Colitis caused by Clostridioides difficile infection in a domestic dog: A case report.

Clostridioides difficile has been identified as one of the primary etiologic agents of nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in humans and other mammals associated following broad-spectrum antibiotics use. In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil we describe a case of C. difficile infection (CDI) in a 13-year-old male dog.

Characterization of Clostridioides difficile ribotypes in domestic dogs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Clostridioides difficile is the major etiologic agent of nosocomial bacterial diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. The pathogenesis of C. difficile infection (CDI)involves two cytotoxic enzymes (TcdA, TcdB) that cause colonic epithelial damage, fluid accumulation and enteritis. CDI has been demonstrated in a variety of animal species and some reports have recently raised the importance of wild animals as a reservoir of this pathogen and possible transmission to humans and domestic animals. The aim of this study was to characterize C. difficile isolates obtained from pet dogs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 50 faecal samples were obtained from healthy and diarrheic dogs. Five of fifty samples (10%) grew C. difficile. Of those, three belonged to the PCR ribotype 106 (ST 42) and were toxigenic (A+B+). The other two strains belonged to the PCR ribotype 010 (ST 15) and were not toxin producers (A-B-). None of the isolates tested positive for the binary toxin genes. Considering the antimicrobial resistance patterns of all isolates using EUCAST breakpoints, all strains were sensitive to metronidazole and vancomycin. However, two strains (ribotype 106 and ribotype 010), were resistant to clindamycin (≤256 µg/mL). All strains were strong biofilm producers. Our study provides evidence that dogs can act as reservoirs for C. difficile epidemic ribotypes.

In vitro antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from canine otitis externa in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (167) were obtained from 528 samples of canine otitis externa, identified by biochemical reactions and tested for susceptibility to 10 antimicrobials. The most effective drug was ciprofloxacin. The study reports alarming resistance among P. aeruginosa isolated from canine otitis externa samples in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from canine pyoderma in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The study aimed to determine the etiology and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from canine pyoderma. Samples were obtained from dogs with pyoderma and isolates were identified by biochemical reactions and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials. Thirty nine staphylococci isolates were obtained, and S. pseudintermedius was the most frequent (47.4%). All isolates showed resistance to at least one drug and 77.1% were multiresistant. The most effective drug was oxacillin. The study reports the alarming antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus isolated from canine pyoderma samples.

Isolation of Leptospira interrogans Hardjoprajitno from vaginal fluid of a clinically healthy ewe suggests potential for venereal transmission.

A total of 15 adult ewes from one flock known to be seroreactive for leptospirosis was studied. Urine and vaginal fluid were collected from each animal to test for the presence of leptospires using bacterial culture and conventional PCR methods. One pure culture of Leptospira sp. was obtained from the vaginal fluid sample of a non-pregnant ewe. The isolate was characterized by DNA sequencing of the rrs and secY genes, variable-number of tandem-repeats (VNTR) analysis and serogrouping, and the isolate was typed as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjo type Hardjoprajitno. This report indicates the presence of viable Leptospira in the vaginal fluid of a ewe, suggesting the potential for venereal transmission of leptospires in sheep.

Treating animal bites: susceptibility of Staphylococci from oral mucosa of cats.

Infected wounds determined by cats' bites represent high costs to public health, and their adequate treatment relies on the knowledge of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial agents found in the oral microbiota. Members of the genus Staphylococcus sp. belong to the microbiota of the oral mucosa of cats and are frequently involved in secondary infections of these wounds. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus species isolated from oral mucosa of cats. Samples were collected from 200 clinically healthy cats and processed by standard bacteriological methods and tested for susceptibility to a panel of 16 antimicrobials. A total of 212 staphylococci isolates were obtained from 141 of the 200 cats (70.5%), and more than one colony was recognized in 53 cases. Coagulase-negative species were most frequently found (89.6%) distributed among Staphylococcus xylosus (50.9%), Staphylococcus felis (27.4%), Staphylococcus simulans (6.1%) and Staphylococcus sciuri (5.2%). Coagulase-positive species (10.4%) were distributed among Staphylococcus aureus (4.7%) and Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) (5.7%). Regarding to antimicrobial resistance, 178 isolates (83.9%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and rifampicin showed the best results with 100% of sensitive strains. Conversely, high rates of resistance were observed for penicillin and tetracycline (56.1%). The 212 staphylococci isolates and 30 (14.1%) strains were resistant to methicillin (on the disc susceptibility test) and may be preliminarily considered as methicilin-resistant staphylococci. In conclusion, this study reports important rates of antimicrobial resistance among the species of Staphylococcus isolated from clinical specimens of cats, which must be considered for the treating of cats' bites in humans.

