The effects of short-term, progressive exercise training on disease activity in smouldering multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a single-arm pilot study.

BACKGROUND: High levels of physical activity are associated with reduced risk of the blood cancer multiple myeloma (MM). MM is preceded by the asymptomatic stages of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smouldering multiple myeloma (SMM) which are clinically managed by watchful waiting. A case study (N = 1) of a former elite athlete aged 44 years previously indicated that a multi-modal exercise programme reversed SMM disease activity. To build from this prior case study, the present pilot study firstly examined if short-term exercise training was feasible and safe for a group of MGUS and SMM patients, and secondly investigated the effects on MGUS/SMM disease activity. METHODS: In this single-arm pilot study, N = 20 participants diagnosed with MGUS or SMM were allocated to receive a 16-week progressive exercise programme. Primary outcome measures were feasibility and safety. Secondary outcomes were pre- to post-exercise training changes to blood biomarkers of MGUS and SMM disease activity- monoclonal (M)-protein and free light chains (FLC)- plus cardiorespiratory and functional fitness, body composition, quality of life, blood immunophenotype, and blood biomarkers of inflammation. RESULTS: Fifteen (3 MGUS and 12 SMM) participants completed the exercise programme. Adherence was 91 ± 11%. Compliance was 75 ± 25% overall, with a notable decline in compliance at intensities > 70% V̇O2PEAK. There were no serious adverse events. There were no changes to M-protein (0.0 ± 1.0 g/L, P =.903), involved FLC (+ 1.8 ± 16.8 mg/L, P =.839), or FLC difference (+ 0.2 ± 15.6 mg/L, P =.946) from pre- to post-exercise training. There were pre- to post-exercise training improvements to diastolic blood pressure (- 3 ± 5 mmHg, P =.033), sit-to-stand test performance (+ 5 ± 5 repetitions, P =.002), and energy/fatigue scores (+ 10 ± 15%, P =.026). Other secondary outcomes were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: A 16-week progressive exercise programme was feasible and safe, but did not reverse MGUS/SMM disease activity, contrasting a prior case study showing that five years of exercise training reversed SMM in a 44-year-old former athlete. Longer exercise interventions should be explored in a group of MGUS/SMM patients, with measurements of disease biomarkers, along with rates of disease progression (i.e., MGUS/SMM to MM). REGISTRATION: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN65527208 (14/05/2018).

Robotic rectal cancer surgery: comparative study of the impact of obesity on early outcomes.

The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of robotic total mesorectal excision (TME) in obese versus non-obese patients. A total of 533 patients, of whom 161 were obese (30·2 per cent) underwent robotic proctectomy during the study interval. Patient obesity was not associated with adverse short-term clinical outcomes after robotic rectal cancer surgery. Indicated in the obese perhaps?

Robotic transanal minimally invasive surgery - technical, oncological and patient outcomes from a single institution.

AIM: Robotic transanal minimally invasive surgery (R-TAMIS) is gaining traction around the globe as an alternative to laparoscopic conventional TAMIS for local excision of benign and early malignant rectal lesions. The aim was to analyse patient and oncological outcomes of R-TAMIS for consecutive cases in a single centre. METHODS: A prospective analysis of consecutive R-TAMIS procedures over a 12-month period was performed. Data were collated from hospital databases and theatre registers. RESULTS: Eleven patients (six men, five women), mean age 69.81 years (51-92 years), underwent R-TAMIS over 12 months utilizing a da Vinci Xi platform. The mean lesion size was 36 mm (20-60 mm) with a mean distance from the anal verge of 7.5 cm (3-14 cm). Five lesions were posterior in anatomical location, four anterior, one right lateral and one left lateral. All procedures were performed in the lithotomy position using a GelPOINT Path Platform. Mean operative time was 64 min (40-100 min). Complete resection was achieved in 10/11 patients with two patients being upgraded to a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. Nine patients were diagnosed with dysplastic lesions. Four patients had a false positive diagnosis of an invasive tumour on MRI. Six patients required suturing for full-thickness resections. One patient had a postoperative bleed requiring repeat endoscopy and clipping. One patient (full-thickness resection of T3 tumour) proceeded to a formal resection without difficulty with no residual disease (T0N0, 0/22). One patient with a fully resected T2 tumour is undergoing a surveillance protocol. The mean length of stay was 1 day with two patients having a length of stay of 2 days and one patient of 4 days. CONCLUSION: R-TAMIS could potentially represent a safe novel approach for local resection of rectal lesions.

