Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the State of Sergipe/Brazil and Its Relationship with Social Indicators.

A pandemic is capable of generating a great impact, not only from the point of view of health, but also socioeconomically. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that a new pandemic situation had arisen, due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, whose probable origin was zoonotic. The largest number of cases of this disease is concentrated in the United States of America (USA), India, and Brazil. The mortality rate is estimated at 3.4%, but regional differences may exist, and places with a high demographic density have become true epicentres and may be related to higher rates of transmission. In addition to the above, lower human development indexes (HDI) can be related to worse outcomes, especially in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil since they are the least developed places. The Northeast region is the second-most-affected place in the number of COVID-19 cases in Brazil. An analytical observational study of an ecological type was carried out from April to October 2020 to assess the epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in the state of Sergipe and specifically to analyse the incidence of cases and deaths resulting from COVID-19 in the different health regions of the state of Sergipe, in relation to the values of the HDI and demographic density. During the study period, 84,325 cases of COVID-19 were identified, in which 2205 resulted in death. In most of the regions studied, there was a positive association between the number of cases and deaths and the greater the demographic density, but there was no increase in the risk of becoming ill, nor of dying the lower the HDI. Large and crowded cities are places of greatest vulnerability to illness, due to their greater capacity of transmitting the virus; however, further studies are needed to identify other factors that are decisive in the outcomes of this new disease.

Collagen V-induced nasal tolerance downregulates pulmonary collagen mRNA gene and TGF-beta expression in experimental systemic sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate collagen deposition, mRNA collagen synthesis and TGF-beta expression in the lung tissue in an experimental model of scleroderma after collagen V-induced nasal tolerance. METHODS: Female New Zealand rabbits (N = 12) were immunized with 1 mg/ml of collagen V in Freund's adjuvant (IM). After 150 days, six immunized animals were tolerated by nasal administration of collagen V (25 microg/day) (IM-TOL) daily for 60 days. The collagen content was determined by morphometry, and mRNA expressions of types I, III and V collagen were determined by Real-time PCR. The TGF-beta expression was evaluated by immunostaining and quantified by point counting methods. To statistic analysis ANOVA with Bonferroni test were employed for multiple comparison when appropriate and the level of significance was determined to be p < 0.05. RESULTS: IM-TOL, when compared to IM, showed significant reduction in total collagen content around the vessels (0.371 +/- 0.118 vs. 0.874 +/- 0.282, p < 0.001), bronchioles (0.294 +/- 0.139 vs. 0.646 +/- 0.172, p < 0.001) and in the septal interstitium (0.027 +/- 0.014 vs. 0.067 +/- 0.039, p = 0.026). The lung tissue of IM-TOL, when compared to IM, showed decreased immunostaining of types I, III and V collagen, reduced mRNA expression of types I (0.10 +/- 0.07 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.528, p = 0.002) and V (1.12 +/- 0.42 vs. 4.74 +/- 2.25, p = 0.009) collagen, in addition to decreased TGF-beta expression (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Collagen V-induced nasal tolerance in the experimental model of SSc regulated the pulmonary remodeling process, inhibiting collagen deposition and collagen I and V mRNA synthesis. Additionally, it decreased TGF-beta expression, suggesting a promising therapeutic option for scleroderma treatment.

Validación de instrumento educativo para la promoción de la salud de las quilombolas brasileñas de 2016 al 2018 / Validation of the educational instrument for the promotion of the health of Brazilian Quilombolas communities from 2016 to 2018

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el proceso de construcción y validación del instrumento educación, el cual tiene un diseño posintervención, para la promoción de la salud y vigilancia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) en comunidades quilombolas brasileñas. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio metodológico para validar un instrumento, que mezcla investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa, realizado en las comunidades quilombolas en el municipio de Capela/Sergipe, Brasil. Como primera etapa de la construcción del instrumento, se identificó el perfil social y clínico, al mismo tiempo que se ejecutaron las acciones de educación sanitaria sobre la prevención de enfermedades y estilos de vida saludables. Esto tenía el fin de identificar los déficits de información, fragancias y potencialidades en el entorno de las quilombolas. Para la validación del instrumento educativo, se calculó el índice de validez del contenido. Resultados: El índice de validez del contenido se obtuvo en el orden de 0.94. Las quilombolas presentan varias debilidades para el desarrollo de la ECNT, pero las potencialidades pueden fortalecerse y trabajarse en las oportunidades, destacando la importancia de las estrategias educativas para la prevención de problemas de salud. Conclusión: El proceso de validación mostró que el folleto se consideraba válido para la educación y la salud en las comunidades quilombolas, porque es atractivo, confiable y fácil de entender para este grupo de población. Se concluye que el objetivo propuesto se logró, ya que el folleto educativo titulado "Aprenda cómo cuidar su salud" fue validado para el diseño y el contenido con especialistas y la facilidad de comprensión con los líderes de las comunidades quilombolas.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the process of construction and validation of an educational instrument, with a post-intervention design, for health promotion and surveillance of non-communicable chronic diseases (CNCDS) in Brazilian Quilombola communities. Methodology: This is a methodological study to validate an instrument with a mixed study of quantitative and qualitative research, carried out in Quilombolas communities in the municipality of Capela/Sergipe, state Brazil. As the first stage of the construction of the educational instrument, the social and clinical profile was identified, concomitantly with health education actions on the prevention of healthy diseases and lifestyles, in order to identify the information deficits, Fragilities and potentialities in the Quilombola environment. For the validation of the educational instrument, the content validity index was calculated. Results: The content validity index was obtained in the order of 0.94. The Quilombolas present several weaknesses for the development of CNCDS, however the potentialities can be strengthened and the opportunities worked, highlighting the importance of educational strategies for the prevention of health problems. Conclusion: The validation process showed that the booklet was considered valid for education and health in Quilombola communities, because it is attractive, reliable and easy to understand for this population group. It is concluded that the proposed objective was achieved, the educational booklet titled "Learn how to care for your health" was validated for layout and content with specialists, and the ease of understanding with community leaders Quilombolas.

