[Conceptions on the structural organization of the active lymph flow between the neighboring lymphangions].

This review describes the history and the current state of the problem of the structural basis of the active lymph outflow from the organs in man and other mammals and the role of lymphatic valves in its organization. Until now, only muscular connection between the distal valve and lymphangion proximal muscular cuff, which helps the valve to limit the lymph backflow, was examined. However, different muscular connections were shown to exist between the valve and the muscular cuffs of the neighboring lymphangions, as well as direct muscular connections of their cuffs. These data support the assumption of the different variants of neighboring lymphangions contraction, both separate and combined, and of the coordination of active motions of the valves and the muscular cuffs.

[New conceptions of structural organization of the active lymph drainage].

The review examines the history and the current state of the problem of structural bases of active lymph drainage from organs in human and mammalian animals. Two conceptions of lymphangion structure are compared that represent it as either valvular or intervalvular segments of lymphatic vessel functioning as active lymph drainage organizers.

[Efficiency of the clinical use of short-term controlled treatment (DOTS) in patients with new-onset destructive pulmonary tuberculosis].

Sixty-six patients with new-onset destructive pulmonary tuberculosis isolating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) received short-term controlled treatment (DOTS) and 117 patients were given individual treatment regimens. DOTS treatment could be effectively completed in 19.7% of the patients, but following 2 months the factors that forced individual treatment regimens to be used occurred in 80.3%. The efficacy of individual treatment regimens proved to be much higher than that of DOTS. The relationship of the efficiency of treatment to the intensity of chemotherapy, the number and sizes of caverns was studied in 250 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. It has been found that it is expedient to use a quadruple-combination therapy only in patients with small and middle-sized (less than 4 cm in diameter) solitary caverns in the lungs. Patients with multiple and large caverns should be given at least 5 antituberculous drugs from the beginning of the basic course of therapy.

[Development of the obturator artery in human prenatal ontogenesis]. / Razvitie zapiratel'noi arterii v prenatal'nom ontogeneze cheloveka.

Definitive obturatory artery forms as a result of uneven growth of anastomosis of external and internal iliac arteries which is connected with peculiarities of regional organogenesis. 2 crucial periods--renal--and the period of gonade obstruction (the end of intrauterine development) were distinguished in morphogenesis of pubic anastomosis of iliac arteries. Sex related peculiarities of obturatory artery development were found in the second period.

[Lymph flow and the development of the lymph nodes in human fetuses]. / Limfotok i razvitie limfaticheskikh uzlov u plodov cheloveka.

Since its anlage lymph node forms as a functional anastomosis between lymph and blood vessels. They make a complex with intimate anatomotopographic interrelations and their branches--an interconnected system, within which intervascular connective tissue transforms into lymphoid one. Interstitial canals networks may play a role of connecting "bridges" during lymphatic sinuses and blood microvessels unification with lymphoid tissue into a specific functional complex of counterflow system (arteries/veins--lymphatic vessels). On this basis histo- and morphogenesis of lymph node as a part of lymphatic bed occur. Lymph node uneven growth due to their depositing and resorptive function development allows to explain peculiarities of central lymph flow in human embryos.

[Lymphangion development in human fetuses]. / Razvitie limfangiona u plodov cheloveka.

In human fetuses lymphangion development is a combined process of morpho- and histogenesis guided by lymph flow. Its peculiarities determine unevenness of growth and differentiation of lymphatic vessels in longitudinal and circular orientation, successive formation of valves, muscular cuffs and tensors and muscular coat between external and subendothelial layers.

[Morphogenesis of the vena cava inferior roots in human embryogenesis]. / Morfogenez kornei nizhnei poloi veny v émbriogeneze cheloveka.

The roots of the vena cava inferior are formed during the 2nd month of human embryogenesis in the course of transformation of posterior caudal veins and their tributaries, including anastomoses with umbilical veins, which is associated with the growth of pelvic kidney and lower extremities. The roots and initial part of vena cava inferior originate from secondary cardinal veins, primarily from sacrocardinal anastomosis and sacrocardinal veins proximal regions.

[Features of morphogenesis of the initial region of the rat thoracic duct in prenatal ontogenesis]. / Osobennosti morfogeneza nachal'nogo otdela grudnogo protoka v prenatal'nom ontogeneze krysy.

In embryogenesis initial region of thoracic duct and its roots is formed in rat at later stages than in man. Their morphogenesis and topography and small number of lumbar lymph nodes correlate with species-specific peculiarities of organogenesis in rat.

[The formation of definitive variants in the organization of the rudimentary portion of the thoracic duct in the prenatal period of human ontogeny]. / Stanovlenie definitivnykh variantov organizatsii nachal'nogo otdela grudnogo protoka v prenatal'nom periode ontogeneza cheloveka.

The aim of the investigation was to find out the anatomo-topographic parallels in the development of the initial part of the thoracic duct, organs of the abdominal cavity and branches of the abdominal aorta which takes place due to taxis of the physiological umbilical hernia and secondary adhesion of the peritoneum. Specificity of these processes determines variability of branching of the abdominal artery and the formation of the duodenum, the increasing pressure to the posterior wall of the abdomen and mesentery where the presumptive lymph collectors are found. The degree of their separation by invaginations of blood vessels, the rate and spread of the development of lymph nodes are responsible for the structure and position of the initial part of the thoracic duct in human fetuses. The results obtained may be taken as a morphogenetic ground for search of the local reference points for the initial part of the thoracic duct.

