Oligomeric State and Holding Activity of Hsp60.

Similar to its bacterial homolog GroEL, Hsp60 in oligomeric conformation is known to work as a folding machine, with the assistance of co-chaperonin Hsp10 and ATP. However, recent results have evidenced that Hsp60 can stabilize aggregation-prone molecules in the absence of Hsp10 and ATP by a different, "holding-like" mechanism. Here, we investigated the relationship between the oligomeric conformation of Hsp60 and its ability to inhibit fibrillization of the Ab40 peptide. The monomeric or tetradecameric form of the protein was isolated, and its effect on beta-amyloid aggregation was separately tested. The structural stability of the two forms of Hsp60 was also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), light scattering, and circular dichroism. The results showed that the protein in monomeric form is less stable, but more effective against amyloid fibrillization. This greater functionality is attributed to the disordered nature of the domains involved in subunit contacts.

Recombinant mussel protein Pvfp-5ß: A potential tissue bioadhesive.

During their lifecycle, many marine organisms rely on natural adhesives to attach to wet surfaces for movement and self-defense in aqueous tidal environments. Adhesive proteins from mussels are biocompatible and elicit only minimal immune responses in humans. Therefore these proteins have received increased attention for their potential applications in medicine, biomaterials, and biotechnology. The Asian green mussel Perna viridis secretes several byssal plaque proteins, molecules that help anchoring the mussel to surfaces. Among these proteins, protein-5ß (Pvfp-5ß) initiates interactions with the substrate, displacing interfacial water molecules before binding to the surface. Here, we established the first recombinant expression in Escherichia coli of Pvfp-5ß. We characterized recombinant Pvfp-5ß, finding that despite displaying a CD spectrum consistent with features of a random coil, the protein is correctly folded as indicated by MS and NMR analyses. Pvfp-5ß folds as a ß-sheet-rich protein as expected for an epidermal growth factor-like module. We examined the effects of Pvfp-5ß on cell viability and adhesion capacity in NIH-3T3 and HeLa cell lines, revealing that Pvfp-5ß has no cytotoxic effects at the protein concentrations used and provides good cell-adhesion strength on both glass and plastic plates. Our findings suggest that the adhesive properties of recombinant Pvfp-5ß make it an efficient surface-coating material, potentially suitable for biomedical applications including regeneration of damaged tissues.

Water Extract of Cryphaea heteromalla (Hedw.) D. Mohr Bryophyte as a Natural Powerful Source of Biologically Active Compounds.

Bryophytes comprise of the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Cryphaea heteromalla, (Hedw.) D. Mohr, is a non-vascular lower plant belonging to mosses group. To the date, the most chemically characterized species belong to the liverworts, while only 3.2% and 8.8% of the species belonging to the mosses and hornworts, respectively, have been investigated. In this work, we present Folin-Ciocalteu and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) data related to crude extracts of C. heteromalla obtained by three different extraction solvents: pure water (WT), methanol:water (80:20 v/v) (MET), and ethanol:water (80:20 v/v) (ETH). The water extract proved to be the best solvent showing the highest content of biophenols and the highest ORAC value. The C. heteromalla-WT extract was investigated by HPLC-TOF/MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Time of Flight/Mass Spectrometry) allowing for the detection of 14 compounds, five of which were phenolic compounds, derivatives of benzoic, caffeic, and coumaric acids. Moreover, the C. heteromalla WT extract showed a protective effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) on the murine NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell line.

