Sex Differences Across Concussion Characteristics in US Service Academy Cadets: A CARE Consortium Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe sex differences in concussion characteristics in US Service Academy cadets. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Four US service academies. PARTICIPANTS: 2209 cadets (n = 867 females, n = 1342 males). INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Sex. OUTCOME MEASURES: Injury proportion ratios (IPR) compared the proportion of injuries by sex (females referent) for injury situation, certainty of diagnosis, prolonged recovery, recurrent injuries, mental status alterations, loss of consciousness (LOC), posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), retrograde amnesia (RGA), motor impairments, delayed symptom presentation, and immediate reporting. MAIN RESULTS: Concussions from varsity/intercollegiate sports [IPR of 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43-2.10] and intramurals (IPR of 1.53, 95% CI 1.02-2.32) accounted for a larger proportion in males, whereas concussions outside of sport and military activities accounted for a smaller proportion among males (IPR of 0.70, 95% CI 0.58-0.85). The proportion of concussions with prolonged recovery was lower among males (IPR of 0.69, 95% CI 0.60-0.78), while concussions with altered mental status (IPR of 1.23, 95% CI 1.09-1.38), LOC (IPR of 1.67, 95% CI 1.17-2.37), PTA (IPR of 1.94, 95% CI 1.43-2.62), and RGA (IPR of 2.14, 95% CI 1.38-3.31) accounted for a larger proportion among males. A larger proportion of concussions that were immediately reported was observed in males (IPR of 1.15, 95% CI 1.00-2.31). Proportions of other characteristics (e.g., recurrent injuries) were not different between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: A higher proportion of concussions occurred outside of sport and military training for female cadets, who also displayed proportionally longer recovery times than males, despite males demonstrating a higher proportion of LOC, PTA, and RGA. Possible factors may include different mechanisms of injury outside of sport and military training, different biopsychosocial states associated with sex or injury context, and delayed injury reporting when outside of an observed environment, possibly secondary to perceived stigma about reporting injuries.

Baseline concussion assessment performance by sex in military service academy rugby players: findings from the CARE Consortium.

BACKGROUND: Normative student-athlete concussion assessment data may not be appropriate for service academy members (SAMs), particularly rugby players, because of the uniqueness of their academic/military training environment. Having accurate baseline data for this population is important because of their high risk for concussion and frequent lack of assigned sports medicine professional. The primary purpose of this study was to characterise baseline performance on a concussion assessment battery, with secondary purpose to determine effect of sex and concussion history on these measures among SAM rugby players. METHODS: 601 rugby-playing SAMs (19.3±1.5 years, 37.9% female) completed baseline concussion assessments: the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) Symptom and Symptom Severity Checklist, Standard Assessment of Concussion (SAC) and a neuropsychological test (either ImPACT (Immediate Post Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) or ANAM (Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics)). Groups were compared using an independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. A 2 (sex) × 2 (concussion history) ANOVA was conducted to determine the effects of sex and concussion history on outcomes. RESULTS: Women reported greater SCAT total symptoms (3.3 vs 2.8, p<0.001, r=0.143) and symptom severities (5.7 vs 4.3, p<0.001, r=0.139), and performed worse on ImPACT Visual Memory (79.3 vs 82.6, p=0.002, r=0.144) than men. Women performed better than men on SAC (28.0 vs 27.7, p=0.03, r=0.088), ImPACT Reaction Time Composite (0.59 vs 0.61, p=0.04, r=0.092) and ANAM Code Substitution Delayed (64.3 vs 61.5, p=0.04, d=0.433). Individuals with a history of concussion reported lower ImPACT Symptom Severity (2.6 vs 4.2, p=0.02, r=0.110). There was no interaction between concussion history and sex on outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide reference data for SAM rugby players on baseline assessments and to help in clinical decision-making when managing sports-related concussion in absence of baseline data.

Link Between Clinical Predictors of Heterotopic Ossification and Histological Analysis in Combat-Injured Service Members.