Outcomes of extended radical resections for locally advanced and recurrent pelvic malignancy involving the aortoiliac axis.

AIM: Currently, there is no clear consensus on the role of extended pelvic resections for locally advanced or recurrent disease involving major vascular structures. The aims of this study were to report the outcomes of consecutive patients undergoing extended resections for pelvic malignancy involving the aortoiliac axis. METHODS: Prospective data were collected on patients having extended radical resections for locally advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancies, with aortoiliac axis involvement, requiring en bloc vascular resection and reconstruction, at a single institution between 2014 and 2018. RESULTS: Eleven patients were included (median age 60 years; range 31-69 years; seven women). The majority required resection of both arterial and venous systems (n = 8), and the technique for vascular reconstruction was either interposition grafts or femoral-femoral crossover grafts. The median operative time was 510 min (range 330-960 min). Clear resection margins (R0) were achieved in nine patients. The median length of stay was 25 days (range 7-83 days). Seven patients did not suffer an early complication. There was one serious complication (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3), an arterial graft occlusion secondary to thrombus in the immediate postoperative period, requiring a return to theatre and thrombectomy. The median length of follow-up in this study was 22 months (range 4-58 months). CONCLUSION: This series demonstrates that en bloc major vascular resection and reconstruction can be performed safely and can achieve clear resection margins in selected patients with locally advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancy at specialist surgery centres.

Abdominoperineal excision in Australasia: clinical outcomes, predictive factors and recent trends of nonrestorative rectal cancer surgery.

AIM: The decision to perform an abdominoperineal excision (APR) rather than restorative bowel resection relies on a number of clinical factors. There remains great variability in APR rates internationally. The aim of this study was to demonstrate trends of APR surgery in low rectal cancer (< 6 cm from the anal verge) in Australasia and identify predictors of nonrestoration. METHOD: This study reviewed a prospectively maintained colorectal registry - the Binational Colorectal Cancer Audit (BCCA) - from general/colorectal surgical units across Australia and New Zealand. Data were analysed to determine factors predictive of nonrestorative resection. Patients were analysed based on the presence (control) or absence (comparison) of a primary anastomosis. RESULTS: Of 3628 patients with rectal cancer, 2096 were diagnosed with low rectal cancer between 2007 and 2017. The incidence of APR remained constant over the study period, with 58% of all resections of low rectal cancer being APR. The majority of resections were performed by consultants in urban hospitals (86% vs 14%). Tumours ≤ 3 cm from the anal verge, T4, M1 disease and neoadjuvant therapy were the greatest predictors of APR (P < 0.001). A significantly increased rate of restorative surgery was observed in public hospital settings (59% vs 41%, P < 0.05). The rate of positive circumferential resection margin (CRM) was 7.95%, with significantly increased rates in patients undergoing APR (12.2% vs 6.2%, P < 0.001). CRM positivity was increased in open approaches, T4, N2 and M1 staged disease and in an emergency/urgent setting (P < 0.001 and P < 0.045, respectively). Significantly increased wound and pulmonary complications were observed in the APR cohort (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The rates of APR in Australia and New Zealand remain high but are comparable to international figures, with one-third of rectal cancers being treated by APR. The main determinants of APR are tumour height, T stage and neoadjuvant therapy requirement. CRM positivity was higher in APR patients.

Successful patient-oriented surgical outcomes in robotic vs laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for cancer - a systematic review.

