Synthesis of a versatile constrained analogue of dipeptide DG (Asp-Gly).

The synthesis of an orthogonally protected constrained analogue of dipeptide DG (Asp-Gly) is reported exploiting alkylation of a chiral lactam. The versatility of this analogue was proven by removal of t-Boc protecting group, followed by coupling under homogeneous conditions with t-Boc-Arg(Z(2))-Gly, to give a conformationally restricted analogue of RGDG tetrapeptide.

Catalytic mechanism of l,l-diaminopimelic acid with diaminopimelate epimerase by molecular docking simulations.

Peptidoglycan, a key constituent of bacterial cell walls, is currently the target of broad spectrum antibiotics and a new research field involves both design and synthesis of inhibitors of its biosynthesis. Most bacteria require either lysine, or its biosynthetic precursor, diaminopimelate (meso-DAP), as a component of the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall. In this paper, molecular modelling studies were undertaken in order to shed light on the molecular basis of interaction between (2S,6S)-diaminopimelic acid (l,l-DAP) (1) with its target enzyme DAP-epimerase, since this is a key step in the lysine biosynthetic path leading to (2R,6S)-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP) (2). In particular, the docking of the ligand-enzyme complex was studied by means of MD simulations and DFT computations in order to ascertain the optimal structural requirements for the epimerization reaction. Molecular dynamics simulations clearly showed that the configuration of the distal carbon C6 of l,l-DAP is critical for complex formation since both amino and carboxylate groups are involved in Hbonding interactions with the active site residues. Furthermore, the interactions occurring between the functional groups bonded to the C2 and some residues of the binding cavity immobilize the ligand in a position appropriate for the epimerization reaction, i.e., exactly in the middle of the two catalytic residues Cys73 and Cys217 as confirmed by DFT quantum mechanical computation of the Michaelis complex. All this mechanistic information could be useful for the rational design of new potential antibiotic drugs effective as inhibitors of peptidoglycan biosynthesis.

Influence of structure on the antioxidant activity of indolinic nitroxide radicals.

An in vitro study was carried out to verify whether the chain length of a substituent on an indolinic nitroxide could influence its antioxidant activity in different biological environments subjected to oxidative stress. Three distinct indolinic nitroxides were synthesized and compared with vitamin E and Trolox (a hydrophilic analogue of vitamin E), where the only difference between the nitroxides was the length of the hydrocarbon chain in the 2-position of indole, namely 2 (C2), 10 (C10), and 18 (C18) carbons. All the nitroxides were effective in preventing oxidation of bovine serum albumin, but to different extents, with the longer chain derivatives being more efficient. However, the C2 compound was the most efficient in preventing lipid peroxidation in microsomal membranes. The C2 and C18 compounds, Trolox, and vitamin E protected microsomal protein oxidation to the same extent at the highest concentration used (13 microM). The nitroxide with a C10 chain was less effective in this system. The influence of these compounds on the enzymatic activity of two mitochondrial proteins subjected to oxidative stress was also studied by means of oxygraph measurements. Mitochondrial rotenone-sensitive NADH oxidase and succinate oxidase responded differently to BuOOH-induced radical chemistry, and the compounds under study also protected the activity of the two enzymes but to different extents. The results clearly demonstrate that indolinic nitroxides are very efficient antioxidants, protecting both lipids and proteins from peroxidation. The indole structure influences the antioxidant efficacy in biological systems.

Molecular structure and stereoelectronic properties of herbicide sulphonylureas.

MO theoretical calculations were used with the aim to investigate the electronic properties of a number of sulphonylureas 1-8 which are employed as antifeedants. Quantum chemical descriptors [electron density, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), the topology of frontier orbitals and reactivity index] were determined for these compounds, aimed both to obtain a deeper insight in their mechanism of action and to correlate these properties with their activity as inhibitors of ALS synthase.

Synthesis, conformation and biological activity of linear and cyclic Thr6-bradykinin analogues containing N-benzylglycine in place of phenylalanine.

Three linear Thr6-bradykinin analogues in which either one or both the two phenylalanine residues in the peptide sequence have been substituted by N-benzylglycine (BzlGly) and their head-to-tail cyclic analogues were synthesized and tested on an isolated rat duodenum preparation. The linear (BzlGly5,Thr6-BK, BzlGly8,Thr6-BK and BzlGly(5,8),Thr6-BK) and the cyclic (cyclo BzlGly5,Thr6-BK, cyclo BzlGly8,Thr6-BK and cyclo BzlGly(5,8),Thr6-BK) peptoid-like analogues were characterized by amino acid analysis, optical rotation, analytical HPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. The conformational features of both the linear and cyclic derivatives were investigated by FT-IR and CD measurements. Preliminary molecular mechanics calculations were also performed on some synthetic peptides. Pharmacological screening using the relaxation of the isolated rat duodenum preparation showed that incorporation of N-benzylglycine at positions 5 and/or 8 in the linear Thr6-BK causes a substantial decrease in potency. Comparable incorporation in cyclo Thr6-BK, at position 8, or 5 and 8, resulted in nearly inactive analogues. However, cyclo BzlGly5,Thr6-BK showed a potency which is of the same order of magnitude as for cyclo-BK and cyclo Thr6-BK.