[Osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease: review and new therapeutic strategies].

Osteoporosis affects a segment of the population in which Chronic Kidney Disease is also greatly represented. Nephropathic patients may present peculiar biochemical abnormalities related to Chronic Kidney Disease, defining the Mineral and Bone Disorder. This kind of anomalies, in the worst scenarios, configure the typical histomorphology patterns of Renal Osteodystrophy. Scientific Societies of Endocrinology have established therapy guidelines for patients with osteoporosis only based on the glomerular filtration rate and recommend avoiding the use of some drugs for the more advanced classes of nephropathy. However, there is no clear therapeutic approach for patients with advanced nephropathy and bone abnormalities. In this paper we propose a systematic review of the literature and present our proposal for managing patients with advanced nephropathy, based on eGFR and on presence of Mineral and Bone Disorder.

[Candida peritonitis and sepsis due to Acinetobacter baumannii in peritoneal dialysis: an association with prognosis not always unfavourable]. / Peritonite da Candida e sepsi da Acinetobacter baumannii in dialisi peritoneale: un'associazione con prognosi non sempre infausta.

Fungal infections have a high incidence in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. (1)Peritoneal dialysis is often complicated by peritonitis which has only minimally mycotic etiology, but nonetheless it is associated with 15-45% mortality (8). The opportunistic pathogens such as Candida can cause infection in immunocompromised conditions. Even the Acinetobacter tends to infect immunocompromised individuals and it has the same risk factors for infection as Candida: immunosuppression, malignancy, HIV positivity and all the other conditions of immunosuppression, central venous catheterization, mechanical ventilation and prolonged antibiotic therapy. The sepsis by Acinetobacter predicts a negative prognosis with the mortality rate between 20 to 60% (12), especially in cases of isolation of multi-resistant germs. We present a case report of a CKD patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis therapy who was hospitalized for acute pancreatitis, later complicated by the development of pancreatic pseudocysts, C. albicans peritonitis with hematologic spread of the fungus, superimposed Acinetobacter baumannii sepsis and pneumonia. She has been subjected to percutaneous drainage of pseudocysts, to switch from peritoneal dialysis to hemodialysis, to various evacuative thoracentesis, and to polymicrobial therapy (meropenem, teicoplanina, tigeciclina, linezolid, colimicina, fluconazolo, etc.) that allowed the resolution of sepsis. The peculiarity of this case is represented by the numerous morbidity that the patient developed simultaneously, with the genesis of a complex clinical picture, by the combination of infections due to Candida albicans and Acinetobacter baumannii. Successful treatment strategies allowed to fight and cure a medical condition associated with a high mortality rate.

[PET with C-methionine and hyperparathyroidism].

Scintigraphy 99mTc-sestamibi, in association ultrasound of the neck, is currently the technique of choice for the location of parathyroid adenomas in patients with hyperparathyroidism then undergo parathyroidectomy. After surgery, from 2% to 7% of patients continues to have a persistence of the disease. In this case, the sensitivity of scintigraphy with MIBI in locating ectopic parathyroid glands is limited and varies from 30% to 80%. Thanks to the introduction of a new method radiological, PET with 11C-methionine, it is now possible to detect the possible presence of parathyroid adenomas in patients with MIBI scintigraphy been examined and is also useful for false positives. PET with 11C-methionine is a diagnostic accurate in locating the parathyroid adenomas of the neck with a sensitivity of 91%, allowing you to run parathyroidectomy focused with a reduced invasiveness of surgery, with reduction of postoperative pain and better results aesthetic. In addition, a method is clinically useful in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and tertiary. The limits of this promising method are the poor availability of the tracer, the fact that it is executed in only four centers in Italy and the high cost. We present the cases of two patients who are diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism. They are submitted in the first instance to MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy parathyroidectomy and after removal of pathological glands. Persisting high values of PTH, patients are executed before a new scintigraphy with MIBI which is however negative and then a PET with 11C-methionine which shows accumulation of tracer in a different place not detected by scintigraphy.