AIM: Minimally invasive surgical approaches for cancer of the right colon have been well described with significant patient and equivalent oncological benefits. Robotic surgery has advanced in its ability to provide multi-quadrant abdominal access, leading the surgical community to widen its application outside of the pelvis to other abdominal compartments. Globally it is being realized that a patient's surgical episode of care is becoming the epicentre of cancer treatment. In order to establish the role of robotic surgery in a patient's episode of care, 'successful patient-oriented surgical' parameters in right hemicolectomy for malignancy were measured. The objective was to examine the rates of successful patient-oriented surgical outcomes in robotic right hemicolectomy (RRH) compared to laparoscopic right hemicolectomy (LRH) for cancer. METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE (Ovid: 1946-present), PubMed (NCBI), Embase (Ovid: 1966-present) and Cochrane Library was conducted using PRISMA for parameters of successful patient-oriented surgical outcomes in RRH and LRH for malignancy alone. The parameters measured included postoperative ileus, anastomotic complication, surgical wound infection, length of stay (LOS), incisional hernia rate, conversion to open, margin status, lymph node harvest and overall morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: There were 15 studies which included 831 RRH patients and 3241 LRH patients, with a median age of 62-74 years. No study analysed the concept of successful patient-oriented surgical outcomes. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative ileus, with less time to first flatus in RRH (2.0-2.7 days, compared with 2.5-4.0 days, P < 0.05). Anastomotic leak rate in one study reported a significant increase in LRH compared to RRH (P < 0.05, 0% vs 8.3%). Significantly decreased LOS following RRH was outlined in six studies. One study reported a significantly higher rate of incisional hernias following LRH with extracorporeal anastomoses compared to RRH with intracorporeal anastomoses. Overall rates of conversion to open surgery were less with RRH (0%-3.9% vs 0%-18%, P < 0.001, 0.05). One study outlined significantly higher rates of incomplete resection with an open right hemicolectomy compared with minimally invasive laparoscopic and robotic resections, with positive margin rates of 2.3%, 0.9% and 0% respectively (P < 0.001). Two studies reported significantly higher lymph node harvest in RRH (P < 0.05). Overall morbidity and 30-day mortality were comparable in both approaches. CONCLUSION: Thirty-day morbidity and mortality were comparable between the two approaches, with patients undergoing RRH having lower anastomotic complications, increased lymph node harvest, and reduced LOS, conversion to open and incisional hernia rates in a number of studies. There are limited data on surgical approach and impact on quality of life and what patients deem successful surgical outcomes. There is a further need for a randomized controlled trial examining successful patient-oriented outcomes in right hemicolectomy for malignancy.

Robotic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection after chemoradiation for rectal cancer: a Western perspective.

AIM: There are limited outcome data for lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLND) following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT), particularly in the West. Our aim was to evaluate the short-term perioperative and oncological outcomes of robotic LPLND at a single cancer centre. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of a prospective database of consecutive patients undergoing robotic LPLND for rectal cancer between November 2012 and February 2020 was performed. The main outcomes were short-term perioperative and oncological outcomes. Major morbidity was defined as Clavien-Dindo grade 3 or above. RESULTS: Forty patients underwent robotic LPLND during the study period. The mean age was 54 years (SD ± 15 years) and 13 (31.0%) were female. The median body mass index was 28.6 kg/m2 (IQR 25.5-32.6 kg/m2 ). Neoadjuvant CRT was performed in all patients. Resection of the primary rectal cancer and concurrent LPLND occurred in 36 (90.0%) patients, whilst the remaining 4 (10.0%) patients had subsequent LPLND after prior rectal resection. The median operating time was 420 min (IQR 313-540 min), estimated blood loss was 150 ml (IQR 55-200 ml) and length of hospital stay was 4 days (IQR 3-6 days). The major morbidity rate was 10.0% (n = 4). The median lymph node harvest from the LPLND was 6 (IQR 3-9) and 13 (32.5%) patients had one or more positive LPLNs. The median follow-up was 16 months (IQR 5-33 months), with 1 (2.5%) local central recurrence and 7 (17.5%) patients developing distant disease, resulting in 3 (7.5%) deaths. CONCLUSION: Robotic LPLND for rectal cancer can be performed in Western patients to completely resect extra-mesorectal LPLNs and is associated with acceptable perioperative morbidity.

Prognostic factors and patterns of failure after surgery for T4 rectal cancer in the beyond total mesorectal excision era.

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in the rates of total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer surgery, decreased local recurrence rates and increased 5-year survival, there still exists large variation in the quality of treatment received. Up to 30 per cent of rectal cancers are locally advanced at presentation and approximately 5-10 per cent still breach the mesorectal plane and invade adjacent structures despite neoadjuvant therapy. With the evolution of extended resections for rectal cancers beyond the TME plane, proponents advocate that these resections should be performed only in specialist centres. The aim was to assess the prognostic factors and patterns of failure after beyond TME surgery for T4 rectal cancers. METHODS: Data were collected from prospective databases at three high-volume institutions specializing in beyond TME surgery for T4 rectal cancers between 1990 and 2013. The primary outcome measures were overall survival, local recurrence and patterns of first failure. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty patients were identified. The negative resection margin (R0) rate was 82·8 per cent (298 patients) and the local recurrence rate was 12·5 per cent (45 patients). The type of surgical procedure (Hartmann's: hazard ratio (HR) 4·49, 95 per cent c.i. 1·99 to 10·14; P = 0·002) and lymphovascular invasion (HR 2·02, 1·08 to 3·77; P = 0·032) were independent predictors of local recurrence. The 5-year overall survival rate for all patients was 61 (95 per cent c.i. 55 to 67) per cent. The 5-year cumulative incidence of first failure was 8 per cent for local recurrence, 6 per cent for local and distant disease, and 18 per cent for distant disease. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that a coordinated approach in specialist centres for beyond TME surgery can offer good oncological and long-term survival in patients with T4 rectal cancers.