Hsp60, amateur chaperone in amyloid-beta fibrillogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Molecular chaperones are a very special class of proteins that play essential roles in many cellular processes like folding, targeting and transport of proteins. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that chaperones can act as potentially strong suppressor agents in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indeed, in vitro experiments demonstrate that several chaperones are able to significantly slow down or suppress aggregation of Aß peptide and in vivo studies reveal that treatment with specific chaperones or their overexpression can ameliorate some distinct pathological signs characterizing AD. METHODS: Here we investigate using a biophysical approach (fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC)) the effect of the human chaperonin Hsp60 on Aß fibrillogenesis. RESULTS: We found that Hsp60 powerfully inhibits Aß amyloid aggregation, by closing molecular pathways leading to peptide fibrillogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: We observe that Hsp60 inhibits Aß aggregation through a more complex mechanism than a simple folding chaperone action. The action is specifically directed toward the early oligomeric species behaving as aggregation seeds for on-pathway amyloid fibrillogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the specificity of the molecular interactions of Hsp60 with amyloid Aß peptide allowed us to emphasize the important aspects to be taken into consideration when considering the recent promising therapeutic strategies for neurodegeneration.

Identifying protein partners of CLN8, an ER-resident protein involved in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by cognitive and motor decline, epilepsy, visual loss and by lysosomal autofluorescent inclusions. Two distinct clinical phenotypes, the progressive epilepsy with mental retardation (EPMR) and a late-infantile variant of NCLs (CLN8-vLINCL) are associated with mutations in the CLN8 gene that encodes a transmembrane protein predominantly located to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To gain insight into the function of CLN8 protein, we employed the split-ubiquitin membrane-based yeast two-hybrid (MYTH) system, which detects protein-protein interactions in a membrane environment, using the full-length human CLN8 as bait and a human brain cDNA library as prey. We identified several potential protein partners of CLN8 and especially referred to VAPA, c14orf1/hERG28, STX8, GATE16, BNIP3 and BNIP3L proteins that are associated with biologically relevant processes such as synthesis and transport of lipids, vesicular/membrane trafficking, autophagy/mitophagy and apoptosis. Interactions of CLN8 with VAPA and GATE16 were further validated by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization assays in mammalian cells. Using a new C-terminal-oriented CLN8 antibody, CLN8-VAPA interaction was also confirmed by co-staining in close spatial proximity within different CNS tissues. The results of this study shed light on potential interactome networks of CLN8 and provide a powerful starting point for understanding protein function(s) and molecular aspects of diseases associated with CLN8 deficiency.

Solution structure of recombinant Pvfp-5ß reveals insights into mussel adhesion.

Some marine organisms can resist to aqueous tidal environments and adhere tightly on wet surface. This behavior has raised increasing attention for potential applications in medicine, biomaterials, and tissue engineering. In mussels, adhesive forces to the rock are the resultant of proteinic fibrous formations called byssus. We present the solution structure of Pvfp-5ß, one of the three byssal plaque proteins secreted by the Asian green mussel Perna viridis, and the component responsible for initiating interactions with the substrate. We demonstrate that Pvfp-5ß has a stably folded structure in agreement with the presence in the sequence of two EGF motifs. The structure is highly rigid except for a few residues affected by slow local motions in the µs-ms time scale, and differs from the model calculated by artificial intelligence methods for the relative orientation of the EGF modules, which is something where computational methods still underperform. We also show that Pvfp-5ß is able to coacervate even with no DOPA modification, giving thus insights both for understanding the adhesion mechanism of adhesive mussel proteins, and developing of biomaterials.

Recombinant mussel protein Pvfp5ß enhances cell adhesion of poly(vinyl alcohol)/k-carrageenan hydrogel scaffolds.

Polymeric hydrogels are increasingly considered as scaffolds for tissue engineering due to their extraordinary resemblance with the extracellular matrix (ECM) of many tissues. As cell adhesion is a key factor in regulating important cell functions, hydrogel scaffolds are often functionalized or loaded with a variety of bioactive molecules that can promote adhesion. Interesting biomimetic approaches exploit the properties of mussel-inspired recombinant adhesive proteins. In this work, we prepared hydrogel scaffolds with a 50%w mixture of k-carrageenan (kC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), by a two-step physical gelation process, and we coated them with Perna viridis foot protein-5ß (Pvfp5ß). The mechanical and morphological properties of hydrogels were investigated both after conditioning with typical cell culture media and also after coating with the Pvfp5ß. The protein resulted strongly adsorbed onto the surface of the hydrogel and also able to penetrate in its interiors to a certain depth, mainly interacting with the kC component of the scaffold as resulted from the confocal analysis. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH-3T3 were seeded on top of the hydrogels and cultured up to two weeks. The role of Pvfp5ß in promoting cell adhesion, spreading and colonization of the scaffold was demonstrated.

