Decadal forest dynamics in logged and unlogged sites at Uppangala, Western Ghats, India.

Selective logging disrupts forests, changing their structure and species composition. Long-term monitoring helps in identifying the factors influencing it and aids in designing management plans. We conducted a quantitative re-assessment of trees ≥ 30 cm girth at breast height in four 1 ha plots in logged and two 1 ha plots in adjacent unlogged compartments of Uppangala forest continuum in the Western Ghats, India to compare the structural and compositional changes after a decade (2010-2021). Altogether, four species disappeared and three species were newly recruited. Mean species richness and stem density of both the forest sites decreased. Logged plots showed a slight increase in basal area (2.5%) and biomass (5.1%), whereas unlogged plots showed a decline in basal area (3.92%) and biomass (2.9%). As compared to unlogged plots, all the demographic rates were higher for logged forest sites. Across the six individual plots, the growth rates varied significantly owing to wood density and forest strata categories. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) identified three groups with significant difference in species composition, where logged and unlogged plots have a distinct composition except for one plot. Although species richness and stem diversity remained stable, the species composition is different 37 years after logging, and the impacts of logging are still evident in the forest.

Addressing differences in cancer: a framework for synergistic programming in cancer prevention and control.

Background: Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide and continues to disproportionately impact certain populations. Several frameworks have been developed that illustrate the multiple determinants of cancer. Expanding upon the work of others, we present an applied framework for cancer prevention and control designed to help clinicians, as well as public health practitioners and researchers, better address differences in cancer outcomes. Methods: The framework was developed by the Cancer Prevention and Control Research Network's Health Behaviors Workgroup. An initial framework draft was developed based on workgroup discussion, public health theory, and rapid literature review on the determinants of cancer. The framework was refined through interviews and focus groups with Federally Qualified Health Center providers (n=2) and cancer patients (n=2); participants were asked to provide feedback on the framework's causal pathways, completeness, and applicability to their work and personal life. Results: The framework provides an overview of the relationships between sociodemographic inequalities, social and structural determinants, and key risk factors associated with cancer diagnosis, survivorship, and cancer morbidity and mortality across the lifespan. The framework emphasizes how health-risk behaviors like cigarette smoking interact with psychological, psychosocial, biological, and psychosocial risk factors, as well as healthcare-related behavior and other chronic diseases. Importantly, the framework emphasizes addressing social and structural determinants that influence health behaviors to reduce the burden of cancer and improve health equity. Aligned with previous theory, our framework underscores the importance of addressing co-occurring risk factors and disease states, understanding the complex relationships between factors that influence cancer, and assessing how multiple forms of inequality or disadvantage intersect to increase cancer risk across the lifespan. Conclusions: This paper presents an applied framework for cancer prevention and control to address cancer differences. Because the framework highlights determinants and factors that influence cancer risk at multiple levels, it can be used to inform the development, implementation, and evaluation of interventions to address cancer morbidity and mortality.

Effect of diabetes on the glycosaminoglycan component of the human glomerular basement membrane.

The glycosaminoglycan (heparan sulfate) component of glomerular basement membranes from human kidneys of diabetic and nondiabetic subjects has been quantitated after isolation from protease digests of the membranes on DEAE-cellulose microcolumns. A significant decrease (P less than 0.005) in the glycosaminoglycan content of diabetic membranes was observed. Heparan sulfate was identified as the predominant glycosaminoglycan in both diabetic and control subjects and the extent of its sulfation appeared to be similar. The reduced level of glycosaminoglycan in the diabetic glomerular basement membrane was accompanied by a significant elevation of hexoses, which are primarily associated with the collagen component, suggesting that a redistribution of basement membrane macromolecules occurs in the diabetic state. Since heparan sulfate has been implicated as a major component of the glomerular anionic filtration barrier, its decreased content in diabetic basement membranes may contribute to the proteinuria observed in this disease.

X-ray diffraction studies on cation-collapsed DNA.

The polyamines spermidine, spermine and putrescine are now known to induce tertiary collapse of DNA. In this collapsed state DNA assumes a compact toroidal conformation. However, the structural details of DNA in these compact particles and the forces that stabilize the collapsed state are not clear. We show here that the structural arrangement of DNA in this tertiary conformation is determined by the chemical structure of the agent used to collapse. We have used aliphatic triamines (NH+3--(CH2)3--NH+2--(CH2)n--NH+3 with n = 3, 4, 5 and 8) and diamines (NH+3--(CH2)x--NH+3 with x = 2, 3, 4 and 6) to collapse DNA. We find that the Bragg spacing and the calculated interhelical spacing for a hexagonal packing model vary systematically with the length of the methylene bridge. We also find that the ionic strength of the solution has no effect on the Bragg spacing. This observation suggests that the arrangement of DNA strands in the complexes is determined by the structure of the polycation, and argues against suggestions that the structure of the collapsed state is maintained by the balance of long-range electrostatic repulsive and attractive forces. Instead we propose that DNA helices form a hexagonal array with counterions in the interstices between the helices resulting in a stable three-dimensional phase with high structural order. Arguments are presented favoring such a model in terms of stabilizing and destabilizing thermodynamic forces.

