Imaging in Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement: State-of-Art Review.

Mitral regurgitation is the second-most frequent valvular heart disease in Europe and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Recognition of MR should encourage the assessment of its etiology, severity, and mechanism in order to determine the best therapeutic approach. Mitral valve surgery constitutes the first-line therapy; however, transcatheter procedures have emerged as an alternative option to treat inoperable and high-risk surgical patients. In patients with suitable anatomy, the transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral leaflet repair is the most frequently applied procedure. In non-reparable patients, transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) has appeared as a promising intervention. Thus, currently TMVR represents a new treatment option for inoperable or high-risk patients with degenerated or failed bioprosthetic valves (valve-in-valve); failed repairs, (valve-in-ring); inoperable or high-risk patients with native mitral valve anatomy, or those with severe annular calcifications, or valve-in-mitral annular calcification. The patient selection requires multimodality imaging pre-procedural planning to select the best approach and device, study the anatomical landing zone and assess the risk of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. In the present review, we aimed to highlight the main considerations for TMVR planning from an imaging perspective; before, during, and after TMVR.

Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Malnutrition in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is associated with poor prognosis in a wide range of illnesses. However, its prognostic impact in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is not well known. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to report the prevalence, clinical associations, and prognostic consequences of malnutrition in patients with ACS. METHODS: In this study, the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, the Nutritional Risk Index (NRI), and the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) was applied to 5,062 consecutive patients with ACS. The relationships between malnutrition risk and all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events (MACEs) (cardiovascular mortality, reinfarction, or ischemic stroke) were examined. RESULTS: According to the CONUT score, NRI, and PNI, 11.2%, 39.5%, and 8.9% patients were moderately or severely malnourished, respectively; 71.8% were at least mildly malnourished by at least 1 score. Although worse scores were most strongly related to lower body mass index, between 8.4% and 36.7% of patients with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 were moderately or severely malnourished, depending on the nutritional index used. During a median follow-up of 3.6 years (interquartile range: 1.3 to 5.3 years), 830 (16.4%) patients died, and 1,048 (20.7%) had MACEs. Compared with good nutritional status, malnutrition was associated with significantly increased risk for all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio for moderate and severe degrees of malnutrition, respectively: 2.02 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.65 to 2.49] and 3.65 [95% CI: 2.41 to 5.51] for the CONUT score, 1.40 [95% CI: 1.17 to 1.68] and 2.87 [95% CI: 2.17 to 3.79] for the NRI, and 1.71 [95% CI: 1.37 to 2.15] and 1.95 [95% CI: 1.55 to 2.45] for the PNI score; p values <0.001 for all nutritional indexes). Similar results were found for the CONUT score and PNI regarding MACEs. All risk scores improve the predictive ability of the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) risk score for both all-cause mortality and MACEs. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition is common among patients with ACS and is strongly associated with increased mortality and cardiovascular events. Clinical trials are needed to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of nutritional interventions on outcomes in patients with ACS.

New Cancer Diagnosis After Bleeding in Anticoagulated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.

Background Bleeding is frequent in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) treated with oral anticoagulant therapy, and may be the first manifestation of underlying cancer. We sought to investigate to what extent bleeding represents the unmasking of an occult cancer in patients with AF treated with oral anticoagulants. Methods and Results Using data from CardioCHUVI-AF (Retrospective Observational Registry of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation From Vigo's Health Area), 8753 patients with AF aged ≥75 years with a diagnosis of AF between 2014 and 2017 were analyzed. Of them, 2171 (24.8%) experienced any clinically relevant bleeding, and 479 (5.5%) were diagnosed with cancer during a follow-up of 3 years. Among 2171 patients who experienced bleeding, 198 (9.1%) were subsequently diagnosed with cancer. Patients with bleeding have a 3-fold higher hazard of being subsequently diagnosed with new cancer compared with those without bleeding (4.7 versus 1.4 per 100 patient-years; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.2 [95% CI, 2.6-3.9]). Gastrointestinal bleeding was associated with a 13-fold higher hazard of new gastrointestinal cancer diagnosis (HR, 13.4; 95% CI, 9.1-19.8); genitourinary bleeding was associated with an 18-fold higher hazard of new genitourinary cancer diagnosis (HR, 18.1; 95% CI, 12.5-26.2); and bronchopulmonary bleeding was associated with a 15-fold higher hazard of new bronchopulmonary cancer diagnosis (HR, 15.8; 95% CI, 6.0-41.3). For other bleeding (nongastrointestinal, nongenitourinary, nonbronchopulmonary), the HR for cancer was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.5-3.6). Conclusions In patients with AF treated with oral anticoagulant therapy, any gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or bronchopulmonary bleeding was associated with higher rates of new cancer diagnosis. These bleeding events should prompt investigation for cancers at those sites.