ANTECEDENTES: A pesar de las mejoras en los porcentajes de extirpación total del mesorrecto (total mesorectal excision, TME) en la cirugía de cáncer de recto, la disminución de los porcentajes de recidiva local y el aumento de la supervivencia a 5 años, todavía existe una gran variabilidad en la calidad del tratamiento recibido. Hasta el 30% de los cánceres de recto están localmente avanzados en el momento del diagnóstico y aproximadamente el 5-10% sobrepasarán el plano mesorrectal e invadirán las estructuras adyacentes a pesar del tratamiento neoadyuvante. Con la evolución de las resecciones ampliadas para los cánceres de recto que sobrepasan el plano de la TME, los defensores recomiendan que estas resecciones solo se realicen en centros especializados. El objetivo fue evaluar los factores pronósticos y los patrones de recidiva después de la cirugía ampliada más allá de la TME para los cánceres de recto T4. MÉTODOS: Los datos se recogieron a partir de bases de datos prospectivas de tres instituciones de alto volumen especializadas en resecciones ampliadas más allá de la TME para el cáncer de recto T4 entre 1990 y 2013. Los criterios de valoración principal fueron la supervivencia global, la recidiva local y los patrones de la primera recidiva. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 360 pacientes. El margen de resección fue negativo (R0) en el 82,8% (n = 298) y el porcentaje de recidiva local fue de 12,5% (n = 45). El tipo de cirugía realizada (Hartmann: cociente de riesgos instantáneos, hazard ratio, HR 4,49; i.c. del 95%: 1,99-10,14; P = 0,002) y la invasión linfovascular (HR 2,02; i.c. del 95%: 1,08-3,77; P = 0,032) fueron factores predictivos independientes de recidiva local. La supervivencia global a 5 años para todos los pacientes fue del 61% (i.c. del 95%: 55-67). La incidencia acumulada a los 5 años de la primera recidiva fue de 8% para la recidiva local, 6% para la recidiva local y a distancia, y 18% para la recidiva a distancia. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio demuestra que un abordaje coordinado en centros especializados para cirugía más allá de la TME puede ofrecer una buena supervivencia oncológica y a largo plazo en pacientes con cáncer de recto T4.

Long-term outcomes of biological mesh repair following extra levator abdominoperineal excision of the rectum: an observational study of 100 patients.

BACKGROUND: Current evidence suggests that pelvic floor reconstruction following extralevator abdominoperineal excision of rectum (ELAPER) may reduce the risk of perineal herniation of intra-abdominal contents. Options for reconstruction include mesh and myocutaneous flaps, for which long-term follow-up data is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of biological mesh (Surgisis®, Biodesign™) reconstruction following ELAPER. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients having ELAPER in a single institution between 2008 and 2018 was perfomed. Clinic letters were scrutinised for wound complications and all available cross sectional imaging was reviewed to identify evidence of perineal herniation (defined as presence of intra-abdominal content below a line between the coccyx and the lower margin of the pubic symphysis on sagittal view). RESULTS: One hundred patients were identified (median age 66, IQR 59-72 years, 70% male). Median length of follow-up was 4.9 years (IQR 2.3-6.7 years). One, 2- and 5-year mortality rates were 3, 8 and 12%, respectively. Thirty three perineal wounds had not healed by 1 month, but no mesh was infected and no mesh needed to be removed. Only one patient developed a symptomatic perineal hernia requiring repair. On review of imaging a further 7 asymptomatic perineal hernias were detected. At 4 years the cumulative radiologically detected perineal hernia rate was 8%. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that pelvic floor reconstruction using biological mesh following ELAPER is both safe and effective as a long-term solution, with low major complication rates. Symptomatic perineal herniation is rare following mesh reconstruction, but may develop sub clinically and be detectable on cross-sectional imaging.