Investigation on a MMACHC mutant from cblC disease: The c.394C>T variant.

The cblC disease is an inborn disorder of the vitamin B12 (cobalamin, Cbl) metabolism characterized by methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria. The clinical consequences of this disease are devastating and, even when early treated with current therapies, the affected children manifest symptoms involving vision, growth, and learning. The illness is caused by mutations in the gene codifying for MMACHC, a 282aa protein that transports and transforms the different Cbl forms. Here we present data on the structural properties of the truncated protein p.R132X resulting from the c.394C > T mutation that, along with c.271dupA and c.331C > T, is among the most common mutations in cblC. Although missing part of the Cbl binding domain, p.R132X is associated to late-onset symptoms and, therefore, it is supposed to retain residual function. However, to our knowledge structural-functional studies on c.394C > T mutant aimed at verifying this hypothesis are still lacking. By using a biophysical approach including Circular Dichroism, fluorescence, Small Angle X-ray Scattering, and Molecular Dynamics, we show that the mutant protein MMACHC-R132X retains secondary structure elements and remains compact in solution, partly preserving its binding affinity for Cbl. Insights on the fragile stability of MMACHC-R132X-Cbl are provided.

miR-126-3p and miR-21-5p as Hallmarks of Bio-Positive Ageing; Correlation Analysis and Machine Learning Prediction in Young to Ultra-Centenarian Sicilian Population.

Human ageing can be characterized by a profile of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), which are potentially predictors of biological age. They can be used as a biomarker of risk for age-related inflammatory outcomes, and senescent endothelial cells (ECs) have emerged as a possible source of circulating miRNAs. In this paper, a panel of four circulating miRNAs including miR-146a-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-21-5p, and miR-181a-5p, involved in several pathways related to inflammation, and ECs senescence that seem to be characteristic of the healthy ageing phenotype. The circulating levels of these miRNAs were determined in 78 healthy subjects aged between 22 to 111 years. Contextually, extracellular miR-146a-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-21-5p, and miR-181a-5p levels were measured in human ECs in vitro model, undergoing senescence. We found that the levels of the four miRNAs, using ex vivo and in vitro models, progressively increase with age, apart from ultra-centenarians that showed levels comparable to those measured in young individuals. Our results contribute to the development of knowledge regarding the identification of miRNAs as biomarkers of successful and unsuccessful ageing. Indeed, they might have diagnostic/prognostic relevance for age-related diseases.

A retinal proteomics-based study identifies αA-crystallin as a sex steroid-regulated protein.

Sex steroids influence the structural and functional organization of ocular tissues, promote survival in several pathological conditions including retinal neurodegeneration and have a prominent role in age-related eye diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases. However, their underlying mechanisms are still elusive. We explored proteomic profiling of rat retinas following intravitreal injection of the bioactive 17ß-estradiol or androgen dihydrotestosterone. Using narrow range 2-DE gels and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, we identified three sex steroid-regulated proteins: the galectin-related-inter-fiber (GRIFIN) which is a galectin family member protein of unknown function, the fatty acid-binding protein epidermal-5 (FABP5) protein responsible for the fatty acid uptake and transport and the small heat shock αA-crystallin (CRYAA) protein involved in preventing aggregation of denatured or unfolded proteins. Changes in the expression of these proteins revealed a predominant estrogenic effect and the multiple CRYAA protein species reflected posttranslational modifications. Sex steroid-mediated modifications of CRYAA were confirmed by Western blotting analysis. This study provides new target proteins for sex steroids with a potential link to age-related diseases associated with proteotoxic stress.

Can Be miR-126-3p a Biomarker of Premature Aging? An Ex Vivo and In Vitro Study in Fabry Disease.

Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) characterized by lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids in a wide variety of cytotypes, including endothelial cells (ECs). FD patients experience a significantly reduced life expectancy compared to the general population; therefore, the association with a premature aging process would be plausible. To assess this hypothesis, miR-126-3p, a senescence-associated microRNA (SA-miRNAs), was considered as an aging biomarker. The levels of miR-126-3p contained in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), with about 130 nm of diameter, were measured in FD patients and healthy subjects divided into age classes, in vitro, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) "young" and undergoing replicative senescence, through a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) approach. We confirmed that, in vivo, circulating miR-126 levels physiologically increase with age. In vitro, miR-126 augments in HUVECs underwent replicative senescence. We observed that FD patients are characterized by higher miR-126-3p levels in sEVs, compared to age-matched healthy subjects. We also explored, in vitro, the effect on ECs of glycosphingolipids that are typically accumulated in FD patients. We observed that FD storage substances induced in HUVECs premature senescence and increased of miR-126-3p levels. This study reinforces the hypothesis that FD may aggravate the normal aging process.

Agarose/κ-carrageenan-based hydrogel film enriched with natural plant extracts for the treatment of cutaneous wounds.

Hydrogels for complex and chronic wound dressings must be conformable, absorb and retain wound exudates and maintain hydration. They can incorporate and release bioactive molecules that can accelerate the healing process. Wound dressings have to be in contact with the wound and epidermis, even for long periods, without causing adverse effects. Hydrogel dressing formulations based on biopolymers derived from terrestrial or marine flora can be relatively inexpensive and well tolerated. In the present article hydrogel films composed by agarose (1.0 wt%), κ-carrageenan at three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt%) and glycerol (3.0 wt%) were prepared without recourse to crosslinking agents, and characterized for their mechanical properties, morphology, swelling and erosion behavior. The films resulted highly elastic and able to absorb and retain large amounts of fluids without losing their integrity. One of the films was loaded with the aqueous extract from Cryphaea heteromalla (Hedw.) D. Mohr for its antioxidant properties. Absence of cytotoxicity and ability to reduce the oxidative stress were demonstrated on NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell cultures. These results encourage further biological evaluations to assess their impact on the healing process.

Biophysical characterization of asolectin-squalene liposomes.

Liposomes are shell nanoparticles able to embed hydrophobic molecules into their lipid layers to be released to cells. In pharmaceutical sciences, liposomes remain the delivery system with the highest biocompatibility, stability, loading characteristics, tunable physicochemical properties. Squalene is a natural, water insoluble, lipid, abundant in olive oil and shark liver. Studies in vitro and in animal models suggest protective and inhibitory effects of squalene against cancer. To study its effect on cells, and to overcome its insolubility in water, we have designed and produced large unilamellar liposomes containing different quantities of this terpene (0%, 2.8%, 5% w/w). Liposomes have been characterized by different biophysical techniques. Size-exclusion and affinity chromatography showed a unimodal size distribution and confirmed the squalene loaded dose. Laurdan fluorescence evidenced the changes in the hydration of the external layer of liposomes as a function of squalene concentration. Dynamic light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering revealed squalene induced structural differences in the hydrodynamic radius distribution and in the bilayer thickness respectively. Finally, preliminary experiments on the effects of liposome-delivered squalene on tumor and non-tumor cell lines showed time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on LAN5 tumor cells and no effect on NIH-3T3 normal cells.

Biochemical and biophysical characterization of water-soluble pectin from Opuntia ficus-indica and its potential cytotoxic activity.

This work aims to fill the gap in the present knowledge about the structure of pectin from Opuntia ficus-indica. The water-soluble pectin (WSP) fraction, extracted with the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), was further deproteinated (dWSP) and analyzed through several biophysical and biochemical techniques. HPSEC, light scattering and FTIR data showed that dWSP is low methylated high molecular weight pectin. The biochemical structure of dWSP, after methanolysis, silylation, carboxyl reduction showed that dWSP belongs to rhamnogalacturonan I class. Then, dWSP was heat-modified (HM) to obtain small-molecular weight deproteinated fraction (HM-dWSP). Both species, dWSP and HM-dWSP, were tested in LAN5 and NIH 3T3 model cells to study their biological effect. Results indicated that both dWSP and HM-dWSP exerted cytotoxic activity affecting selectively LAN5 cancer cells, without any effect on NIH 3T3 normal cells.