In vitro antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from canine otitis externa in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (167) were obtained from 528 samples of canine otitis externa, identified by biochemical reactions and tested for susceptibility to 10 antimicrobials. The most effective drug was ciprofloxacin. The study reports alarming resistance among P. aeruginosa isolated from canine otitis externa samples in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Urinary tract infection caused by Corynebacterium urealyticum in a male dog / Infecção do trato urinário por Corynebacterium urealyticum em um cão

Um cão adulto, com histórico de infecção do trato urinário, foi apresentado aos autores. O cão foisubmetido ao exame físico, ultrassonografia, urinálise e cistocentese para cultura bacteriológica. O exame bacteriológico evidenciou a presença de bastonetes Gram positivo em cultura pura como únicomicrorganismo isolado. Provas bioquímicas do isolado confirmaram tratar-se de Corynebacteriumurealyticum. O patógeno mostrou-se susceptível às quinolonas e aos aminoglicosideos, e resistente àmaioria das penicilinas. O tratamento com ciprofloxacina apresentou sucesso.

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from canine pyoderma in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Susceptibilidade in vitro a antimicrobianos de staphylococci isolados de cães com piodermatite no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

The study aimed to determine the etiology and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from canine pyoderma. Samples were obtained from dogs with pyoderma and isolates were identified by biochemical reactions and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials. Thirty nine staphylococci isolates were obtained, and S. pseudintermedius was the most frequent (47.4 percent). All isolates showed resistance to at least one drug and 77.1 percent were multiresistant. The most effective drug was oxacillin. The study reports the alarming antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus isolated from canine pyoderma samples.

O estudo se propõe a avaliar a etiologia e a susceptibilidade de estafilococos isolados de cães com dermatite. Os isolados foram identificados por provas bioquímicas e testados quanto a sua susceptibilidade a 15 antimicrobianos. Trinta e nove isolados de Staphylococci foram obtidos, e S. pseudintermedius foi mais freqüente (47,4 por cento). Todos isolados apresentaram resistência a pelo menos uma droga e 77,1 por cento foram multirresistentes. A oxacilina foi a droga mais eficaz. O estudo demonstra níveis alarmantes de resistência antimicrobiana nos Staphylococcus de pioderma canino.

Programa colocación familiar en niños desnutridos (COFADE) / Foster care program for the treatment of undernourished infants

El programa COFADE está dirigido a la recuperación de menores de 2 años con desnutrición calórico-proteica de II y III grado, de etiología primaria, en que el tratamiento ambulatorio previo no ha sido exitoso. Los niños se internan transitoriamente en hogares sustitutos cuidadosamente seleccionados y capacitados para recuperarlos en aspectos físicos, psicomotores y sociales. Junto al tratamiento de los niños se realiza trabajo social intensivo con el hogar de origen, destinado a mejorar las condiciones de estas familias, todas ellas de extrema pobreza. La labor se efectúa conjuntamente por el Servicio de SaludSur Oriente y 5 Municipalidades, realizándose activa coordinación intersectorial. Las actividades son realizadas por equipo multiprofesional, participando las guardadoras e integrando activamente a los padres. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos al Ingreso y Alta en 520 niños y sus familias y 216 y 139 a los 6 y 12 meses de seguimiento, en aspectos antropométricos, desarrollo psicomotor y situación económico-social. En Peso-Edad (Sempé) disminuyó la desnutrición de 2- y 3er. grado de 97 a 18%. Al año de seguimiento fue de 29%. Tomando como parámetro la media de las Tablas NCHS, al ingreso los niños tenían un 68,3% del peso ideal para la edad incrementado a 82,3% al alta. En el seguimiento decreció levemente a 81,6%. En Talla-Edad (Sempé) existía compromiso severo (< a-2 DE) en el 61,7% de los casos, decreciendo a 44,6 al egreso y a 36,5% al año después. Hubo también avance en la relación peso-talla. El cuociente de desarrollo psicomotor promedio fue de 0,71 al ingreso. Mejoró notoriamente al egreso, a 0,93, llegando a 1,0 un año después de retornar los niños a sus propios hogares (Normal = 1,0;DE +- 0,15). En aspectos socioeconómicos hubo mejoría en el ingreso per cápita, ocupación del jefe de hogar, condiciones de vivienda y otros. Se analizan los resultados de este programa