Thirty-day mortality in patients undergoing laparotomy for small bowel obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common indication for emergency laparotomy. There are currently variations in the timing of surgery for patients with SBO and limited evidence on whether delayed surgery affects outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of time to operation on 30-day mortality in patients requiring emergency laparotomy for SBO. METHODS: Data were collected from the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) on all patients aged 18 years or older who underwent emergency laparotomy for all forms of SBO between December 2013 and November 2015. The primary outcome measure was 30-day mortality, with date of death obtained from the Office for National Statistics. Patients were grouped according to the time from admission to surgery (less than 24 h, 24-72 h and more than 72 h). A multilevel logistic regression model was used to explore the impact of patient factors, primarily delay to surgery, on 30-day mortality. RESULTS: Some 9991 patients underwent emergency laparotomy requiring adhesiolysis or small bowel resection for SBO. The overall mortality rate was 7·2 per cent (722 patients). Within each time group, 30-day mortality rates were significantly worse with increasing age, ASA grade, Portsmouth POSSUM score and level of contamination. Patients undergoing emergency laparotomy more than 72 h after admission had a significantly higher risk-adjusted 30-day mortality rate (odds ratio 1·39, 95 per cent c.i. 1·09 to 1·76). CONCLUSION: In patients who require an emergency laparotomy with adhesiolysis or resection for SBO, a delay to surgery of more than 72 h is associated with a higher 30-day postoperative mortality rate.

The bowel cancer awareness campaign 'Be Clear on Cancer': sustained increased pressure on resources and over-accessed by higher social grades with no increase in cancer detected.

AIM: To evaluate the impact of the national 'Be Clear on Cancer' bowel cancer reminder campaign on service and diagnosis at a single UK institution. Secondly, to evaluate the socio-economic background of patients referred before and after the reminder campaign compared with the regional demographic. METHOD: Suspected cancer 2-week wait patients in the 3 months precampaign, postcampaign and after the reminder campaign were included. Demographics, investigations and diagnosis were recorded. The postcode was used to allocate a National Readership Survey social grade. RESULTS: Three hundred and eighty-three referrals were received in the 3 months precampaign, 550 postcampaign and 470 postreminder campaign. There were significant increases in the monthly referral rates following the campaign (P < 0.001 in both the post- and postreminder periods). Significantly more patients from social grades AB and C1C2 than expected from regional demographics were referred precampaign and after the reminder campaign (P < 0.001 in each case). There were no significant differences between the proportions of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the three study periods (P = 0.710). CONCLUSION: The 'Be Clear on Cancer' bowel cancer campaign has had a significant sustained impact on resources. It has failed to increase referrals among lower socio-economic grades, leading to an increase in 'worried well' referrals and no change in numbers, or the stage, of colorectal cancers diagnosed.

Assessing surgeon stress when operating using heart rate variability and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory: will surgery be the death of us?

AIM: Performance in the operating room is affected by a combination of individual, patient and environmental factors amongst others. Stress has a potential negative impact on performance with the quality of surgical practice and patient safety being affected as a result. In order to appreciate the level of stress encountered during surgical procedures both objective and subjective methods can be used. This study reports the use of a combined objective (physiological) and subjective (psychological) method for evaluating stress experienced by the operating surgeon. METHOD: Six consultant colorectal surgeons were evaluated performing eighteen anterior resections. Heart rate was recorded using a wireless chest strap at eight pre-determined operative steps. Heart Rate Variability indices were calculated offline using computerized software. Surgeon reported stress was collected using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, a validated clinical stress scale. RESULTS: A significant increase in stress was demonstrated in all surgeons whilst operating as indicated by sympathetic tone (control: 4.02 ± 2.28 vs operative: 11.42 ± 4.63; P < 0.0001). Peaks in stress according to operative step were comparable across procedures and surgeons. There was a significant positive correlation with subjective reporting of stress across procedures (r = 0.766; P = 0.0005). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a significant increase in sympathetic tone in consultant surgeons measured using heart rate variability during elective colorectal resections. A significant correlation can be demonstrated between HRV measurements and perceived stress using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. A combined approach to assessing operative stress is required to evaluate any effect on performance and outcomes.

Day-case closure of ileostomy: feasible, safe and efficient.