Permeation liquid membrane metal transport: studies of complex stoichiometries and reactions in Cu(II) extraction with the mixture 22DD-laurate in toluene/phenylhexane

The role of lauric acid (LAH) in the transport of copper(II) through a permeation liquid membrane (PLM) comprising 1,10-didecyldiaza-18-crown-6 (22DD) and lauric acid (ratio 1:1) in 1:1 v/v toluene/phenylhexane has been investigated by determining the stoichiometry of metal extraction and of the metal complex formed in the organic phase by performing 1H NMR and liquid/liquid and liquid/membrane extraction measurements. In the absence of copper(II), the 1H NMR data suggest that there is a strong interaction between the proton of LAH and the nitrogen of the 22DD macrocycle but no interaction between the aliphatic long chains of LAH and 22DD. Thus, in the organic solution, the two compounds are associated as (22DD-H)(+)-LA-, the laurate being away from (22DD-H)+. The signal intensity of the acidic proton was found to decrease when the metal Pb(II) was incorporated by the carrier after its extraction from the aqueous phase. Additionally, liquid/liquid as well as liquid/membrane extraction results reveal that Cu(II) extraction proceeds via the loss of two protons from the organic phase. The Cu(II) is found to be located in the 22DD cavity and the stoichiometry of the complex in the organic phase is (22DD-Cu)(2+)-2LA-. Metal extraction is governed by 22DD and laurate acts only as counteranion. An unexpected feature was observed in the liquid/liquid extraction which was that, at low 22DD and LAH concentrations, the slope for log(Kp) = f(pH) was 2 whereas it was much lower at high carrier concentration. This unexpected result seems to stem from impurities present in 22DD: only 0.1 mol% of impurity can indeed influence the exchange ratio of Cu(II) and H+. This type of anomaly, however, is not found in the normal procedure of liquid/membrane extraction possibly due to the lower carrier/metal molar ratio which is used in the classical PLM conditions.

Glycoprotein nature of tannase in Aspergillus niger.

1. Tannase (tannin acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.20) was isolated from the culture medium of Aspergillus niger and purified about 200-fold. On polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis it gave a single band. 2. The molecular weight of the enzyme was of the order of 55 000 as determined by gel filtration. The enzyme contains 21.5% of carbohydrates (mannose and glucose). 3. Treatment of tannase with alkaline borohydride decreased the content of threonine, serine and mannose, suggesting that the carbohydrate-peptide linkage is of the O-glycoside type, involving mannose linked to threonine and serine.

Hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein in the seed coat of field bean.

1. The seed coats of field bean (Dolichos lablab var. lignosus) were found to contain bound hydroxyproline (0.26 g per 100 g dry weight) extractable in 30% with 5% trichloroacetic acid or in 90% with 10% potassium hydroxide. 2. The alkaline extract was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into several hydroxyproline-containing fractions, composed of protein and carbohydrate in varying proportions. From the major fraction, a hydroxyproline-containing glycoprotein fraction was isolated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. It gave a single band on agar-gel electrophoresis, and contained: protein (23.1%), arabinose (11.2%), galactose (13.4%), glucose (17.6%), mannose (22.6%) and uronic acids (11.3%). The content of hydroxyproline in the protein moiety was about 9%. Hydrolysis of the glycoprotein fraction with barium hydroxide yielded three components containing hydroxyproline and arabinose at the ratios of 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4.

Isolation of heparin-derived oligosaccharides containing 2-O-sulfated hexuronic acids, by lipoprotein lipase affinity chromatography.

Oligosaccharides (hexa to dodeca) terminating with [3H]2,5-anhydromannitol (AManR) were isolated from heparin by partial cleavage with nitrous acid at low pH (pH 1.5) followed by gel filtration and reduction with [3H]NaBH4. They were subsequently chromatographed on a lipoprotein lipase (LpL)-Sepharose column. High- and low-affinity oligosaccharides for LpL were isolated and characterized. Disaccharide analysis revealed the presence of (IdceA(2-SO4)-->AManR6-SO4) and (IdceA(2-SO4)-->AManR) as the major disaccharide products after low pH nitrous acid treatment. The oligosaccharides are, therefore, enriched in IdceA(2-SO4)-(GlcNSO4 +/- 6-SO4) sequences. Furthermore, they are found to be composed of 2-O-sulfated hexuronic acid-containing sequences, structural features, characteristic of heparin and heparan sulfate oligosaccharides with potential antiproliferative activities. These oligosaccharides may have the potential as lipase-releasing agents from endothelial and adipocyte surfaces.

