with regard to Asian race. METHODS: We analyzed the Society for Vascular Surgery Vascular Quality Initiative Peripheral Vascular Intervention dataset from 2017 to 2021, which includes endovascular lower extremity interventions. Propensity scores were used to match White and Asian patients based on age, sex, comorbidities, ambulatory/functional status, and intervention level. Differences were examined with regard to Asian race across all patients in the United States, Canada, and Singapore, and separately in the United States and Canada only. The primary outcome was emergent intervention. We also examined differences in severity of disease and postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 80,312 White and 1689 Asian patients underwent peripheral vascular intervention. After propensity score matching, we identified 1669 matched pairs of patients across all centers including Singapore and 1072 matched pairs in the United States and Canada only. Among the matched cohort consisting of all centers, Asian patients had a higher rate of emergent intervention to prevent limb loss (5.6% vs 1.7%, P < .001). The majority of Asian patients presented with chronic limb threatening ischemia at a higher rate than White patients within the cohort including Singapore (71% vs 66%, P = .005). Within both propensity-matched cohorts, the rate of in-hospital death was higher in Asian patients (all centers: 3.1% vs 1.2%, P < .001; United States and Canada only: 2.1% vs 0.8%, P = .010). Logistic regression demonstrated greater odds of emergent intervention in Asian patients from all centers including Singapore (odds ratio [OR], 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-5.1, P < .001) but not in the United States and Canada only (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.8-2.8, P = .261). In addition, Asian patients had greater odds of in-hospital death in both matched cohorts (all centers: OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.5-4.4, P < .001; United States and Canada: OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.8, P = .026). Asian race was associated with a greater risk of loss of primary patency at 18 months (all centers: hazard ratio, 1.5; CI, 1.2-1.8, P = .001; United States and Canada only: hazard ratio, 1.5; CI, 1.2-1.9, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Asian patients are more likely to present with advanced peripheral arterial disease and undergo emergent intervention to prevent limb loss, in addition to having worse postoperative outcomes and long-term patency. These results highlight the need for improved screening and postoperative follow-up in this understudied population.

Racial disparities in treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: The Society for Vascular Surgery has recommended immediate transfer of patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs) to a regional center when feasible. However, Black patients might be less likely to be transferred and more likely to be turned down for repair. We, therefore, examined the transfer rates, turndown rates, and outcomes for Black vs White patients presenting with rAAAs in two large databases. METHODS: We examined all rAAA repairs in the Vascular Quality Initiative from 2003 to 2020 to evaluate the transfer rates and outcomes for Black vs White patients. We used the National Inpatient Sample from 2004 to 2015 to examine the turndown rates. Mixed effects logistic regression, Cox regression, and marginal effects modeling were used to study the interaction between race, insurance status, surgery type (open repair vs endovascular aortic aneurysm repair), and hospital volume. RESULTS: We identified 4935 patients with rAAAs in the Vascular Quality Initiative (6.2% Black) and 48,489 in the National Inpatient Sample (6.0% Black). The rates of transfer were high; however, Black patients were significantly less likely to undergo transfer before repair compared with White patients (49% Black vs 62% White; P = .002). The result was consistent in both crude and adjusted analyses when considering only stable patients and was not modified by insurance status, surgery type, or hospital volume. No significant differences were found in perioperative mortality (22% vs 26%; P = .098) or complications (52% vs 52%; P = .64). However, Black patients were significantly more likely to be turned down for repair (37% vs 28%; odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-1.9; P < .001). A significant interaction was found between race and insurance status with respect to turndown. Patients with private insurance had undergone surgery at a similar rate, regardless of race. However, among patients with Medicare or Medicaid/self-pay, Black patients were less likely than were White patients to undergo repair (Medicare, 64% vs 72%; P = .001; Medicaid/self-pay, 43% vs 61%; P = .031). Patients with Medicaid/self-pay were also less likely to undergo repair than were patients of the same race with either Medicare or private insurance (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: We found that Black patients with rAAAs are poorly served by the current systems of interhospital transfer in the United States, because they less often undergo transfer before repair. Although the postoperative outcomes appeared similar, this finding could be falsely optimistic, because Black patients, especially the underinsured, were turned down for repair more often even after adjustment. Significant work is needed to better understand the reasons underlying these disparities and identify the targets to improve the care of Black patients with rAAAs.

