Survival analysis and associated factors to mortality of renal transplant recipients in a University Hospital in Maranhão.

INTRODUCTION: Renal transplantation is regarded as the best treatment for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Factors associated to survival of renal transplant recipients must be evaluated in order to implement appropriate conducts in these patients. AIMS: To analyze the renal transplant patients survival and associated factors to their mortality. METHODS: Observational, retrospective cohort study, including all the 215 patients who underwent kidney transplantation in the Renal Transplant Service of the Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (HUUFMA), from March 18, 2000 to September 18, 2008, with a follow-up ranging from 12 to 101 months. Demographic and clinical characteristics were observed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for construction of survival curves, and they were compared by log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for identification of factors associated to mortality. RESULTS: The prevalence of deaths was 10,6%. The survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years for living donors recipients were 97,8%, 94,1% and 92,9%, respectively and for deceased donors recipients, 95,6% and 95,6%, at 1 and 3 years, respectively. Factors statistically associated to a lower survival were: recipient age above 40 years (RR = 6.19; p = 0.001; 95% CI = 2.01-18.99) and surgery complications (RR = 4.98; p = 0.041; 95% CI = 1.07-23.27). CONCLUSIONS: Kidney recipients survival rates at HUUFMA were similar to the rates related in other, Brazilian and international studies. Recipient age above 40 years and surgery complications were significantly associated to mortality in this study.

Prevalence and risk factors for acute renal failure in the postoperative of coronary artery bypass grafting.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and the clinical outcome of patients undergone coronary artery bypass grafting who progressed with Acute Renal Failure (ARF). METHODS: A retrospective cohort prospective study was performed from data of 186 patients undergone surgery from January 2003 through June 2006. The stored data were analyzed using the software STATA 9.0. RESULTS: The prevalence of ARF was of 30.6% (57/186). In 7.0% (4/57) dialysis therapy was needed. The mean age of patients with and without ARF progression was 62.8 (+/-9.4) years and 61.3 (+/-8.8) years respectively (P=NS). CPB time >115 min (p= 0.011) and cross-clamp time >85 min (p=0.044) were related to ARF by the univariate analysis. The need for intra-aortic balloon (P= 0.049), mechanical ventilation >24h (P = 0.006), Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay > three days (P< 0.0001), bradycardia (P= 0.002), hypotension (P= 0.045), arrhythmia (P=0.005) and inotropic infusion (P= 0.0001) were higher in the ARF group. Only the ICU stay longer > 3 days showed statistical correlation with ARF by the multivariate analysis (P=0.018). The mortality rate with and without ARF was 8.8% (five cases) and 0.8% (one case) respectively (P=0.016), but it reached 50% (2/4) in dialytic patients. CONCLUSION: ARF was a frequent and severe postoperative complication associated with higher mortality and longer ICU stay, which presented as risk factors: longer CPB and cross-clamp times, mechanical ventilation > 24h and hemodynamic instability.

Análise da sobrevida e fatores associados à mortalidade em receptores de transplante renal em Hospital Universitário no Maranhão / Survival analysis and associated factors to mortality of renal transplant recipients in a University Hospital in Maranhão

INTRODUÇÃO: O transplante renal (TR) é considerado como a melhor terapia para a Doença Renal Crônica (DRC). Fatores associados à sobrevida dos receptores de TR devem ser avaliados tendo em vista a implementação de condutas adequadas no manejo desses pacientes. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a sobrevida de receptores de TR e fatores associados à sua mortalidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional de coorte, retrospectivo, com todos os 215 pacientes submetidos a TR no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão-HUUFMA, entre 18 de março de 2000 e 18 de setembro de 2008, com seguimento mínimo de 12 e máximo de 101 meses. Características demográficas e clínicas dos pacientes foram observadas. Utilizou-se o método Kaplan-Meier para construção das curvas de sobrevida do paciente, sendo as mesmas comparadas pelo teste log-rank. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox identificou fatores associados à mortalidade. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de óbito no período foi de 10,6%. A sobrevida de 1, 3 e 5 anos com doadores vivos foi de 97,8%, 94,1% e 92,9%, respectivamente, e com doadores falecidos, 95,6% e 95,6% para 1 e 3 anos, respectivamente. Foram fatores associados à menor sobrevida do paciente: idade > 40 anos (RR = 6,19; p = 0,001; IC 95% = 2,01-18,99) e intercorrência cirúrgica (RR = 4,98; p = 0,041; IC 95% = 1,07-23,27). CONCLUSÕES: As taxas de sobrevida do receptor de TR no HUUFMA foram semelhantes àquelas encontradas em outros trabalhos, nacionais e internacionais. Idade do receptor acima de 40 anos e intercorrências cirúrgicas foram significantemente associados à mortalidade do paciente neste estudo.