Collagen biosynthesis in rabbit intraarticular patellar tendon transplants.

Autogenous patellar tendon grafts were transplanted into the knees of 40 New Zealand White adult rabbits. Grafts were subsequently analyzed for rate of collagen synthesis, collagen content, collagen type, histologic change, and cyanogen bromide cleavage patterns of collagen to closely assess the nature of collagen in tendon grafts up to 2 years from the time of transplantation. Tendon grafts were placed in rabbit knees as free fragments or were attached to synovium. These studies show that tendon grafts, even without vascularization or stress, remain viable after intraarticular transfer. Vascularization produces a trend toward increased collagen synthesis, but statistical analysis suggests that control levels of collagen synthesis continue after tendon transfers into rabbit knees. Cyanogen bromide cleavage peptides showed appropriate collagen formed by unstressed autogenous tendon transplants removed from rabbit knees up to 2 years from transplantation. All tendon grafts degenerated initially, but began to form histologically healthy looking connective tissue by 18 to 24 weeks after transplantation. Overall, the results are encouraging with regard to the fate of intraarticular tendon grafts.

Isolation, characterization and nature of carbohydrate-peptide linkage of an alkali-extractable non-collagenous glycoprotein from albino rat skins.

A glycoprotein was isolated from young albino rat skins by alkali extraction under mild conditions and purified by Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. It was found to be homogeneous by agar gel electrophoresis. It had a molecular weight of approximately 90,000 and contained galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acids as its carbohydrate constituents. The release of sialic acids from the glycoprotein by neuraminidase indicated their terminal positions in the carbohydrate chains. The glycoprotein lacked hydroxyproline which indicates its non-collagenous nature. The treatment of the glycoprotein with alkaline borohydride resulted in the decrease of threonine, serine and N-acetylgalactosamine contents. The presence of O-glycosidic linkage of N-acetylgalactosamine with serine and threonine is therefore suggested.

Nucleated succession by an endemic palm Phoenix pusilla enhances diversity of woody species in the arid Coromandel Coast of India.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Phoenix pusilla, an endemic shrubby palm, was used as a model nurse plant in degraded tropical dry evergreen forest (TDEF) landscapes. This choice was informed by traditional ecological knowledge of the Irula tribe of south India. We tested whether the presence of P. pusilla in water-stressed arid regions improves conditions for other species to establish, resulting in nucleated succession. Success would point the way forward for establishing species-rich woodland in abandoned farm land on the south-eastern Coromandel Coast of India. METHODOLOGY: Spatial associations of woody species in the natural landscape were studied. Experimental tests of nurse plant potential examined the extent to which P. pusilla (i) promoted seed germination, (ii) seedling emergence and (iii) establishment of two TDEF species, and (iv) ameliorated soil and microclimatic conditions over 8 months. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: Phoenix pusilla cooled the soil by up to 50 % and decreased radiation by up to 9-fold, especially in summer. Soil organic matter and water-holding capacity increased, as did seedling number and seedling height of tested TDEF species. The presence of P. pusilla favoured a greater abundance (20 %) of woody plants with a bias towards primary (11) rather than secondary (2) species, indicating species specificity of the effect. CONCLUSIONS: Phoenix pusilla ameliorated abiotic stresses present in open ground to create a patchy species-rich mosaic. This nucleated succession created using P. pusilla provided an important refuge for primary TDEF species. This effect can be expected to have impact at the landscape scale and may prove useful in managing landscapes and in biodiversity conservation. The conservation value of these patchy landscapes deserves to be more widely recognized as they persist in populated areas and thus merit protection. The value of traditional tribal knowledge in identifying a highly effective nurse species is highlighted by this study.

Application of carbohydrate microarray technology for the detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Bacillus anthracis and Francisella tularensis antibodies.

We developed a microarray platform by immobilizing bacterial 'signature' carbohydrates onto epoxide modified glass slides. The carbohydrate microarray platform was probed with sera from non-melioidosis and melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) individuals. The platform was also probed with sera from rabbits vaccinated with Bacillus anthracis spores and Francisella tularensis bacteria. By employing this microarray platform, we were able to detect and differentiate B. pseudomallei, B. anthracis and F. tularensis antibodies in infected patients, and infected or vaccinated animals. These antibodies were absent in the sera of naïve test subjects. The advantages of the carbohydrate microarray technology over the traditional indirect hemagglutination and microagglutination tests for the serodiagnosis of melioidosis and tularemia are discussed. Furthermore, this array is a multiplex carbohydrate microarray for the detection of all three biothreat bacterial infections including melioidosis, anthrax and tularemia with one, multivalent device. The implication is that this technology could be expanded to include a wide array of infectious and biothreat agents.