Manifestações orais do estresse ocupacional - revisão de literatura / Oral manifestations of occupational stress - a literature review

O estresse ocupacional pode ser compreendido como um problema de natureza perceptiva, resultante da incapacidade em lidar com as fontes de pressão no trabalho. O objetivo desse artigo é chamar a atenção do trabalhador e dos profissionais que atuam em odontologia do trabalho, sobre as manifestações bucais relacionadas ao estresse e a atividade laboral, através de uma revisão de literatura. Diversas patologias orais podem estar associadas ao estresse como líquen plano, herpes labial, desgaste dental, úlcera aftosa recorrente, periodontites e distúrbios temporo-mandibulares, entre outras. As disposições legais de proteção do trabalhador ainda necessitam ajustamentos principalmente quanto ao aspecto odontológico. Os cirurgiões-dentistas do trabalho e demais profissionais da área de saúde atuantes no ambiente ocupacional devem estar atentos para identificar manifestações orais possíveis no estresse, a fim de promover o bem-estar dos trabalhadores. Nesse sentido, a odontologia do trabalho prevê atenção a saúde oral do trabalhador com bases solidificadas em monitoramento epidemiológico das condições de saúde bucal.

The occupational stress can be understood as a problem of perceptual nature, resulting from the inability to deal with the sources of pressure at work. The aim was to draw the attention of workers and professionals who work in dentistry, the oral manifestations of stress-related activity and employment, through a literature review. Several oral diseases may be associated with stress such as lichen planus, cold sores, tooth wear, recurrent aphthous ulcer, periodontitis and Temporo-Mandibular Disorders, among others. The legal protection of workers still need adjustments primarily on the dental aspect. Dentists work and other professionals working in health occupational settings should be alert to identify possible oral manifestations in stress, in order to promote the welfare of workers. In this sense, the Occupational Dentistry provides oral health care worker with bases solidified in epidemiological monitoring of oral health.

Avaliação do índice de biofilme bacteriano em professores: um estudo piloto / Evaluation of the index of bacterial plate of the teachers: a pilot study

O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar o estudo piloto para investigar o perfil de higiene bucal dos professores de uma escola pública municipal em Aracaju/SE, onde seria desenvolvido posteriormente um programa educativo-preventivo. Avaliou-se a placa bacteriana de 09 (nove) docentes para que se fizesse a análise da situação do campo e para que as ações pudessem ser planejadas. Os resultados foram submetidos ao Tratamento Estatístico de Student, para um grau de liberdade e um limite de confiabilidade de 95% para validação da amostragem, conseguindo assim demonstrar que 55,55% dos professores possuíam um índice regular de placas visíveis e a média geral, do índice PHP (2,033 ± 0,698), considerada como padrão regular tendencioso a bom de higiene bucal. Vários autores afirmam que esta situação de higiene bucal, insere-se no contexto socioeconômico e cultural levando-nos a pensar que existe a necessidade da realização de um programa de promoção de saúde bucal com ênfase na educação e saúde para os professores, elementos fundamentais para multiplicar e difundir o conhecimento, contribuindo para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da comunidade escolar. A avaliação do índice PHP poderá ser utilizada antes e após a finalização das ações para testar a eficácia do programa

Tendências da AIDS em Pernambuco: o que o odontólogo tem a ver com isso? / Status of AIDS in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil: is the dentist involved in this situation?

O objetivo deste estudo, de tendência temporal, é verificar se o estado de Pernambuco e a região Nordeste, onde está inserido, acompanharam a mudança de perfil epidemiológico da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS), observada no Brasil nas duas últimas décadas e favorecer uma adequada compreensão dos processos de feminização, pauperização e interiorização, sendo fundamental para o cirurgião dentista e sua equipe que atendem diariamente pacientes portadores dessa doença. A metodologia baseou-se na análise de dados secundários coletados no Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade (SIM), do Ministério da Saúde (MS), do DATASUS e da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Pernambuco (SES). Os centros de diagnóstico e tratamento no estado de Pernambuco foram geo-referenciados. Demonstra-se que o padrão de desenvolvimento da doença no estado supracitado e na região Nordeste seguem as mesmas tendências atuais, que podem ser observadas em todo país