[Development of thymic postcapillary venules in human prenatal ontogenesis]. / Razvitie postkapilliarnykh venul timusa v prenatal'nom ontogeneze cheloveka.

Postcapillary venules with high endotheliocytes as paths of lymphocyte migration differentiate in corticomedullary zone of thymus in human 4-5 months old foetuses. Development of postcapillary venules from blood capillaries is closely associated with zonal differentiation of the organ substance and intensification of lymphocyte recirculation in the fetal immune system.

[Structure of lymphatic vessels in the human thighs]. / Osobennosti stroeniia limfaticheskikh sosudov bedra cheloveka.

Peculiarities of construction of muscular coat of lymphatics of human legs (long, polylymphangion muscular bands, longitudinally oriented, localized in deep layers of lymphatics walls and forming branches into adjacent valves of lymphangions) are the base for grouped contractions of lymphangions in them. Predominance of these muscular fascicles in muscular coat of lymphatics of thigh provide combined action of group of adjacent lymphangions versus gravitation force in the walking man.

[The development of the thoracic duct lymphangions in the prenatal period of human ontogeny]. / Razvitie limfangionov grudnogo protoka v prenatal'nom periode ontogeneza cheloveka.

This paper concerns structural and functional organization of the human lymphatic system during the prenatal period. For the first time the data is presented on the development of thoracic duct based on the concept of lymphangion as a structural and functional unit of a lymphatic vessel. The formation of the duct is considered in connection with structural changes of its wall and variants of duct roots fusion. The following stages are distinguished in the development of the thoracic duct: valval segment stage, protolymphangion, and lymphangion.

[Thoracic duct valves in man and albino rat]. / Klapany grudnogo protoka cheloveka i beloi krysy.

The aim of this research was to determine the number, structure and position of valves along the whole length of thoracic duct in man and albino rat. The study was performed using the material obtained from 30 human corpses of men and women aged 17 to 60 years with no history of cardiovascular pathology and from 60 outbred albino rats of both sexes aged 5 to 12 months. Material was fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Anterior wall of thoracic duct was longitudinally dissected. Thoracic duct of 30 rats was stained with gallocyanin-chrome alum, in the remaining animals it was studied after its injection with blue Gerota's mass. In most cases, the valves consisted of two semilunar cusps. Thoracic duct was found to contain on the average 14.7+/-0.2 valves in man and 11.9+/-0.2 valves in rat. Most of all valves were found in the upper (anterior) 1/3 of the thoracic duct, least--in its middle part. This seems to be determined by anatomo-topographic features of the different parts of thoracic duct.

[Local characteristics of lymphangions in human and rat uterine broad ligament]. / Lokal'nye osobennosti limfangionov shirokoi sviazki matki cheloveka i krysy.

This investigation was aimed at the evaluation of the shape and myoarchitectonic of of lymphangions in the uterine broad ligament in humans and albino rats. The lymphangion length and width was evaluated with further lymphangion volume determination, and number of myocytes in the muscular cuff was counted in the preparations containing 100 collector lymphatics obtained from 30 women aged 25-40 years and in 100 similar vessels taken from female albino rats. Most of lymphangions in the uterine broad ligament were found to have ellipsoid shape. In the rat, the lymphangions are longer and narrower with lesser volume and myocyte content in the muscular cuff, than those in humans. Short and round lymphangions with more transverse orientation of myocytes are often present close to ovary. In the angle between the uterus and the uterine tube (uterine horn in rat), single large lymphangions of collector or collector-distributive types with many processes are found. The correlation between uterine broad ligament lymphangion shape, structure and myoarchitectonic of their muscular cuffs with their location and relative width was observed.

[Compensatory responses in lymph nodes following by prenatal indomethacin exposure]. / Kompensatornye reaktsii v limfaticheskikh uzlakh posle prenatal'nogo vozdeistviia indometatsina.

Retardation of development of the structures of mesenteric lymph nodes (maximum at first 1-2 wks) was discovered in rats treated with indometacin. It was dependent on the doze of preparations. Mast cells and eosinophilic reactions associated with normalization of the stroma structure and functional activity of lymph nodes nerve structures took place in the lymph node substance as adaptive processes on the background of lymphocytopenia and incomplete development of the lymph node B zone by weeks 2-3.

[The results of treating pulmonary tuberculosis patients with different concomitant diseases by using millimeter-wave resonance therapy]. / Rezul'taty lecheniia bol'nykh tuberkulezom legkikh s razlichnymi soputstvuiushchimi zabolevaniiami pri primenenii millimetrovovolnovoi rezonansnoi terapii.

The authors investigated the clinical and biochemical efficacy of millimeter-wave resonance therapy in patients with destructive pulmonary tuberculosis associated with different concomitant diseases. It was established that inclusion of millimeter-wave resonance therapy in the complex treatment of this patient category favoured the efficacy of tuberculosis treatment. The treatment produced also a favourable effect on concomitant diseases.