Pectin from Opuntia ficus indica: Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction and preliminary characterization.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of water-soluble pectin (WSP) from Opuntia ficus indica cladodes was performed using Response Surface Methodology. The effect of extraction time (X1), microwave power (X2), pH (X3) and solid-to-liquid ratio (X4) on the extraction yield was examined. The optimum conditions of MAE were as follows: X1=2.15min; X2=517W; X3=2.26 and X4=2g/30.6mL. The maximum obtained yield of pectin extraction was 12.57%. Total carbohydrate content of WSP is about 95.5% including 34.4% of Galacturonic acid. Pectin-related proteins represent only the 0.66% of WSP mass. HPSEC and light scattering analyses reveal that WSP is mostly constituted of high molecular pectin and FTIR measurements show that the microwave treatment does not alter the chemical structure of WSP, in which Galacturonic acid content and yield are 34.4% and 4.33%, respectively. Overall, application of MAE can give rise to high quality pectin.

Different early ER-stress responses in the CLN8(mnd) mouse model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by epilepsy, progressive motor and cognitive decline, blindness, and by the accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment. Late-infantile onset forms (LINCL) include those linked to mutations in CLN8 gene, encoding a transmembrane protein at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the motor neuron degeneration (mnd) mouse model of the CLN8-LINCL (CLN8(mnd)), we carried out an analysis of ER stress-related molecules in CNS structures that exhibit a variable rate of disease progression (early retinal degeneration and delayed brain and motoneuron dysfunction). At the presymptomatic state of 1-month-old CLN8(mnd) mice, we found an upregulation of GRP78 and activation of the transcription factor-6 (ATF6) in all structures examined, an activation of a CHOP-dependent pathway in the cerebellum, hippocampus and retina, a caspase-12-dependent pathway in the retina and no activation of these two pathways in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. An increased CHOP expression was detected in the cortex and spinal cord at the early symptomatic state (4 months). Caspase-3 cleavage occurred presymptomatically in the cerebellum, hippocampus and retina, and symptomatically in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. We also monitored activation of NF-κB, which is engaged in the alarming phase of ER stress, together with increased levels of TRAF2, TNF-α and TNFR1, and no activation of ASK-1/JNK signalling pathway, all over mnd structures. The results suggest that early ER-stress responses distinctly combined and ER-stress pathways integrated with inflammatory responses may contribute to the progression of the CLN8(mnd) disease in CNS structures.

The allergens of Parietaria.

Parietaria is a genus of dicotyledonous weeds of the Urticaceae family including several species and its pollen grain is one of the most important allergenic sources in the Mediterranean area. Species belonging to this genus induce IgE responses in approximately 10 million people. Identification of allergens by means of independent strategies suggest that the allergens of the two more common species, Parietaria judaica and Parietaria Officinalis, show molecular weights ranging between 10 and 14 kD and that the allergens of the two extracts are highly cross-reactive. Biochemical analysis and molecular cloning allowed the isolation and immunological characterization of the two major allergens of the P. judaica pollen, Par j 1 and Par j 2. Sequence comparison suggests that the P j major allergens of P. Judaica belong to the nonspecific lipid transfer protein family, and three-dimensional modeling by homology has revealed that both proteins present a very conserved structural motif composed of four alpha-helices. Immunological analysis has shown that Par j 1 and Par j 2 are able to bind most of the P. Judaica-specific IgE and some of their IgE determinants have been mapped. Recombinant Par j 1 and Par j 2 allergens have been shown to possess immunological properties equivalent to their natural counterpart and their availability represents a fundamental tool for the diagnosis and therapy of Parietaria pollen allergy.