BACKGROUND: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a debilitating condition that occurs following traumatic injury and may restrict range of motion and delay rehabilitation. The timing and efficacy of surgical resection have varied widely, and there is a gap in knowledge between clinical predictors of HO recurrence and histological analysis. METHODS: Thirty-three service members seen at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center for symptomatic HO were enrolled in an institutional review board-approved study. Participants took oxytetracycline on four scheduled days prior to HO resection to determine the mineral apposition rate (bone growth rate). RESULTS: Detailed histological analyses included scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron imaging and light microscopy. Data indicated that the mineral apposition rate of trauma-induced HO was approximately 1.7 µm/day at the time of operative intervention, which was 1.7 times higher than the rate in non-pathological human bone. The mineral apposition rate and postoperative alkaline phosphatase values were demonstrated to be positively and significantly related (ρ = 0.509, p = 0.026, n = 19). When the analysis was limited to patients with no more than a two-year period from injury to excision (thereby removing outliers who had a longer time period than their counterparts) and traumatic brain injury and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (known correlates with HO development) were controlled for in the statistical analysis, the mineral apposition rate and recurrence severity were significantly related (ρ = -0.572, p = 0.041, n = 11). CONCLUSIONS: Data demonstrated a link between benchtop research and bedside care, with the mineral apposition rate elevated in patients with HO and correlated with recurrence severity; however, a larger sample size and more clinical factors are needed to refine this model. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Non-invasive pressure support ventilation in severe community-acquired pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: To explore three aspects of non-invasive pressure support ventilation (NIPSV) applied by face mask to patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) due to severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): (1) the initial acute effects on respiratory rate, gas exchange and hemodynamics, (2) the clinical course and outcome during ICU and hospital stay, (3) the nursing workload as measured by the daily PRN 87 (Project Research in Nursing) score. SETTING: Medical ICU, University Hospital. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study. PATIENTS: Patients without any prior history of chronic lung disease, consecutively admitted to the ICU to receive NIPSV for ARF due to severe CAP. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: (means +/- SD): Twenty-four patients aged 49+/-17 years, admission APACHE II 13+/-5, were included. Admission PaO2/FIO2, alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (DA-aO2) and PaCO2 were 104+/-48, 447+/-120 and 40+/-10 mmHg, respectively. All patients were normotensive. During the initial NIPSV trial respiratory rate decreased from 34+/-8 to 28+/-10 breaths/min (p < 0.001) and arterial oxygenation improved (PaO2/FIO2 104+/-48 vs 153+/-49, DA-aO2 447+/-120 vs 370+/-180 mmHg, p < 0.001) while PaCO2 remained unchanged. There were no hemodynamic effects. Subsequently, a total of 133 NIPSV trials were performed (median duration 55 min, range 30-540 min) over 1-7 days. No complication occurred during NIPSV. Sixteen patients were intubated (66%) 1.3+/-1 days after inclusion. Upon inclusion, the patients who were subsequently intubated were older (55+/-15 vs 37+/-12 years) and more severely hypoxemic (63+/-11 vs 80+/-15 mmHg, p < 0.05) than those not requiring intubation. Eight patients died (33 %), all in the intubated group. Median lengths of stay in the ICU and hospital were longer in intubated patients (ICU 16 days, range 3-64 vs 6 days, range 3-7, p < 0.05; hospital 23 days, range 9-77 vs 9.5 days, range 4-42, p < 0.05). Mean daily total PRN points were stable throughout the NIPSV period and were not different between the groups. Only 14% of PRN points resulted from respiratory therapy interventions. PRN score was higher during the first 24 h following intubation than during the first 24 h of NIPSV (278+/-55 vs 228+/-24 points, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Despite initial improvement in arterial oxygenation with NIPSV in patients with ARF due to severe CAP, the intubation rate is high. However, the more favorable outcome and shorter ICU and hospital stays when intubation is avoided, as well as the short delay required to assess the success or failure of NIPSV warrants a trial of NIPSV in this setting. The nursing workload remains stable during NIPSV and does not result predominantly from respiratory therapy interventions.

Catastrophic injuries in pole-vaulters.

Pole vaulting is a unique sport in that athletes often land from heights ranging from 10 to 20 feet. We retrospectively reviewed 32 catastrophic pole-vault injuries that were reported to the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research between 1982 and 1998. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanisms of injury so that preventive strategies can be implemented. Information was obtained by means of a telephone interview with someone familiar with the accident. All injuries occurred in male athletes at an average age of 17.5 years; 31 were catastrophic head injuries and 1 was a thoracic spine fracture that resulted in paraplegia. Three common mechanisms were identified: 17 (53%) athletes landed with their body on the landing pad and their head on the surrounding hard ground, 8 (25%) landed in the vault box after being stranded at the height of the jump, and 5 (16%) completely missed the landing pad. The mechanism of injury in the remaining two athletes was unknown. The accident resulted in death in 16 (50%) athletes and in permanent disability in 6 (19%). Increasing the minimum landing pad size and enforcing the rule requiring soft surfaces adjacent to the landing pads are the primary recommendations for preventing injuries. The authors discuss other rule and equipment changes that may help reduce the occurrence of future injuries.

Olecranon fracture sustained in arm wrestling.

This case report describes an arm-wrestling injury in which a violent triceps contraction was determined to have caused an olecranon fracture. Such a fracture has not been reported in arm wrestling; more typical are fractures of the humeral shaft or medial epicondyle. The authors suggest awareness of this potential and recommend appropriate radiographic studies for injuries involving intense muscle contraction. The patient was treated conservatively. After rehabilitation, he was able to return to his job, which involved lifting, but did not resume arm wrestling.

Total knee replacement in an amputee patient: a case report.

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent and more disabling of the rheumatic diseases. One of the most effective forms of treatment of severe osteoarthritis is total joint arthroplasty. Although studies suggest that the incidence of osteoarthritis is higher in prosthetic users, research supporting total joint arthroplasty as an option for treating amputee patients with advanced osteoarthritis is lacking. We report the case of a 76-year-old man with right transtibial amputation who had an excellent outcome after undergoing bilateral total knee replacements for advanced osteoarthritis.

Beta blockade in the treatment of autonomic dysreflexia: a case report and review.

Autonomic dysreflexia has long been considered a sympathetically mediated phenomenon. Recent articles have reported the use of alpha blockers as a means of treatment. We report the case of a 20-year-old C5 American Spinal Injury Association A spinal cord injured patient who almost daily experienced symptoms of headache, facial flushing, and hypertension consistent with autonomic dysreflexia. These symptoms caused him frequent discomfort and anxiety. Despite an extensive workup, we were unable to identify a source of his dysreflexic episodes. After starting metoprolol 50 mg every night, however, these episodes stopped and the patient showed no adverse effects from the medication.