Mortality analysis of endovascular aneurysm sealing versus endovascular aneurysm repair.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular aneurysm sealing (EVAS), using the Nellix endovascular aneurysm sealing system, has been associated with high reintervention and migration rates. However, prior reports have suggested that EVAS might be related to a lower all-cause mortality compared with endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). In the present study, we examined the 5-year all-cause mortality trends after EVAS and EVAR. METHODS: We compared the 333 EVAS patients in the EVAS-1 Nellix U.S. investigational device exemption trial with 16,497 infrarenal EVAR controls from the Vascular Quality Initiative, treated between 2014 and 2016, after applying the exclusion criteria from the investigational device exemption trial (ie, hemodialysis, creatinine >2.0 mg/dL, rupture). As a secondary analysis, we stratified the patients by aneurysm diameter (<5.5 cm and ≥5.5 cm). We calculated propensity scores after adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and anatomic characteristics and applied inverse probability weighting to compare the risk-adjusted long-term mortality using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: After weighting, the EVAS group had experienced similar 5-year mortality compared with the controls from the Vascular Quality Initiative (EVAS vs EVAR, 18% vs 14%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-1.7; P = .70). The subgroup analysis demonstrated that for patients with an aneurysm diameter of <5.5 cm, EVAS was associated with higher 5-year mortality compared with EVAR (19% vs 11%; HR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7-4.7; P = .013). In patients with an aneurysm diameter of ≥5.5 cm, EVAS was associated with lower mortality within the first 2 years (2-year mortality: HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.13-0.62; P = .002). However, compared with EVAR, EVAS was associated with higher mortality between 2 and 5 years (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.0; P = .005), with no mortality difference at 5 years (18% vs 17%; HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.4-1.4; P = .46). CONCLUSIONS: Within the overall population, EVAS was associated with similar 5-year mortality compared with EVAR. EVAS was associated with higher mortality for those with small aneurysms (<5.5 cm). For those with larger aneurysms (≥5.5 cm), EVAS was initially associated with lower mortality within the first 2 years, although this advantage was lost thereafter, with higher mortality after 2 years. Future studies are required to evaluate the specific causes of death and to elucidate the potential beneficial mechanism behind sac obliteration that leads to this potential initial survival benefit. This could help guide the development of future grafts with better proximal fixation and sealing that also incorporate sac obliteration.

Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm life-altering events following endovascular aortic repair in the Vascular Quality Initiative.

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) has lower rates of postoperative mortality and morbidity when compared with open repair. However, endovascular repair still carries the risk of postoperative dialysis, paralysis, and stroke. This study examined the rates of postoperative mortality and morbidity stratified by type of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. METHODS: All patients who underwent EVAR in the Vascular Quality Initiative registry from January 2011 to May 2022 were identified. Patients were stratified by repair type: infrarenal EVAR, complex EVAR, thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), extent I to III thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair, or aortic arch repair. The primary outcome was postoperative thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm life-altering events (TALE) across the different treatment groups. TALE was defined as a composite outcome of postoperative mortality, dialysis, paralysis, and/or stroke. Mixed effect logistic regression modeling was used to identify procedural and anatomic factors that were independently associated with TALE. RESULTS: A total of 52,592 EVARs, 3768 complex EVARs, 3899 TEVARs, 1139 extent I to III TAAA repairs, and 479 arch repairs were identified. TALE was observed in 1.2% of EVARs, 4.8% of complex EVARs, 6.0% of TEVARs, 10% of extent I to III TAAA repairs, and 14% of arch repairs. More proximal landing zone was associated with higher odds of TALE after complex EVAR (odds ratio [OR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3.1; P = .008), TEVAR (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4-3.5; P = .001), and extent I to III TAAA repair (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.5-4.9; P = .001). Aortic diameter >65 mm was associated with higher odds of TALE after infrarenal EVAR (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.3; P < .001), complex EVAR (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.3; P = .010), TEVAR (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 2.0-3.8; P < .001), and arch repair (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.4; P = .007). The use of parallel grafting technique (chimney/snorkel/periscope) during extent I to III TAAA repair was also associated with higher odds of TALE (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.2; P = .032). Preoperative chronic kidney disease was also associated with higher odds of TALE after infrarenal EVAR (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 3.0-5.7; P < .001), complex EVAR (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 3.3-8.2; P < .001), TEVAR (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 2.8-7.1; P < .001), and extent I to III TAAA repair (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.6-6.7; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Although TALE was originally described for TAAA repairs, TALE may occur after complex EVAR, TEVAR, and arch repairs as well. Therefore, TALE and its component parts should be used to evaluate the efficacy of all aortic repairs and for preoperative counseling. Additionally, surgeons should be aware of anatomic and procedural characteristics that are associated with higher odds of TALE. The anticipated need for such interventions during aortic repair should be factored into preoperative risk assessment of patients.

