Improving the Mechanical Strength of Ductile Cast Iron Welded Joints Using Different Heat Treatments.

The main advantage of welding cast iron is to recover parts by repairing defects induced by casting processes (porosities, etc.), before they enter their working cycle, as well as repair cracks or fractures when already in service. This method contributes to decreased foundry industrial waste and avoids the additional energy costs of their immediate recycling. Therefore, it is necessary to have a welded joint with similar or better characteristics than the parent material. The major problem of welding cast iron is that this material has a very high content of carbon in comparison to steel (≈3%). Therefore, when it is heated by the very high temperatures from arc welding and during its process of solidification, very hard and brittle phases originate, known as ledeburite and martensite, and appear in the partially melted zone and in the heat-affected zone. Eventually, this problem can be solved by implementing heat treatments such as preheat or post weld heat treatments under specific parameters. Therefore, in this study, the aim is to collect data about the effects of heat treatments performed at different temperatures on welded joints of high strength ductile cast iron (SiboDur® 450), and to evaluate the effects of heat treatments performed at diverse temperatures on welded joints of this type of material, using Shield Metal Arc Welding and nickel electrodes. Mechanical strength, hardness, and microstructure were analyzed, showing that the best mechanical strength in the joint (380 MPa) was obtained using two passes of E C Ni-Cl (ISO EN 1071:2015) filler metal and post weld heat treatments (PWHT) of 400 °C for two hours.

Enzymatically Cross-Linked Silk Fibroin-Based Hierarchical Scaffolds for Osteochondral Regeneration.

Osteochondral (OC) regeneration faces several limitations in orthopedic surgery, owing to the complexity of the OC tissue that simultaneously entails the restoration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone diseases. In this study, novel biofunctional hierarchical scaffolds composed of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-cross-linked silk fibroin (SF) cartilage-like layer (HRP-SF layer) fully integrated into a HRP-SF/ZnSr-doped ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) subchondral bone-like layer (HRP-SF/dTCP layer) were proposed as a promising strategy for OC tissue regeneration. For comparative purposes, a similar bilayered structure produced with no ion incorporation (HRP-SF/TCP layer) was used. A homogeneous porosity distribution was achieved throughout the scaffolds, as shown by micro-computed tomography analysis. The ion-doped bilayered scaffolds presented a wet compressive modulus (226.56 ± 60.34 kPa) and dynamic mechanical properties (ranging from 403.56 ± 111.62 to 593.56 ± 206.90 kPa) superior to that of the control bilayered scaffolds (189.18 ± 90.80 kPa and ranging from 262.72 ± 59.92 to 347.68 ± 93.37 kPa, respectively). Apatite crystal formation, after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), was observed in the subchondral bone-like layers for the scaffolds incorporating TCP powders. Human osteoblasts (hOBs) and human articular chondrocytes (hACs) were co-cultured onto the bilayered structures and monocultured in the respective cartilage and subchondral bone half of the partitioned scaffolds. Both cell types showed good adhesion and proliferation in the scaffold compartments, as well as adequate integration of the interface regions. Osteoblasts produced a mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM) in the subchondral bone-like layers, and chondrocytes showed GAG deposition. The gene expression profile was different in the distinct zones of the bilayered constructs, and the intermediate regions showed pre-hypertrophic chondrocyte gene expression, especially on the BdTCP constructs. Immunofluorescence analysis supported these observations. This study showed that the proposed bilayered scaffolds allowed a specific stimulation of the chondrogenic and osteogenic cells in the co-culture system together with the formation of an osteochondral-like tissue interface. Hence, the structural adaptability, suitable mechanical properties, and biological performance of the hierarchical scaffolds make these constructs a desired strategy for OC defect regeneration.

Investigação do surto de toxoplasmose associado ao consumo de prato à base de carne crua (“steak tartar”), nos municípios de São Paulo e Guarujá, SP – Novembro de 2006 / Toxoplasmosis outbreak investigation associated with raw meat dish named “steak tartar”, in the cities of São Paulo and Guarujá, SP – November 2006

A toxoplasmose é uma doença freqüentemente assintomática, que nos quadros agudos pode causar febre, linfoadenopatia, linfocitose e dores musculares que persistem durante dias a semanas. Pode acometer pulmão, miocárdio, fígado, cérebro, e, freqüentemente, causar coriorretinite. Causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii, pode ser transmitida por água e alimentos contaminados pelo parasita, e ao feto, por via transplacentária, se a paciente grávida contrair a infecção em qualquer tempo de gestação. Dependendo da idade fetal em que ocorreu a infecção, os achados comuns podem ser aborto, prematuridade, baixo peso, coriorretinite pós-maturidade, estrabismo, icterícia e hepatomegalia. Em 8/12/2006, o Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP) notificou ao Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica um caso de toxoplasmose aguda, ocorrido em novembro de 2006, no município de Guarujá, relacionado a mais cinco casos residentes no município de São Paulo, entre eles, uma gestante. Este informe resume os achados da investigação do surto relacionado ao consumo de um prato feito à base de carne bovina crua, conhecido como “steak tartar”. Medidas sanitárias e educacionais foram desencadeadas para prevenir novos casos.

Botulismo tipo A e B causado por torta comercial de frango com palmito e ervilhas no Município de São Paulo, SP – Janeiro de 2007 / Botulism type A and B associated with commercial chicken pie with hearts of palm and peas in the city of São Paulo, SP – January 2007

O botulismo alimentar é uma doença neuroparalítica grave causada pela ingestão de neurotoxinas presentes em alimentos previamente contaminados com a bactéria Clostridium botulinum. No Brasil, casos registrados de botulismo são mais freqüentemente causados pela toxina do tipo A, relacionados a conservas caseiras de vegetais, frutas e carnes. Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar a investigação epidemiológica de um caso de botulismo que ocorreu em janeiro de 2007, no município de São Paulo, causado pela ingestão de torta comercial de frango com palmito e ervilhas. Foram encontradas toxinas A e B no soro do paciente, bem como no alimento suspeito. Com base no quadro clínico, e, adicionalmente, eletroneuromiografia compatível, foi administrado prontamente o soro antibotulínico ao paciente. Medidas sanitárias e educacionais foram desencadeadas para a prevenção de novos casos.

Efetividade de adesivos dentinários hidrofílicos no controle da microinfiltraçäo marginal / Effectiveness of hydrophilic dentin bonding agents in controlling microleakage

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar qualitativamente, através da penetraçäo de corante, a capacidade de adesivos dentinários hidrofílicos em controlar a infiltraçäo marginal. Apesar dos bons resultados, nenhum dos sistemas testados evitou totalmente a microinfiltraçäo