Effect of methanol intoxication on specific immune functions of albino rats.

Our previous studies revealed that methanol intoxication significantly altered the non-specific immune functions in albino rats. The present investigation focuses on the effect of methanol on certain specific immune functions of cell mediated immunity such as footpad thickness, leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMI) and antibody levels. In addition, serum interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma), and splenic lymphocyte subsets were measured after an immune challenge. The specific immune function tests were carried out in three different groups of albino rats, which include control, 15 and 30 days methanol intoxication. Our study reports that animal body weight, organ weight ratio, lymphoid cell counts, footpad thickness, antibody titer, IL-2, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, Pan T cell, CD4, macrophages, MHC class II molecule expression, and B cell counts were significantly decreased compared to control animals nevertheless, LMI, IL-4, and DNA single strand breakage were increased significantly. Plasma corticosterone level was significantly increased in the 15 days group whereas the 30 days methanol intoxication group showed considerable decrease in corticosterone level compared with control animals. Therefore, our investigation concluded that repeated exposure of methanol profoundly suppressed the cell mediated and humoral immune functions in albino rats.

Evaluation of the growth inhibitory activities of Triphala against common bacterial isolates from HIV infected patients.

The isolation of microbial agents less susceptible to regular antibiotics and the rising trend in the recovery rates of resistant bacteria highlights the need for newer alternative principles. Triphala has been used in traditional medicine practice against certain diseases such as jaundice, fever, cough, eye diseases etc. In the present study phytochemical (phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid) and antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Triphala and its individual components (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Emblica officinalis) were tested against certain bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella sonnei, S. flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella paratyphi-B, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhi) obtained from HIV infected patients using Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. T. chebula was found to possess high phytochemical content followed by T. belerica and E. officinalis in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. Further, most of the bacterial isolates were inhibited by the ethanol and aqueous extracts of T. chebula followed by T. belerica and E. officinalis by both disk diffusion and MIC methods. The present study revealed that both individual and combined aqueous and ethanol extracts of Triphala have antibacterial activity against the bacterial isolates tested.

Effect of methanol intoxication on rat neutrophil functions.

Methanol (MeOH) toxicity, a potential problem from accidental, intentional, as well as occupational and daily ingestion of the agent, receives attention only after severe signs of intoxication have set in or death is imminent. While accidental and intentional exposures involve high doses, the occupational and ingestion forms more often reflect small daily intakes. Still, even at these low levels, little is known about the potential immunotoxic implications from these recurring exposures. As innate immunity confers a first-line of defense against infection, a study was designed to examine the effects of daily exposure to MeOH (at (1)/(4) LD(50) level, for up to 15 or 30 days) on neutrophil (PMN) functions using rats that were (or were not) injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) during the course of exposures. Blood samples were analyzed for total (TLC) and differential leucocyte counts (DLC), and isolated neutrophils (PMN) were assessed for changes in function by monitoring phagocytic (PI) and avidity indices (AI), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, and adherence. Body weights were monitored during exposures and weights of major immune system organs (i.e., spleen, thymus, lymph nodes) were assessed at sacrifice. Body and organ weight, TLC, blood PMN levels, PMN PI, and adherence were all significantly decreased in SRBC-untreated rats that received MeOH, although these cells did also display significant increases in AI and NBT reduction. With SRBC-treated rats, though the percentage of PMN in the blood increased with ongoing MeOH exposure, all the other parameters were markedly decreased in comparison to their controls. Thus, this study showed that repeated exposures to MeOH modulates PMN functions, thereby potentially altering the first line of defense in a normal immune response in exposed hosts.

Quantitative method for the determination of glycosaminoglycans from small quantities of glomerular basement membranes.

A simple, sensitive, and efficient method is described for the quantitative determination of glycosaminoglycans from bovine renal glomerular basement membranes. After release from glomerular basement membrane by protease treatment, the glycosaminoglycans were isolated by a modified DEAE-cellulose column chromatographic procedure. Quantitation of glycosaminoglycans was achieved by hexuronate measurements with a microadaptation method employing m-hydroxydiphenyl. This procedure has proven useful in analyzing small samples of basement membranes as little as 0.75 mg. The glycosaminoglycan was identified as heparan sulfate by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and nitrous acid treatment.