Low-volume surgeons can have better outcomes at certain hospital settings for open abdominal aortic repairs.

OBJECTIVE: The volume-outcomes relationship is cross-cutting among open abdominal aortic operations, where higher-volume surgeons have better perioperative outcomes. However, there has been minimal focus on low-volume surgeons and how to improve their outcomes. This study sought to identify if there are any differences in outcomes among low-volume surgeons for open abdominal aortic surgeries by different hospital settings. METHODS: We used the 2012-2019 Vascular Quality Initiative registry to identify all patients who underwent open abdominal aortic surgery for aneurysmal or aorto-iliac occlusive disease by a low-volume surgeon (<7 operations annually). We categorized high-volume hospitals using three distinct definitions: those that performed ≥10 operations annually, those with at least one high-volume surgeon, and by the number of surgeons (1-2 surgeons, 3-4 surgeons, 5-7 surgeons, and 8+ surgeons). Outcomes included 30-day perioperative mortality, overall complications, and failure-to-rescue. We compared outcomes among low-volume surgeons using univariable and multivariable logistic regressions across each of these three hospital categorizations. RESULTS: Among 14,110 patients who underwent open abdominal aortic surgery, 10,252 (7 3%) were performed by 1155 low-volume surgeons. Two-thirds of these patients (66%) underwent their surgery at a high-volume hospital, fewer than one-third (30%) at a hospital that had at least one high-volume surgeon, and one-half (49%) at hospitals with at least five surgeons. Among all patients operated on by low-volume surgeons, rates of 30-day mortality were 3.8%, perioperative complications were 35.3%, and failure-to-rescue were 9.9%. Low-volume surgeons operating at high-volume hospitals for aneurysmal disease had lower rates of perioperative death (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.90) and failure-to-rescue (aOR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50-0.98), but similar rates of complications (aOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.89-1.27). Similarly, patients undergoing their operation at hospitals that had at least one high-volume surgeon had lower rates of death (aOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.50-0.99) for aneurysmal disease. Patient outcomes among low-volume surgeons for aorto-iliac occlusive disease did not vary by hospital setting. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients undergoing open abdominal aortic surgery have a low-volume surgeon, where outcomes are slightly better for those taking place at a high-volume hospital. Focused and incentivized interventions may be needed to improve outcomes among low-volume surgeons across all practice settings.

Clinical Impact of Severe Obesity in Patients with Lymphoedema.