AIM: Over 5000 loop ileostomy closures were performed in the UK in 2013 with a median inpatient stay of 5 days. Previously we have successfully implemented a 23-h protocol for loop ileostomy closure which was modified for same-day discharge. We present our early experience of day-case loop ileostomy closure. METHOD: A specific patient pathway for day-case discharge following loop ileostomy closure was implemented with inclusion criteria to conform with British Association of Day Surgery guidelines. Exclusion criteria included postoperative chemoradiotherapy, multiple comorbidities and social care needs. Follow-up consisted of telephone contact (24 and 72 h after discharge) and a routine outpatient appointment. Patients were provided with a 24-h contact point in case of emergency. RESULTS: Fifteen (12 male) patients were enrolled of median age 67 (39-80) years. The median operating time was 41 (23-80) min. The indication for ileostomy formation was to cover a low anterior resection for adenocarcinoma (13), reversal of Hartmann's procedure (1) and functional bowel disorder (1). The median interval from the primary procedure to day-case loop ileostomy closure was 8 (3-14) months. Every patient was discharged on the day of surgery. There were no complications related to the surgery and there was one readmission due to a urinary tract infection. The median length of follow-up was 4 (2-16) months. CONCLUSION: Our early experience shows that day-case loop ileostomy closure is feasible, safe and efficient. This protocol will become standard within our institution for suitable patients, saving on average five inpatient bed days per patient.

Outcomes after biological mesh reconstruction of the pelvic floor following extra-levator abdominoperineal excision of rectum (APER).

BACKGROUND: Extra-levator abdominoperineal excision of the rectum (ELAPER) for low rectal cancer is used to avoid the adverse oncological outcomes of inadvertent perforation and a positive circumferential resection margin associated with the conventional APER technique. This wider excision creates a large defect requiring pelvic floor reconstruction, and there is still controversy regarding the best method of closure. The aim of this study is to present outcomes of biological mesh pelvic floor reconstruction following ELAPER. METHODS: Prospective data on consecutive patients having ELAPER for low rectal cancer at a single UK institution between October 2008 and March 2013 were collected. The perineum was reconstructed using a biological mesh and the short-term outcomes were evaluated, focusing particularly on perineal wound complications and perineal hernias. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were included [median age 62 years, range 40-72 years, 27 males (79 %)]. The median operative time was 248 min (range 120-340 min). The median length of hospital stay was 9 days (range 4-20 days). There were three perineal complications (9 %) requiring surgical intervention, but no meshes were removed. There were no perineal hernias. The median length of follow-up was 21 months (range 1-54 months). The overall mortality was 9 % from distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Our series adds to the increasing evidence that good outcomes can be achieved for pelvic floor reconstruction with biological mesh following ELAPER without the additional use of myocutaneous flaps. The low serious complication rate, good outcomes in perineal wound healing and the absence of perineal hernias demonstrates that this is a safe and feasible procedure.

'Be Clear on Cancer': the impact of the UK National Bowel Cancer Awareness Campaign.

AIM: The National Bowel Cancer Awareness Campaign ('Be Clear on Cancer') was launched by the UK government in January 2012, encouraging people with bowel symptoms to present to primary care. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of the campaign on colorectal services in secondary care. METHOD: Suspected cancer 2-week-wait (2WW) patients 3 months before and 3 months after the launch of the campaign were included. Demographics, reason for referral, investigations performed, cost analysis and eventual diagnoses were collected. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty-three patients [median age 70 (36-100) years, 194 (57%) women] were seen and investigated in the 3 months prior to the launch of the campaign at an average cost of £575 per patient. Twenty-seven (8%) were diagnosed with lower gastrointestinal cancer and 29 (8%) with polyps. In the 3 months following the launch, 544 patients [median age 68 (30-92) years, 290 (53%) women] were reviewed (59% increase; P = 0.004). The 'did not attend' rate fell from 10% to 1%. Thirty-two (6%) patients were diagnosed with a lower gastrointestinal cancer and 20 (4%) with colorectal polyps. The cost per colorectal cancer detected rose from £7585.58 before the campaign to £9662.72 after launch (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The 'Be Clear on Cancer' campaign has substantially increased the number of referrals under the 2WW rule, but mainly in the worried well. This has increased demands on both resources (59% more tests) and finance. Cost per cancer detected rose by 27% with no increase in funding to support the increased activity.