INTRODUCTION: Renal transplantation is regarded as the best treatment for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Factors associated to survival of renal transplant recipients must be evaluated in order to implement appropriate conducts in these patients. AIMS: To analyze the renal transplant patients survival and associated factors to their mortality. METHODS: Observational, retrospective cohort study, including all the 215 patients who underwent kidney transplantation in the Renal Transplant Service of the Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (HUUFMA), from March 18, 2000 to September 18, 2008, with a follow-up ranging from 12 to 101 months. Demographic and clinical characteristics were observed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for construction of survival curves, and they were compared by log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for identification of factors associated to mortality. RESULTS: The prevalence of deaths was 10,6%. The survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years for living donors recipients were 97,8%, 94,1% and 92,9%, respectively and for deceased donors recipients, 95,6% and 95,6%, at 1 and 3 years, respectively. Factors statistically associated to a lower survival were: recipient age above 40 years (RR = 6.19; p = 0.001; 95% CI = 2.01-18.99) and surgery complications (RR = 4.98; p = 0.041; 95% CI = 1.07-23.27). CONCLUSIONS: Kidney recipients survival rates at HUUFMA were similar to the rates related in other, Brazilian and international studies. Recipient age above 40 years and surgery complications were significantly associated to mortality in this study.

Cystatin C: a marker of renal function in transplant patients: [review] / Cistatina C: um marcador de função renal em pacientes transplantados: [revisão]

Assessment of renal function in patients submitted to kidney transplantation is of great importance in clinical practice, and the glomerular filtration rate is used as an indicator for this purpose. Measurement of serum creatinine is the most widely used method for the estimation of gromerular filtration rate. However, the disadvantages of this method are physiological and analytical influences (e.g., muscle mass, gender, certain antibiotics, bilirrubin, ketones) with the assay and inadequate sensitivity for the early detection of small declines in gromerular filtration rate. Cystatin C is a nonglycosylated low molecular weight (13 kDa) protein of the superfamily of cysteine proteinase inhibitors, which isconstantly produced by all nucleated cells. Due to its low molecular weight, cystatin C is freely filtered by the renal glomeruli and then almost completely reabsorbed and metabolized in the proximal tubules without interference from other low molecular weight proteins, thus permitting its use as a good marker of glomerular filtration. We present here a review of studies published so far regarding the use of cystatin C as a promising marker for the assessment of glomerular filtration in renal transplant patients.

A avaliação da função renal em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal é de grande importância na prática clínica, sendo utilizada para esse fim como indicador a medida da taxa de filtração glomerular. A determinação da creatinina sérica é o procedimento mais utilizado para essa avaliação, porém as desvantagens desse método são as influências fisiológicas e analíticas, por exemplo, massa muscular, sexo, certos antibióticos, bilirrubinas, cetonas, com o ensaio e inadequada sensibilidade para detecção precoce de pequenos declínios na taxa de filtração glomerular. A cistatina C é uma proteína não glicosilada de baixo peso molecular (13KDa), produzida constantemente em todas as células nucleadas, pertencente à superfamília das proteínas inibidoras da cisteína proteinase. É livremente filtrada pelos glomérulos renais devido ao seu baixo peso molecular, sendo a seguir quase totalmente reabsorvida e metabolizada nos túbulos proximais, não sofrendo influência de outras proteínas de baixo peso molecular, o que permite sua utilização como um bom marcador da filtração glomerular. Esta revisão aborda o uso da cistatina C como marcador promissor de avaliação da filtração glomerular em pacientes transplantados renais, com base em estudos até o momento realizados nesta população.