OBJECTIVE: With the rate of obesity increasing worldwide, patients with lymphoedema with and without a concomitant diagnosis of severe obesity (SO) were compared in regard to their baseline demographics, health related characteristics, treatment plans, and patient outcomes. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational cohort study. The IBM MarketScan database was examined (2013 - 2019) for patients with a new diagnosis of lymphoedema. Of 60 284 patients with lymphoedema identified, 6 588 had SO defined by a body mass index > 40 kg/m2. The demographics and other characteristics of SO were compared with patients with lymphoedema without SO. RESULTS: SO and lymphoedema diagnosis increased two fold from 2013 to 2019. The lymphoedema SO+ group was younger (57.8 vs. 60.8 years, p < .001) and with a higher proportion of men (37.7% vs. 24.9%, p < .001) than the lymphoedema SO- group. More comorbidities were observed in the lymphoedema SO+ group than the lymphoedema SO- group: diabetes 46.0% vs. 24.9 % (p < .001), heart failure 18.3% vs. 7.4% (p < .001), hypertension 75.0% vs. 47.6% (p < .001), and renal disease 24.8% vs. 11.9% (p < .001). Use of diuretics in the lymphoedema SO+ group was greater: 57.6% vs. 38.0% (p < .001). Patients with lymphoedema SO+ had higher risk of cellulitis: 34.5% vs. 13.5% (p < .001). Specific lymphoedema treatment was given more often to lymphoedema SO-: 66.3% vs. 64.3% (p = .003). This was significant for manual lymphatic drainage (46.6% vs. 40.0%; p < .001) and physical therapy (55.4% vs. 51.6%; p<.001), but not for compression garments (18.2% vs. 17.7%; p = .38). However, more patients with lymphoedema SO+ received pneumatic compression device treatment: 20.9% vs. 13.7% (p < .001). CONCLUSION: There was an increase in SO associated lymphoedema. Patients with lymphoedema SO+ have over a two and half fold increase in cellulitis incidence, with a significant increase in medical resource use and cost. Despite this, patients with lymphoedema and SO receive less specific therapy such as compression, which has proven to reduce cellulitis incidence.

Outcomes of Complex Endovascular Treatment of Post-Dissection Aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Reports of endovascular treatment of chronic post-dissection aneurysms are limited to high volumes centres, posing questions about generalisability. METHODS: All endovascular repairs of intact pararenal and thoraco-abdominal aneurysms in the Vascular Quality Initiative from 2014 to 2021 were studied, and peri-operative and long term outcomes were compared between repairs of degenerative and post-dissection aneurysms. Peri-operative outcomes were compared using mixed effects logistic regression, and long term outcomes using Medicare linkage. RESULTS: There were 123 patients who completed treatment for post-dissection aneurysms and 3 635 for degenerative aneurysms, with 36% of post-dissection repairs and 6.7% of degenerative repairs performed in a staged fashion (p < .001). The majority (84%) of post-dissection aneurysms were extensive thoraco-abdominal aneurysms (TAAAs: Crawford Type 1, 2, 3, 5), compared with 22% of degenerative aneurysms (p < .001). Physician modified endografts were the primary repair type for post-dissection (73%), while commercially available fenestrated grafts were the dominant repair for degenerative (48%). The first stage of staged procedures was associated with a 2.8% peri-operative mortality rate, 5.1% spinal cord ischaemia, and 8.9% thoraco-abdominal life altering events (the composite of peri-operative death, stroke, permanent spinal cord ischaemia, and dialysis). Th final stage procedure and fluoroscopy times were similar, but technical success was lower in post-dissection repairs (75% vs. 83%, p = .018), both due to issues with the main endograft or bridging vessels (11% vs. 6.6%, p = .055), and types 1and 3 endoleak at completion (17% vs. 10%, p = .035). In addition, high volume surgeons had two fold higher odds of technical success than their low volume counterparts. Adjusted peri-operative outcomes were similar between pathology types, including when comparisons were restricted to extensive TAAAs. Crude and adjusted three year survival were similar, but three year re-interventions were significantly higher following post-dissection repairs (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Complex endovascular repair of chronic post-dissection aneurysms is feasible but is associated with high rates of re-interventions and non-trivial rates of lack of technical success. More data are needed to evaluate the long term durability of these procedures, and the utility of centralising these complex procedures.

Compression therapy in peripheral artery disease: a literature review.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to examine the pathophysiology of oedema in the ischaemic and post-revascularised limb, compare compression stockings to pneumatic compression devices, and summarise compression regimens in patients with severe peripheral artery disease (PAD) without revascularisation, after revascularisation, and in mixed arterial and venous disease. METHOD: A scoping literature review of the aforementioned topics was carried out using PubMed. RESULTS: Compression therapy has been shown to increase blood flow and aid in wound healing through a variety of mechanisms. Several studies suggest that intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices can be used to treat critical limb ischaemia in patients without surgical options. Additionally, compression stockings may have a role in preventing oedema after peripheral artery bypass surgery, thereby diminishing pain and reducing the risk of surgical wound dehiscence. CONCLUSION: Oedema may occur in the ischaemic limb after revascularisation surgery, as well as in combination with venous disease. Clinicians should not fear using compression therapy in PAD.