Twenty-three-hour stay loop ileostomy closures: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: In UK in 2010-2011, 4,463 ileostomy closures were performed (35,442 bed days) with a median inpatient stay of 5 days (Hospital Episode Statistics data). This seems anomalous when there are reports of 23-h stay colectomies. We present our early experience of 23-h discharge for loop ileostomy closures. METHODS: A specific patient journey/pathway for 23-h discharge following loop ileostomy closure was implemented at a single UK institution between August 2011 and April 2012. Follow-up was by telephone contact 24-48 h postdischarge and by routine outpatient appointment, and patients were also provided with a 24-h contact point in case of emergency. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included (18 male patients; median age, 63 years; range, 28-78 years). Fifteen were discharged within 23 h. The remaining 8 patients were all discharged within 48 h of surgery. Four patients were readmitted with superficial wound infection (1), slight wound discharge (1), Clostridium difficile diarrhoea (1) and an anastomotic leak 8 days after surgery (1). Median length of follow-up was 3 months (range, 1-10 months). CONCLUSIONS: A specific 23-h discharge protocol for loop ileostomy closures is feasible and safe. Improved primary care and out-of-hours hospital support would have prevented both minor wound complications requiring readmission. The anastomotic leak presented at postoperative day 8 and would have occurred in the community even if a standard protocol was used. Additional patient information and support via stoma care have been introduced to build on our experience, and 23-h stay has been introduced as standard care.

Closure of loop ileostomy: potentially a daycase procedure?

BACKGROUND: Four thousand four hundred and twenty-seven ileostomy closures were performed in the UK in 2008-2009, (35,432 bed days). None were recorded as being performed as a daycase procedure. Our aim is to evaluate the morbidity and mortality associated with this procedure and to investigate whether daycase surgery is feasible. METHOD: Patients having closure of loop ileostomy were identified retrospectively from May 2005 to July 2010. The primary surgery, method of ileostomy closure, length of hospital stay and early (≤30 days) or late (>30 days) complications were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 138 patients were evaluated. The median age was 63 (17-83) years and 64% were male patients. The primary surgery was predominantly anterior resection (74%). Median time from initial surgery to reversal was 37 (1-117) weeks. The median length of hospital stay was 4 (1-39) days. Applying a 23-h discharge protocol to our results excluded 18 patients categorised as ASA3. Ninety-six patients (80%) met the discharge criteria for a potential 23-h hospital stay. The expected readmission rate within 30 days of surgery was 12% (n = 14). 85 patients (71%) did not suffer an early complication. There were 35 early complications (30%), 10 general and 25 specific to the procedure, but serious only in 5%. There were no deaths in the eligible patients. CONCLUSION: Closure of loop ileostomy in our series is safe, with a low serious morbidity rate. It may be feasible to perform reversal of ileostomy as a daycase/23-h stay. We intend to implement a 23-h stay for reversal of ileostomy.

Failure to rescue patients after emergency laparotomy for large bowel perforation: analysis of the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA).

BACKGROUND: Past studies have highlighted variation in in-hospital mortality rates among hospitals performing emergency laparotomy for large bowel perforation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether failure to rescue (FTR) contributes to this variability. METHODS: Patients aged 18 years or over requiring surgery for large bowel perforation between 2013 and 2016 were extracted from the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) database. Information on complications were identified using linked Hospital Episode Statistics data and in-hospital deaths from the Office for National Statistics. The FTR rate was defined as the proportion of patients dying in hospital with a recorded complication, and was examined in hospitals grouped as having low, medium or high overall postoperative mortality. RESULTS: Overall, 6413 patients were included with 1029 (16.0 per cent) in-hospital deaths. Some 3533 patients (55.1 per cent) had at least one complication: 1023 surgical (16.0 per cent) and 3332 medical (52.0 per cent) complications. There were 22 in-hospital deaths following a surgical complication alone, 685 deaths following a medical complication alone, 150 deaths following both a surgical and medical complication, and 172 deaths with no recorded complication. The risk of in-hospital death was high among patients who suffered either type of complication (857 deaths in 3533 patients; FTR rate 24.3 per cent): 172 deaths followed a surgical complication (FTR-surgical rate 16.8 per cent) and 835 deaths followed a medical complication (FTR-medical rate of 25.1 per cent). After adjustment for patient characteristics and hospital factors, hospitals grouped as having low, medium or high overall postoperative mortality did not have different FTR rates (P = 0.770). CONCLUSION: Among patients having emergency laparotomy for large bowel perforation, efforts to reduce the risk of in-hospital death should focus on reducing avoidable complications. There was no evidence of variation in FTR rates across National Health Service hospitals in England.